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| Bothnia Line | |
|---|---|
 Bridge throughÖrnsköldsvik | |
| Overview | |
| Status | Open |
| Owner | Botniabanan AB |
| Locale | Sweden |
| Termini |
|
| Service | |
| Type | High-speed rail |
| System | Swedish railway |
| Operator(s) | Swedish Transport Administration |
| History | |
| Opened | 29 August 2010 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 190 km (120 mi) |
| Number of tracks | 1 |
| Character | Passenger and freight |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) |
| Electrification | 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC |
| Operating speed |
|
| Signalling | ERTMS |
TheBothnia Line (Swedish:Botniabanan) is ahigh-speed railway line in northernSweden. The 190 km (118 mi) long route, fromHöga Kusten Airport, where it connects to theÅdalen Line, viaÖrnsköldsvik toUmeå, was opened in 2010 and trains are allowed to travel at speeds up to 250 km/h (155 mph). Although, no train with a higher top speed than 200 km/h (125 mph) uses the railway as of 2023.
Completed in August 2010,[1] the Bothnia Line adds 190 kilometres (118 mi) of high-speed railway to theSwedish railway network. At up to 250 km/h (155 mph) this is also the highest-speed track in the country. The route branches off from theÅdalen Line at Höga Kusten Airport just north ofKramfors and goes viaÖrnsköldsvik toUmeå where it connects to the Umeå-Vännäs line and theMain Line Through Upper Norrland. The railway line has 140 bridges and 25 km (16 mi) of tunnels.
Construction was carried out by Botniabanan AB, a company owned 91% by the Swedish government and 9% by the municipalities ofKramfors,Örnsköldsvik,Nordmaling andUmeå. Work began on the line in 1999, and reached the halfway point at the end of 2005. After its completion in 2010, the line was leased to theSwedish Rail Administration. When Botniabanan AB has recovered its investment (estimated to be 2050), the ownership of the line will pass to the Rail Administration. The construction budget wasSEK 15 billion.
It is intended that the Bothnia Line will compete with road transport using theEuropean route E4, which is a main road carrying heavy freight traffic; however because the line uses theEuropean Rail Traffic Management System signal system, which most of Sweden does not, relatively few freight train operators have invested in the ERTMS technology for their locomotives.[citation needed]
Passenger traffic between Umeå and Örnsköldsvik began in August 2010. The delayed upgrade of the ERTMS signal system on the Ådalen Line meant that traffic south of Örnsköldsvik did not begin until 2012.
A railway line along the coast of northern Sweden has been considered beneficial for many years, with a lack of capacity and long travel times on the existing main line (further inland) because of lower speed limits, curves, and gradients. The Bothnia line also improves public mobility in the area, reducing the travel time between Umeå and Örnsköldsvik to 50 minutes via high-speed train. It is also served by regional trains, at a frequency of up to two trains (mostly one train) in each direction an hour.[2]
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The line is single track (with grading and other provisions for a second track), and has 22passing loops. The maximum axle weight is 25 tonnes at 120 km/h (75 mph) (freight trains) and 250 km/h (155 mph) permitted for passenger trains. Curves have a radius of 3,200 m (10,499 ft) or more, except for the passage of Örnsköldsvik (down to 600 m (1,969 ft) and a few between 2,000 and 2,500 m (6,562 and 8,202 ft). The maximum grade is 1%.
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The middle part of the railway was ready for traffic in 2008, and all of the railway except the northern part from October 2009. The northern part, near Umeå, did not see operation until August 2010, due to a court battle over the placement of a bridge that crosses over environmentally sensitive areas at theUme River. These areas are protected as anature reserve and the process to approve its location was opposed by environmentalists and neighbours concerned about their properties. Other alternatives to the present location were deemed unacceptably close to theUmeå Airport for safety reasons, and a tunnel under the airport and river would have been much too expensive. A more southerly route would have lengthened the line and been more expensive. The crux of this debate was that the nature reserve was established some years after the railway line placement had been fixed.[citation needed]
There was no passenger traffic before all of the railway was finished, because the largest city, Umeå, was not connected to this line before then, though some freight traffic used the finished sections.
| Connection | Time | Distance | Average speed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Örnsköldsvik-Umeå | 0:48 | 112 km | 140 km/h (inter-city) |
| Kramfors-Örnsköldsvik | 0:35 | 86 km | 150 km/h (inter-city) |
| Sundsvall-Umeå | 2:30 | 300 km | 120 km/h |
| Örnsköldsvik-Umeå | 0:58 | 112 km | 120 km/h (regional) |
| Stockholm-Umeå | 6:05 | 680 km | 110 km/h |
The railway line itself allows 250 km/h (155 mph). The trains will run at 180–200 km/h (110–125 mph) for the first several years, with a speed increase in the future. Scheduled for around 2026, when SJ gets newSJ Zefiro Express (SJ 250) designed for 250 km/h (155 mph).
TheTransitio leasing company owned by the counties signed a contract in October 2008 to buyAlstom Coradia trains.[3] These trains were delivered in 2011, and they have a top speed of 180 km/h (112 mph). For long-distance trains from Stockholm,SJ runsX55 trains (SJ 3000), with a top speed of 200 km/h (125 mph).
The Bothnia Line was also the first line in Sweden equipped with the signalling systemERTMS (Level 2) and has been tested at 289 km/h (180 mph) on the southern part of the Bothnia Line.[4][needs update] Currently,[when?] Swedish signalling and its ATP safety system (ATC) is only validated up to 210 km/h (130 mph).
Parts of the railway started to be used by freight trains on 16 October 2008,[5] but with manual train protection control.
No Alstom train was delivered for the traffic opening in August 2010, since the delivery time is at least two years. One train of the typeRegina was rented from southern Sweden for the Umeå-Örnsköldsvik traffic, with a top speed of 200 km/h (125 mph). Traffic to and from Sundsvall started autumn 2012. SJ ran the Stockholm-Narvik and Göteborg-Luleå night trains over Långsele-Mellansel-Örnsköldsvik-Umeå from August 2010, and from 2012 the shorter way Sundsvall-Kramfors-Umeå.
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The trains stop at:
On the Ådalen Line:
On the Bothnia Line:
Some trains stop at the larger stations only.
The most used station is forecast to be Umeå East, since it is within walking distance ofUmeå University and theUniversity Hospital. Umeå Central Station was closed in 2010 and 2011 for rebuilding.
The Bothnia Line ends near the Höga Kusten Airport at the existingÅdalen Line, which runsLångsele–Kramfors–Härnösand–Sundsvall. The distance from the connection to Sundsvall is 101 km (63 mi).[citation needed] This railway was built from 1890 to 1925, and is rather curvy and in poor condition. From 2003 to 2012, the Ådalen Line was improved along the existing route to allow higher speeds than before, with a maximum speed of 150 km/h (95 mph). The improvements included new rails, new catenary, a new signalling system (ERTMS) and better and fewer road crossings. A few parts of it north of Härnösand (totalling 30 km (19 mi)) were replaced with a new route, built to the same standard as the Bothnia Line, with a maximum speed of 200 km/h (125 mph). The reason for keeping most of the existing route is that the advantage of building a new railway is smaller when there already is a railway, but the costs for a new railway would be the same as if there was no railway, which is the case along the Bothnia Line. The total improvement cost for the Ådalen Line was 6 billionSEK.[6][7]
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TheMain Line Through Upper Norrland fromBräcke toBoden was built between 1880 and 1895. It was deliberately built 30–100 km (19–62 mi) inland from the coast to protect it from military attacks. The Bothnia Line replaced all passenger traffic on the Main Line Through Upper Norrland between Bräcke andVännäs, ending service to the stations atLångsele andMellansel. The line remains in use by freight traffic and occasional diversions of passenger trains during engineering works.
The North Bothnia Line (Norrbotniabanan) is a planned extension of the Bothnia Line north of Umeå toLuleå. The distance is about 270 km (168 mi), longer than the Bothnia Line. The preliminary decision to build the line as far asSkellefteå has been made. Construction began in 2020 on the first section of the line fromVästerslätt in Umeå toSävar.[8]
Both the North Bothnia Line and the Bothnia Line will have the advantage of immediately reducing the cost of the frequent and heavy freight traffic when finished. They will provide large travel time reductions for passengers compared to buses; for example, travel time between Umeå and Luleå may be reduced by at least 1.5 hours.[citation needed]
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| Geographic | |
