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| Borjigin ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ Боржигин Budunzars Clan | |
|---|---|
 Mongol Empire c. 1207 | |
| Country | Mongol Empire,Northern Yuan dynasty, Mongolia, China (Inner Mongolia andXinjiang) |
| Place of origin | Khamag Mongol |
| Founded | c. 900 AD (10th-Century) |
| Founder | Bodonchar Munkhag |
| Final ruler |
|
| Titles | Khagan,Khan,Ilkhan,Noyan,Tsar |
| Connected families | Khiyad Manghud Barlas Tayichuds Urud Chonos |
| Estate(s) | Mongolia Russia Central Asia Iran China |
| Deposition | 1930 |
| Cadet branches | All Genghisids lists: House of Ogedai House of Jochids (Girays, Shaybanids, Tore), House of Toluids Yuan Hulagu House of Chagatai |
TheBorjigin orBorjigids[b] are aMongol clan founded in the early 10th century byBodonchar Munkhag.[c] The senior line of Borjigids provided ruling princes forMongolia andInner Mongolia until the 20th century.[5] The clan formed theruling class among theMongols and other peoples ofCentral Asia andEastern Europe. Today, the Borjigids are found in Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, andXinjiang,[5] and genetic research shows thatdescent from Genghis Khan andTimur is common throughout Central and East Asia.[according to whom?]
According toThe Secret History of the Mongols, the first Mongol was born from the union of a blue-grey wolf and a fallow doe. Their 11th-generation descendantAlan Gua was impregnated by a ray of light[6] and begat 5 sons, the youngest beingBodonchar Munkhag, progenitor of the Borjigids.[7][8] According toRashid-al-Din Hamadani, many of the older Mongolian tribes were founded by members of the Borjigin clan, includingBarlas, Urud,Manghud,Taichiut,Chonos, and Kiyat. Bodonchar's descendantKhabul Khan founded theKhamag Mongol confederation around 1131. His great-grandsonTemujin ruled theKhamag Mongol and unified the other Mongol tribes under him, being declared Khagan in 1206 thus establishing theMongol Empire.
The etymology of the word Borjigin is uncertain.
Members of the Borjigin clan ruled over theMongol Empire,[9] dominating large lands stretching fromJava toIran and fromIndo-China toNovgorod. Many of the ruling dynasties that took power following the disintegration of the Mongol Empire were of Chinggisid, and thus Borjigid, ancestry. These included theChupanids, theJalayirids, theBarlas, the Manghud, theOnggirat, and theOirats.
In 1368, the BorjigidYuan dynasty of China was overthrown by theMing dynasty. Members of this family continued to rule over northern China and the Mongolian Plateau into the 17th century, becoming known as theNorthern Yuan dynasty. Descendants of Genghis Khan's brothers,Hasar andBelgutei, surrendered to the Ming in the 1380s. By 1470, the Borjigids power was severely weakened, and the Mongolian Plateau was almost in chaos.
After the breakup of the Golden Horde, the Khiyat tribe of Borjigids continued to rule inCrimea andKazan until they were annexed by theRussian Empire in the late 18th century. In Mongolia, the Kublaids continued to reign asKhagan of the Mongols, with brief interruptions by the descendants ofÖgedei andAriq Böke.
UnderDayan Khan (1480–1517) a broad Borjigid revival reestablished Borjigid supremacy among the Mongols in Mongolia proper. His descendants proliferated and became a new ruling class. The Borjigin clan was the strongest of the 49 Mongolbanners from which the Bontoi clan proper supported and fought for their Khan and for their honor. The easternKhorchins were under the Hasarids, and the Ongnigud, Abagha Mongols were under the Belguteids andTemüge Odchigenids. A fragment of the Hasarids deported to Western Mongolia became theKhoshuts.
TheQing dynasty respected the Borjigin family and the early emperors married Hasarid Borjigids of the Khorchin. Even among the pro-Qing Mongols, traces of the alternative tradition survived. Aci Lomi, a banner general, wrote hisHistory of the Borjigid Clan in 1732–35.[10] The 18th century and 19th century Qing nobility was adorned by the descendants of the early Mongol adherents including the Borjigin.[11]
Asian dynasties descended from Genghis Khan included theYuan dynasty of China, theIlkhanids ofPersia, theJochids of theGolden Horde, theShaybanids ofSiberia and Central Asia, and theAstrakhanids of Central Asia. Chinggisid descent played a crucial role inTatar politics. For instance,Mamai had to exercise his authority through a succession of puppet khans but could not assume the title ofkhan himself because he lacked Genghisid lineage.
The word "Chinggisid" derives from the name of the Mongol conquerorGenghis (Chingis) Khan (c. 1162–1227 CE). Genghis and his successors created a vast empire stretching from theSea of Japan to theBlack Sea.
Babur andHumayun, founders of theMughal Empire in India, asserted their authority as Chinggisids, claiming descent through their maternal lineage.
The Chinggisid also include such dynasties and houses asGiray, Töre,House of Siberia,Ar begs,Yaushev family[13] and other.
The last ruling monarch of Chinggisid ancestry wasMaqsud Shah,Khan of Kumul from 1908 to 1930.
The Borjigin held power over Mongolia for many centuries (even duringQing period) and only lost power whenCommunists took control in the 20th century. Aristocratic descent was something to be forgotten in thesocialist period.[14]Joseph Stalin's associates executed some 30,000 Mongols including Borjigin nobles in a series of campaigns against their culture and religion.[15] Clan association has lost its practical relevance in the 20th century, but is still considered a matter of honour and pride by manyMongolians. In 1920s thecommunist regime banned the use of clan names. When the ban was lifted again in 1997, and people were told they had to have surnames, most families had lost knowledge about their clan association. Because of that, a disproportionate number of families registered the most prestigious clan name Borjigin, many of them without historic justification.[16][17] The label Borjigin is used as a measure of cultural supremacy.[18]
InInner Mongolia, the Borjigid or Kiyad name became the basis for many Chinese surnames adopted byethnic Inner Mongols.[9] The Inner Mongolian Borjigin Taijis took the surnameBao (鲍, from Borjigid) and inOrdosQi (奇, Qiyat). Agenetic research has proposed that as many as 16 million men from populations as far apart asHazaras in the West andHezhe people to the east may have Borjigid-Kiyad ancestry.[19] The Qiyat clan name is still found among theKazakhs,Uzbeks andNogaiKarakalpaks.
Genghis Khan founded theMongol Empire in 1206. His grandson,Kublai Khan, after defeating his younger brother and rival claimant to the throneAriq Böke, founded theYuan dynasty of China in 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by theMing dynasty during the reign ofToghon Temür in 1368, but it survived in theMongolian Plateau, known as theNorthern Yuan dynasty. Although the throne was usurped byEsen Taishi of theOirats in 1453, he was overthrown in the next year. A recovery of the khaganate was achieved byDayan Khan, but the territory was segmented by his descendants. The lastkhanLigden died in 1634 and his sonEjei Khongor submitted himself toHong Taiji the next year, ending the Northern Yuan regime.[20] However, the Borjigin nobles continued to rule their subjects until the 20th century under theQing dynasty.[21][d]
Or in a different version (years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty [up to 1388] are given in brackets).
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