| Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge | |
|---|---|
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
 Snow geese at Bosque del Apache | |
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| Location | Socorro County, New Mexico, United States |
| Nearest city | San Antonio, NM |
| Coordinates | 33°52′9″N106°50′35″W / 33.86917°N 106.84306°W /33.86917; -106.84306 |
| Area | 57,331 acres (232.01 km2)[1] |
| Established | 1939[2] |
| Visitors | 160,000 (in 2006) |
| Governing body | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |
| Website | Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge |
TheBosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge (/ˈboʊskeɪdɛləˈpætʃi/BOH-skay del ə-PATCH-ee,Spanish:[ˈboskeðelaˈpatʃe]; "Woodland of the Apache") is aNational Wildlife Refuge located in southernNew Mexico. It was founded in 1939 and is administered by theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. It is a favorite spot to observesandhill cranes, which spend the fall and winter in the area. The reserve is open year-round and provides safe harbor for its varied wildlife.[3] Visitors to the refuge also enjoy partaking in activities such as hiking, cycling, driving tours on the 12-mile scenic auto route, and participating in educational programs offered on site.[4]
The name of the refuge means "woodland of theApache" [sg] inSpanish, named for the Apache tribes that once camped in the forests along theRio Grande.[5] Previously, thePiro people had lived in the lands around what is now the refuge until the 1600s, when they were forced to abandon their pueblos due to European diseases and attacks from the Apache tribes.[6]
The heart of the refuge comprises approximately 3,800 acres (15 km2) of Rio Grandefloodplain and 9,100 acres (37 km2) of irrigated farms andwetlands. In addition to this, the refuge contains 44,300 acres (179 km2) of aridgrasslands and foothills of the Chupadera and San Pascual Mountains.[7] The refuge sits within the Little San Pascual Mountain fault zone, rendering it an ideal site for conducting research on stratigraphy and sedimentology.[8]
About 30,000 acres (120 km2) of this is designated as wilderness.[5] A twelve-mile-long (19 km) loop road divided by a cutoff into a "Farm Loop" and "Marsh Loop" allows automobile drivers excellent views of wetland wildlife and raptors, and there are several short (1.5 to 10 miles) walking trails.[9] The road affords good views of the fields where crops are grown for the benefit of the birds under cooperative agreements with farmers. Adjacent to the Visitor's Center, a desert plant garden is maintained.[10]
About 7,000 acres (28 km2) in the center of the refuge are made up offlood-plains watered by irrigation systems connected to the Rio Grande. These flood-plains provide an essential habitat forcottonwood andhoney mesquite trees,Goodding's andcoyote willows, andfour-wing saltbushes. The plains are flooded periodically to give these plants the best growing conditions.[11] In recent years,elk have caused damage to corn crops at the refuge. This damage disrupts the refuge's capacity to supply supplemental food to the sandhill cranes and other waterfowl species that overwinter there.[12]
The flood plains also grow foods for the wildlife that need marshlands to grow. These plants includesmartweed,millet,bulrush,chufa, and varioussedges. These marshlands begin dry, and are burned or turned over before they are flooded in order to produce fresh soil for the new plants. They are then flooded to become the breeding grounds for these marsh plants.[5] The Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge and the wetlands near theElephant Butte andCaballo reservoirs demonstrate considerable promise for sustaining breeding bird populations over the course of the century. Similar suitable breeding terrain is found only on private land surrounding the refuge.[13] Changes in surface flooding and vegetation structure are not affecting shrub-nesting birds who can use other woody debris for nesting; however, canopy nesting birds rely on native trees and are thus more sensitive to environmental changes.[14]
The Bosque del Apache is also made up of several acres of dry land. One unit contains 5,440 acres (23 km2) of scrubland and desert terrain that is connected to theChihuahuan desert. This area is called the Chupadera Peak Wilderness Unit. In addition to desert terrain, the Chupadera Peak Wilderness Unit is characterized by tall, reddish cliffs.[15]
There have been 393 different bird species observed in the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge since 1964 according toeBird, making it one of the most diverse areas for bird species in theUnited States .[16] The wetlands attract the huge flocks of winteringcranes andgeese that are the refuge's most interesting feature. Many other species—notablywaterfowl,shorebirds, andbirds of prey—also winter in the refuge. Striking vagrants such as agroove-billed ani andrufous-necked wood rail have been found there. In theChihuahuan desert terrain outside of the Rio Grande riparian zone, the refuge also hosts three federally designated Wilderness areas (Chupadera, Little San Pascual, and Indian Well).
The diversity of birds is also high in spring, particularly the last week of April and first week of May, and in fall. In summer the area is hot but many water birds can be found, including such New Mexico rarities as theleast bittern and occasionally thelittle blue heron. Late November to late February is the best time for large numbers of birds, typically over 10,000sandhill cranes and over 20,000Ross's andsnow geese. An annual 'festival of the cranes' is held in early December as large numbers of cranes begin arriving in the refuge. Winter visitors generally plan to be in the refuge at sunrise or sunset, when the flocks of cranes and geese that roost in the refuge "commute" to or from local fields where they feed. Although winter sunsets and especially sunrises are chilly, the daily low temperature is seldom far below freezing. Visitors typically stay in the nearbyRV park or inSocorro orSan Antonio.
In addition to hosting rare bird species, Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge is also home to the southernmost known population of the New Mexicomeadow jumping mouse along the Rio Grande river. This mouse is a distinctive, genetically unique subspecies found in certain regions of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Colorado. Due to its rarity, the New Mexico meadow jumping mouse has been listed as anendangered species under the U.S.Endangered Species Act.[17]
An overabundance of the invasive tree speciesTamarisk (also known as salt cedar) on the refuge has posed a threat to habitats utilized by native wildlife species. To combat this issue, Bosque NWR has utilized various control methods over time, such as mechanical removal, herbicide application, and prescribed burning. The Tamarisk removal efforts undertaken on the refuge have served as a case study for similar removal initiatives in other protected areas.[18]
Citations
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