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Border Guard Forces

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromBorder Guard Force)
Subdivisions of the Myanmar Armed Forces
Not to be confused with theBorder Guard Police.
Border Guard Forces
Shoulder sleeve insignia of the Border Guard Forces
FoundedApril 2009 (2009-04)
CountryMyanmar
Branch Myanmar Army
TypeBorder guard
Light infantry
Size8,000 (Karenic Kayin BGF)
4,000 (Karenic Kayan BGF)
5,000 (Karenic Pa-O BGF)
2,000 (Kachin KDA+NDA-K)
1,000 (Kokang BGF)
= 20,000 (total)
Part ofTatmadaw
NicknameBGF
Commanders
Minister of DefenceGeneralMya Tun Oo
Commander-in-Chief of Myanmar Armed ForcesSenior GeneralMin Aung Hlaing
Regional commandersSeveral generals, includingSaw Chit Thu
Insignia
Flag of Myanmar Border Guard Forces[1][2][3]
Military unit

Border Guard Forces (Burmese:နယ်ခြားစောင့်တပ်;abbreviatedBGF) are subdivisions of theTatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) consisting offormer insurgent groups inMyanmar under the instruction ofRegional Military Commands. The government announced its plan to create Border Guard Forces in April 2009, in the hopes of ending hostilities between the government and insurgent groups leading up to the2010 general election.

History

[edit]

In 2008 thenew constitution made it mandatory for insurgent groups to transition into a BGF before the government would agree to engage in peace talks.[4] Following the government announcement on BGFs, the government set a deadline for all insurgent groups to transition into BGFs, and that allceasefire agreements prior to the deadline would become "null and void". The deadline was originally set to be June 2009, but was delayed five times until September 2010.[5][6]

In April 2009, Lieutenant GeneralYe Myint led a government entourage to meet withKokang,Shan andWa insurgent groups, to discuss plans to create "collective security" formed by insurgent groups and under the command of theTatmadaw, which would eventually lead to the creation of the Border Guard Forces.[7] In 2009, four of the insurgent groups, theDemocratic Karen Buddhist Army, theKachin Defence Army (4th Brigade of the KIA), theNew Democratic Army – Kachin (NDA-K) and thePa-O National Organisation/Army (PNO/A), accepted the transition plan's terms and transformed into BGF groups.[8]

On 20 August 2009,Tatmadaw soldiers and recently transitioned BGF groups gathered outside the town ofLaukkai,Kokang, in preparation for an attempt torecapture the town from theMyanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA), after they refused to transform into a BGF.[9][10]

The government changed its aggressive stance towards BGFs and ceasefires on 18 August 2011, when thenPresident of MyanmarThein Sein pledged to "make the ethnic issue a national priority" by offering open dialogue between the government and all insurgent groups, without the BGF requirement.[5]

Karen Border Guard Forces

[edit]

In 2010, a powerful commander of DKBASaw Chit Thu accepted the Burma government's demands to transform itself into the Border Guard Force, under the command of theTatmadaw and serving as the leader.[11]

Karen BGF Split

[edit]

In January 2021, the Tatmadaw pressured Saw Chit Thu and other high-ranking officers, including Major Saw Mout Thon and Major Saw Tin Win, to resign from the BGF. Major Saw Mout Thon of BGF Battalion 1022 resigned on January 8, along with 13 commanders, 77 officers, and 13 battalions from 4 regiments who collectively signed and submitted their resignations.[12] Amid controversy and under pressure, at least 7,000 BGF members resigned to protest the ouster of their top leaders. However, Saw refused to retire.[13]

On 23 January 2024, Saw Chit Thu told the media that he discussed with Vice-Senior GeneralSoe Win, theDeputy Commander-in-Chief, that the Border Guard Force (BGF), would no longer wish to accept money and supplies from the military. They aim to stand independently, and he also claimed that they don't want to fight against their fellow Karen people.[14][15]On 6 March, the Karen BGF announced it would rename itself to the "Karen National Army" later in the month.[16]

Structure

[edit]

There are no official government guidelines regarding BGFs, but there are lines in theBurmese constitution that reference them.[17] The following arede facto rules set by theTatmadaw upon creation of the Border Guard Forces:[5][7]

  • BGFs may only operate in the area they are assigned by the government
  • All members of a BGF are to be paid the same salary as a regular soldier in the Tatmadaw
  • Each battalion is to have exactly 326 personnel, 30 of whom are to be regular Tatmadaw soldiers
  • Important administrative positions are to be held only by Tatmadaw soldiers

List of Border Guard Forces

[edit]

Current Border Guard Forces

[edit]

All according to Asia Foundation[18]

BFG #Transformation DateTownship(s)Previous StatusNotes
100730 March 2010Mong TonLahu Democratic Front
100830 March 2010Mong YawngLahu Militia;Jakuni MilitiaCombination of both Lahu and Jakuni militias
100918 May 2010TachileikLahu Militia
101020 May 2010MetmanMetman Militia
1011–102318–21 August 2009Kayin StateDemocratic Karen Buddhist ArmySeveral elements of the Karen BGF have remained loyal to the Tatmadaw and continue to be active throughout Karen State

Former Border Guard Forces

[edit]
BGF #New StatusTransformation DateDate of ChangeTownship(s)Previous StatusNotes
1001Captured and disarmed8 November 200931 October 2024[19]New Democratic Army – Kachin
1002Captured and disarmed8 November 200915 October 2024[20]New Democratic Army – Kachin
1003Captured and disarmed8 November 200920 November 2024WaingmawNew Democratic Army – Kachin
1004Karenni National People's Liberation Front8 November 200913 June 2023Karenni National People's Liberation FrontDefected to anti-junta resistance in June 2023
1005Karenni National People's Liberation Front8 November 200913 June 2023Karenni National People's Liberation FrontDefected to anti-junta resistance in June 2023
1006Disarmed9 December 20095 January 2024LaukkaiMyanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (BGF-faction)
1011Karen National Army18 August 2009January 2024HlaingbweDemocratic Karen Buddhist ArmyKaren BGF No. 1011–1023 began distancing themselves from the junta in January 2024, eventually defecting to form theKaren National Army
1012Karen National Army18 August 2009January 2024HlaingbweDemocratic Karen Buddhist Army
1013Karen National Army18 August 2009January 2024HpapunDemocratic Karen Buddhist Army
1014Karen National Army18 August 2009January 2024HpapunDemocratic Karen Buddhist Army
1015Karen National Army20 August 2009January 2024HlaingbweDemocratic Karen Buddhist Army
1016Karen National Army20 August 2009January 2024HlaingbweDemocratic Karen Buddhist Army
1017Karen National Army20 August 2009January 2024MyawaddyDemocratic Karen Buddhist Army
1018Karen National Army20 August 2009January 2024MyawaddyDemocratic Karen Buddhist Army
1019Karen National Army20 August 2009January 2024MyawaddyDemocratic Karen Buddhist Army
1020Karen National Army21 August 2009January 2024MyawaddyDemocratic Karen Buddhist Army
1021Karen National Army21 August 2009January 2024KawkareikDemocratic Karen Buddhist Army
1022Karen National Army21 August 2009January 2024KawkareikDemocratic Karen Buddhist Army
1023Karen National Army21 August 2009January 2024Kyain SeikgyiKaren Peace Force

Ranks

[edit]
Rank groupGeneral / flag officersSenior officersJunior officers
Border Guard Forces
ဗိုလ်မှူးကြီး
bohmu:gyi:		ဒုတိယ ဗိုလ်မှူးကြီး
du.ti.ya. bohmu:gyi:		ဗိုလ်မှူး
bohmu:		ဗိုလ်ကြီး
bogyi:		ဗိုလ်
bo		ဒုတိယ ဗိုလ်
du.ti.ya. bo
Rank groupSenior NCOsJunior NCOsEnlisted
Border Guard ForcesNo insignia
အရာခံဗိုလ်
ăyaganbo		ဒုအရာခံဗိုလ်
du.ăyaganbo		တပ်ခွဲတပ်ကြပ်ကြီး
tathkwè:tatkyatkyi:		တပ်ကြပ်ကြီး
tatkyatkyi:		တပ်ကြပ်
tatkyat		ဒုတပ်ကြပ်
du.tatkyatkyi:		တပ်သား
tattha:

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Myanmar Bangladesh border guard raising their flags 2020".
  2. ^"Myanmar Bangladesh border guard raising their flags 2022".
  3. ^"Tatmadaw order to change the arm patch of local people's militia".
  4. ^"Border guard plan could fuel ethnic conflict".IRIN. 29 November 2010.Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved8 May 2016.
  5. ^abc"Border Guard Force Scheme".www.mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. 11 January 2013.Archived from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved8 May 2016.
  6. ^McCartan, Brian (30 April 2010)."Myanmar ceasefires on a tripwire".Asia Times. Archived fromthe original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved21 March 2012.
  7. ^abWai Moe (31 August 2009)."Border Guard Force Plan Leads to End of Ceasefire".The Irrawaddy. Archived fromthe original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved21 March 2012.
  8. ^"NDF Report on Ceasefire Groups Resisting SPDC's Pressure and Instability"(PDF).National Democratic Front (Burma). Mae Sot, Thailand. 7 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved21 March 2012.
  9. ^"Tension sparks people to flee into China".Shan Herald. 24 August 2009. Archived fromthe original on 2 September 2009. Retrieved29 August 2009.
  10. ^Dittmer, Lowell (30 September 2010).Burma Or Myanmar? the Struggle for National Identity. World Scientific.ISBN 9789814313643.
  11. ^"Kayin State BGF officers and others collectively resign".Eleven Media Group. 16 January 2021.Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved12 September 2023.
  12. ^"BGF ထိပ်သီးခေါင်း‌ဆောင်များ နုတ်ထွက်ခြင်းမပြုရန် တပ်မတော်တိုက်တွန်း".Myanmar NOW (in Burmese). 15 January 2021. Archived fromthe original on September 29, 2022.
  13. ^"ယူနီဖောင်းချွတ်ရန် အစီအစဉ် မရှိသေးဟု ဗိုလ်မှူးကြီးစောချစ်သူပြော".Mizzima (in Burmese). 12 January 2021. Archived fromthe original on April 17, 2021.
  14. ^"ကရင်နယ်ခြားစောင့်တပ် သီးခြားရပ်တည်ရေး ဒုတပ်ချုပ်နဲ့ ဗိုလ်မှူးကြီးစောချစ်သူဆွေးနွေး".Radio Free Asia (in Burmese). Archived fromthe original on January 25, 2024.
  15. ^"ဒုတိယ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်မှူးကြီးစိုးဝင်း ကရင်ပြည်နယ်ကို နေ့ချင်းပြန်သွားရောက်".BBC News မြန်မာ (in Burmese). 23 January 2024. Archived fromthe original on January 24, 2024.
  16. ^"Karen BGF to rename itself 'Karen National Army'".Myanmar Now. 6 March 2024.
  17. ^2008 Constitution of Myanmar p. 5, 79, and 155
  18. ^"Militias in Myanmar"(PDF).John Buchanan. July 2016.
  19. ^KIA Seizes Final Border Force HQ Despite Chinese Pressure
  20. ^Myanmar Junta-Allied Border Battalion Falls in Kachin Rare Earth Hub
  21. ^"The KIA has captured and cleared the last remaining stronghold of the Border Guard under Chinese pressure".Kachin News Group (in Burmese). 20 November 2024.
  22. ^"'Business is back': BGF adapts under pressure".Frontier Myanmar. 8 April 2024. Archived fromthe original on April 23, 2024.
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