Bornholmsk is anEast Danish dialect spoken on the island ofBornholm in theBaltic Sea. It was originally part of the East Danish dialect continuum, which includes the dialects of southern Sweden, but became isolated in the Danish dialect landscape after 1658, whenSwedenannexed the eastern Danish provinces of Scania (Skåne),Halland andBlekinge.[3]
The language is more generally spoken than written, despite the existence of several Bornholmsk–Danish dictionaries and a regular Bornholmsk article in the local newspaper. Even words that are never used in Standard Danish are spelled according to the standard orthography.
The dialect is endangered, as the inhabitants of Bornholm have been shifting to standard Danish over the past century.[4][5][6] "Bevar Bornholmsk" is an organization whose purpose is to preserve Bornholmsk. Its main organization is KulturBornholm, the editor of books with CDs with the text in Bornholmsk. TheBornholm's Self-Government Party was founded in the 1990s with the express goal of preserving the dialect, which it considers a separate language from Danish, which they believe can only be achieved through initially independence, and later,self government.
The small island has only about 40,000 inhabitants, yet the language is divided into five main dialects, not counting standard Danish. As an example, "eye" would be spellediva in some regions, but elsewhere it would beøja, which is quite close to the Danish wordøje and Scanian "öja-öjen".
The northern part of the island would have more influence by Swedish than the rest of the island, due to the relatively large number of Swedish immigrants on those shores closest to Sweden. The differences are actually large enough so that the north-Bornholm dialect is calledAllinge-svensk ("Allinge-Swedish") in Danish –Âlinga-svænsk in Bornholmsk. However, most Swedish immigrants hailed from the Scanian provinces and spoke dialects that derived from East Danish.
Like in the case of the closely relatedScanian dialect spoken in Southern Sweden, the question whether the dialect is Danish or Swedish cannot be separated from the political and ideological burden attached to language as an ethnic marker. Therefore, Danes from other parts of the country may accuse people from Bornholm of speaking Swedish as a kind of insult (using derogatory nicknames likereservesvensker, "auxiliary Swede").
From a linguistic point of view, theScandinavian languages form acontinuum, and the dialects ofSkåne,Blekinge,Halland andBornholm are a natural bridge between "sjællandsk" (the dialects ofZealand) and "götamål" (the dialects ofGötaland). One may define "Danish" and Swedish" in two different ways:
historically: Danish is the part of the dialect continuum that has certain sound changes in common like the weakening of plosives (see below) or certain innovations in the vocabulary.
sociolinguistically: Danish is the part of the dialect continuum that has Standard Danish as its written standard (Dachsprache).
According to both criteria, Bornholmsk is indeed a Danish dialect (whereas modern Scanian would be Swedish according to the second one, although this was not so until 1680 when Swedish first became the language of the authorities and church in Scania).
Bornholmsk has indeed many phonetical features in common with Swedish (most of them archaisms, though, which are irrelevant for the classification of the dialect). Yet, in most cases where the vocabularies of Swedish and Danish differ, Bornholmsk stands with Danish. This is also reflected in itsIETF BCP 47 language tag, da-bornholm.
An official standardised orthography of Bornholmsk does not exist since Standard Danish is taught in schools and is the language of all public communication. However, dialect texts use a simplified phonetical alphabet (invented by K.J. Lyngby in the 19th century and also employed in Espersen's dictionary of Bornholmsk):
A stressed syllable always contains either a long vowel or a long consonant (like in Swedish, but unlike Standard Danish, where there are no long consonants). Bornholmsk does not have thestød characteristic of most varieties of Danish, but on the other hand, it does not have the musical accent characteristic of Swedish and Norwegian either.
In the list, there is special emphasis on the developments that set Bornholmsk apart from Standard Danish. For the sake of convenience, Old Norse (i.e. Old Icelandic) forms have been quoted instead of Old Danish forms.
postvocalicp >v[v]:kaupa "buy" >kjøvva[ˈtɕøvːa] (SDkøbe[ˈkʰøːbə], colloquial and in most dialects[ˈkʰøːʊ])
postvocalict >d[d]. In some words, we have[ð], though, and increasingly so due to the influence from Standard Danish:bīta "bite" >bida[ˈbiːda] (SDbide[ˈbiːð̩]).
postvocalicð >-, sometimes (especially in unstressed syllables and learned words)ð:nauð "need" >nö[ˈnœː] (SDnød[ˈnøðˀ]), butmánaðr "month" >månad (SDmåned[ˈmɔːnð̩])
Bornholmsk has retained three distinctgrammatical genders, likeIcelandic orNorwegian, and unlike standardDanish orSwedish. The gender inflection exists not only in the definite article (like inNorwegian and certain Danish dialects), but also in the adjectives:
Born- holmsk
indefinite
definite
without adjective
with adjective
without adjective
with adjective
Singular
Masculine
inj hæst
inj go-er hæst
hæst-inj
denj goa hæst-inj
"(good) horse"
Feminine
en sâg
en go sâg
sâg-en
den go-a sâg-en
"(good) case / thing"
Neuter
et huz
et go-t huz
huz-ed
de go-a huz-ed
"(good) house"
Plural
Masculine
hæsta
go-a hæsta
hæsta-na
di go-e hæsta-na
"(good) horses"
Feminine
sâger
go-a sâger
sâgar-na
di go-e sâgar-na
"(good) cases / things"
Neuter
huz
go-a huz
huz-en
di go-e huz-en
"(good) houses"
Standard Danish
indefinite
definite
without adjective
with adjective
without adjective
with adjective
Singular
Masculine
en hest
en god hest
hest-en
den god-e hest
"(good) horse"
Feminine
en sag
en god sag
sag-en
den god-e sag
"(good) case / thing"
Neuter
et hus
et god-t hus
hus-et
det god-e hus
"(good) house"
Plural
Masculine
heste
god-e heste
heste-ne
de god-e heste
"(good) horses"
Feminine
sager
god-e sager
sager-ne
de god-e sager
"(good) cases / things"
Neuter
huse
god-e huse
huse-ne
de god-e huse
"(good) houses"
In adjectives,-er is the old ending of the masculine nominative still extant in German (-er), Icelandic (-ur) and Faroese (-ur), but lost in the other Scandinavian dialects (except for certain old phrases like Danishen ungersvend, originallyen unger svend, "a young fellow"). In Bornholmsk, it is used in all cases (since the dialect has not retained the Old Danish case flexion).
Masculine nouns normally have the plural ending-a - and this is also the case when the singular ends in a vowel (where Standard Danish would have-er), e.g.skâwwa "woods" (sg.skâww),tima "hours" (sg.tima). Feminine nouns have-er. Neuter nouns have zero ending, and the definite article of the neuter plural is-en, e.g.huz "houses",huzen "the houses" (sg.huz)
Bornholmsk has anenclitic form of the personal pronoun that is unknown in the other Danish dialects, namely masculine-iń "him" and feminine-na "her". They originate from the old accusativeshann andhana still used in Icelandic, whereas the Scandinavian languages, apart from spokenSwedish in theMälaren Valley, normally use the old dative form for the oblique case (Danishham,hende, Swedishhonom,henne). These enclitic forms also occur in spoken Norwegian, where-n is masculine and-a is feminine. Colloquial and dialectal Swedish has them as well: jag har sett'n/sett'na "I have seen him/her".
Until the 20th century, Bornholmsk inflected the verbs in number, e.g.jâ bińńer "I bind" ~vi bińńa "we bind",jâ bânt "I bound" ~vi bonne "we bound". Spoken Danish had already given this inflection up in the 18th century, even though it was still practiced in the literary language until it was officially cancelled in 1900 (jeg binder ~vi binde).
Bornholmsk also has special endings for the 2nd person, when a pronoun follows immediately after the ending, namely-st in the singular and-en in the plural:
såstu-na "did you see her" (SDså du hende)
gån i "are you going" (SDgår I)
varren så goa "here you are" (SDvær så god, værsgo; lit. "be so good/kind")
God awtan, liden Elna, gods fredd, God awtan, min deilia rosa! Ad gubbajn hajn vill freia, jâ vedd; Men toustuijn, vastu jo tosa. Te öfröl ded lakkar well snarara, du, En konna, - ded bler nokk for sijlla; Men jâ går å stjärnar på piblana nu, Forr jâ e på nå nu så vijlla. Hvad, liden Elna, Hvad, min deilia rosa?
God aften, lille Elna, guds fred, God aften, min dejlige rose! At gubben vil fri, ved jeg; Men tog du ham, var du jo en tosse. Til gravøl lakker det nok snarere, du; En kone - det bliver nok for silde; Men jeg går og kigger på pigerne nu, For nu er jeg næsten i stand dertil (til at gifte mig). Hvad, lille Elna, Hvad, min dejlige rose?
Good evening, little Elna, God's peace! Good evening my beautiful rose! That the old man will court you I know, But if you took him, you would be a foolish lass. To funeral ale it is drawing near (for him), do you see? A wife-it is much too late (for that), But I am going to peep at the girls now, For I am almost ready (to marry). What, little Elna! What my beautiful rose!
Ligstenen ... det er sådan en stor, flad sten, den er tre gange så stor som bordet her, vel. Og den ligger ved vejen som kommer ovre fra Klinteby og går over imod Kodal til. Og der gik jo altså sagnet i gamle dage - for Klintebyboerne, de hørte med til Ibsker sogn og Ibsker Kirke, så når de døde, de skulle blive båret til Ibsker, så bar de den på sådan en bærer. Og så hvilede de dér på - på Ligstenen. Og så havde de jo mad i kurven, brændevinsflasker med, selvfølgelig. De skulle jo have sig en slurk at styrke sig på. Og så vandrede de videre, for de måtte jo ikke sætte kisten på jorden. Man kunne jo tro at de underjordiske holdt til på de steder... Ja - det gjorde de, de gamle troede på det der, som - ja det gjorde de. Og det – rakkeren, han boede jo altid derude. Det var jo ham som flåede de selvdøde kreaturer og slagtede heste og sådan noget - han måtte jo ikke bo på indmarken, han skulle bo på lyngen. Han havde sådan en gammel lynghytte derude. Far, han kunne huske det, sagde han - vidste hvor han havde boet. Og - så når han gik til alters, så måtte han ikke drikke - for den gangen drak de jo af samme bæger, alle sammen, men han skulle drikke af foden på bægeret - han måtte ikke drikke på det der, han var jo ... uren ... ja, han var uren, ja. da han kom til Svaneke en gang og skulle handle - så - og dengang fik de jo gerne altid en snaps når de kom ind til købmanden og skulle handle. Så kom der jo den der - sådan rakker og ja - og så - hvad, de skænkede jo bare i det samme glas til alle sammen. Og så - han fik jo en slurk, og så skulle den næste have. Derfor sagde han så: "Jeg skal fandme ikke drikke af det glas som han har drukket af."
The corpse stone ... it is like a large, flat stone, three times this table, I gather. And it lies on the road that comes from Klinteby and goes to Kodal. Well, there was this legend in old days – you know, the people of Klinteby used to belong to the parish of Ibsker and the church of Ibsker, so when the dead were going to be carried to Ibsker, they would carry it on such a carrier. And they would rest there on the Corpse Stone. And then they would have food in the basket – bottles of snaps. of course- After all, they would need a sip to strengthen themselves. And then, they would carry on, for they weren't supposed to set the coffin on the ground. You'd think, the people of the underground would live in such places... Yes, they did, the old ones believed in that stuff, yes, they did. And it – the horse butcher, he always lived there, you know. He was the one that skinned the self-dead cattle and butchered horses and stuff. He wasn't supposed to live in the in-field, you know, he had to live on the heath. He had like an old heath hut out there. Dad, he remembered it, he said, knew where he had lived. And – when he went to the communion, he wasn't supposed to drink – for at that time, they all drank from the same cup, you know, but he had to drink from the foot of the cup – he wasn't supposed to drink on it, he was, you know ... unclean... yes, he was unclean, he was. So once he came to Svaneke and went shopping – you know, they would always take a little snaps when they visited the grocer at that time. So, this, this butcher came and, then, what happened? They poured in the same glass for everybody, you know. And he had a sip, and then the next was supposed to drink. So, he said: "Damn it, I won't drink from that glass he drank from."
^Rendahl, A. C. (2001). "Swedish dialects around the Baltic Sea". In:The Circum-Baltic languages: typology and contact. Ed. byÖsten Dahl andMaria Koptjevskaja-Tamm. pp. 137-178.
^Inge Lise Pedersen. 2003. Traditional dialects of Danish and the de-dialectalization 1900-2000. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Volume 2003, Issue 159, Pages 9–28, ISSN (Online) 1613-3668
^Kristensen, K., & Thelander, M. (1984). On dialect levelling in Denmark and Sweden. Folia linguistica, 18(1-2), 223-246.
^J.D. Prince,Proceedings from the American Philosophical Society 63 (1924) p. 197.
