| New Jersey municipal government |
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| Traditional types |
| Modern forms |
| Faulkner Act forms |
| Nonstandard forms |
| Special charter |
| Changing form of municipal government |
| Charter Study Commission |
Aborough (also spelledboro), in the context oflocal government in theU.S. state ofNew Jersey, refers to one of fivetypes and one of elevenforms of municipal government (in addition to those established under aspecial charter).[1]
Among New Jersey's 564 municipalities, the borough is the most common form oflocal government, though the majority of state residents actually reside intownships. In 2023 there were 253 boroughs in New Jersey.[2]However, boroughs were not always so common. In 1875 only 17 boroughs had been created, all by special acts of the legislature. These original boroughs weresubdivisions of townships, established by state charter;Elizabeth was the first, established by royal charter in 1740, within the now defunct Elizabeth Township. About half of them had been dissolved, or changed into other forms of government—often cities. In 1875, a constitutional amendment prohibited such local or special legislation.[3]Bergen County is home to the highest number of boroughs of anyNew Jersey county, at 56.[4]
TheBorough Act of 1878 allowed any township (or portion thereof) with a land area of no more than four square miles (10 km2) and a population not exceeding 5,000, to establish itself as an independent borough through a petition and referendum process on a self-executing basis. As enacted, a borough would be governed by an elected mayor (serving a one-year term) and a six-member council (elected to staggered three-year terms). The mayor would preside at council meetings, but had no vote except to break ties. This system resulted in a period, known as "boroughitis", where large numbers of small boroughs were created. In 1894, the Legislature passed an act requiring each township to have a single school district. A wave of borough incorporations followed, as one part of several townships decided that it would prefer the cost of being a separate municipality to paying for the other schools.
TheBorough Act of 1897 amended the original Act, eliminating the self-executing incorporation feature of the earlier legislation. Henceforth, newly incorporated boroughs (or those seeking to dissolve or increase or decrease in size) required approval of the legislature. The elected mayor and six-member council were retained, with the mayor now serving a two-year term.
TheBorough Act of 1987 was created to streamline borough law and clear away amendments, changes, and contradictory rules that had accumulated over the century of the Borough's existence as a form of government. The 1987 Act allowed for the delegation of executive responsibility to an appointed administrator.
Traditionally, voters elect a mayor and six council members at-large in a partisan election. Only two boroughs,Roselle andRoselle Park, have ward structures with councils having five ward members and one at-large.[5] The borough system has a weak mayor and the council performs most legislative and executive functions. This form of local government is used by 39% of the municipalities in New Jersey.
There are a total of 253 boroughs in New Jersey, which include:[2]