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Borchalyuezd

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Coordinates:41°20′38″N44°45′30″E / 41.34389°N 44.75833°E /41.34389; 44.75833

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Uezd in Caucasus, Russian Empire

Borchalyuezd Борчалинскій уѣздъ
Uezd
Coat of arms
Location in the Tiflis Governorate
Country	Russian Empire
Viceroyalty	Caucasus
Governorate	Tiflis
Established	1880
Abolished	1929
Capital	Shulavery (present-dayShaumiani)
Area
• Total	6,881.82 km² (2,657.09 sq mi)
Population (1916)
• Total	169,351
• Density	25/km² (64/sq mi)
• Rural	100.00%

TheBorchalyuezd^[a] was a county (uezd) of theTiflis Governorate of theCaucasus Viceroyalty of theRussian Empire, and later of theindependent andSoviet republics ofGeorgia. Its administrative center was the town of Shulavery (present-dayShaumiani).^[1] The area of the county roughly corresponded to the contemporaryLori Province ofArmenia and theKvemo Kartli region ofGeorgia.

History

[edit]

Borchaly Mafrash (bedding bag) textile, late 19th century

TheDebed river, formerly known as theBorchala (Russian:Борчала), gave the name of theuezd, however, the region was also known asBorchalo (ბორჩალო) in Georgian,Borchalu (Բորչալու) in Armenian, andBorchali (Azerbaijani:Borçalı) in Azerbaijani. The Turkic locals were resettled to the Debed river valley through the policy ofShah Abbas I (c.1571-1629) after his successful campaigns against the Kingdoms of Kartli andKakheti that led to the formation of severalQizilbash khanates. The region was later reincorporated into the Kingdom of Kartli in the 18th century, subsequently being incorporated into theKartli-Kakheti monarchy in 1762. In 1801, throughRussia's annexation of eastern Georgia, Borchaly became part of Russia'sGeorgia Governorate, which was eventually transformed to become the Tiflis Governorate.

Following theRussian Revolution and the short-lived independence of theDemocratic Republic of Georgia and theFirst Republic of Armenia, the Borchalyuezd became the site of a2-week-war between the two countries in December 1918, until its British-brokered ceasefire starting 1 January 1919. Most of northern Lori centered aroundAlaverdi was transformed into aneutral zone and patrolled by British troops of the27th Division, until their mid-1919 withdrawal. Armenian and Georgian troops replaced the British forces in the neutral zone following the latter's withdrawal. The Armenians later complaining that the Georgian force was unsuccessfully trying to convince Tatar and Russian villages in the neutral zone to agree to join Georgia.^[2]

In late 1920, the neutral zone of Lori and the southernmost section of the Lori Uchastok which had been annexed to Armenia was with their permission reincorporated into Georgia for the safety of its inhabitants as a result of theTurkish-Armenian War. Georgia continued to administer the reunited Borchalyuezd until itsSovietization and the district's partition between the newly-formedArmenian andGeorgian Soviet republics.

Administrative divisions

[edit]

The subcounties (uchastoks) of the Borchalyuezd in 1913 were as follows:^[3]

Name	1912 population	Area
Borchalinskiy uchastok (Борчалинскій участокъ)	33,923	727.97square versts (828.48 km²; 319.88 sq mi)
Yekaterinenfeldskiy uchastok (Екатериненфелдьскій участокъ)	23,797	913.64square versts (1,039.78 km²; 401.46 sq mi)
Loriyskiy uchastok (Лорійскій участокъ)	45,119	2,182.76square versts (2,484.12 km²; 959.12 sq mi)
Trialetskiy uchastok (Тріалетскій участокъ)	53,031	2,212.59square versts (2,518.07 km²; 972.23 sq mi)

Demographics

[edit]

1897 Russian census

[edit]

According to the 1897Russian Empire census, the Borchalyuezd had a population of 128,587 on 28 January [O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 70,501 men and 58,086 women. The plurality of the population indicatedArmenian to be their mother tongue, with significant Tatar,^[b]Greek,Russian, andGeorgian speaking minorities.^[6]

Linguistic composition of the Borchalyuezd in 1897^[6]
Language	Native speakers	%
Armenian	47,423	36.88
Tatar^[b]	37,742	29.35
Greek	21,393	16.64
Russian	8,089	6.29
Georgian	7,840	6.10
German	2,496	1.94
Ukrainian	1,241	0.97
Ossetian	628	0.49
Polish	264	0.21
Avar-Andean	240	0.19
Turkish	162	0.13
Jewish	153	0.12
Talysh	151	0.12
Persian	121	0.09
Kurdish	108	0.08
Italian	106	0.08
Kyurin	102	0.08
Lithuanian	54	0.04
Kazi-Kumukh	53	0.04
Dargin	27	0.02
Assyrian	19	0.01
Belarusian	19	0.01
Imeretian	17	0.01
Chechen	8	0.01
French	7	0.01
Mingrelian	6	0.00
Chuvash	4	0.00
Latvian	4	0.00
Romanian	3	0.00
Czech	1	0.00
Other	106	0.08
TOTAL	128,587	100.00

Kavkazskiy kalendar

[edit]

According to the 1917 publication ofKavkazskiy kalendar, the Borchalyuezd had a population of 169,351 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 89,040 men and 80,311 women, 160,447 of whom were the permanent population, and 8,904 were temporary residents:^[7]

Nationality	Number	%
Armenians	63,702	37.62
Sunni Muslims^[c]	33,320	19.68
Asiatic Christians	30,762	18.16
Shia Muslims^[d]	17,910	10.58
Georgians	10,419	6.15
Russians	8,772	5.18
Other Europeans	3,601	2.13
North Caucasians	366	0.22
Roma	255	0.15
Jews	244	0.14
TOTAL	169,351	100.00

Notes

[edit]

^
- Russian:Борчали́нскій уѣ́здъ,romanized: Borchalínsky uyézd
- Georgian:ბორჩალოს მაზრა,romanized:borchalos mazra
- Armenian:Բորչալուի գավառ,romanized: Borčalowi gavaṙ
- Azerbaijani:بورچالی قضاسی,romanized: Borçālı qaz̤āsı
^^a ^bBefore 1918,Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred toTurkic-speaking Muslims of theSouth Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of theAzerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during theSoviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".^[4]^[5]
^Primarily Turco-Tatars.^[8]
^Primarily Tatars.^[8]

References

[edit]

^Tsutsiev 2014.
^Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996).The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 159.ISBN 0-520-01805-2.OCLC 238471.
^Кавказский календарь на 1913 год, pp. 164–175.
^Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
^Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
^^a ^b"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей".www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved2022-06-30.
^Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 206–213.
^^a ^bHovannisian 1971, p. 67.

Bibliography

[edit]

Bournoutian, George A. (2018).Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon:Routledge.ISBN 978-1-351-06260-2.OCLC 1037283914.

Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971).The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919. Vol. 1. Berkeley:University of California Press.ISBN 978-0520019843.
Кавказский календарь на 1913 год [Caucasian calendar for 1913] (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913.Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.
Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917.Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014).Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus(PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven:Yale University Press.ISBN 9780300153088.Archived(PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.

v t e Subdivisions of the Russian Empire
Governorates (List)	Azov¹ +Altai² Arkhangelsk Archangelgorod Astrakhan Belgorod Bessarabia Bratslav Belarus Caucasus Chernigov Grodno Finland Iziaslav Ingermanland Irkutsk Kazan Kaluga Kiev (1708) Kiev Kharkov Kherson Kholm Kovno Kolyvan Kostroma Kursk Lithuania Little Russia (1764) Little Russia (1796) Minsk Mogilev Moscow Nikolayev Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod-Seversky Novgorod Novorossiya Olonets Orenburg Oryol Penza Perm Petrograd² Podolia Polotsk* Poltava Pskov Ryazan Samara Saint Petersburg Saratov Siberia Simbirsk Sloboda Ukraine Slonim Smolensk Stavropol Taurida Tambov Tver Tobolsk Tomsk Tula Ufa Vilna Vitebsk Vladimir Voznesensk Vologda Volhynia Voronezh Vyatka Vyborg Yaroslavl Yekaterinoslav Yeniseysk
Oblasts	Amur Belostok Bessarabia Don Host Transbaikal Kamchatka Caspian Kwantung Orenburg Kirghiz Omsk Primorskaya Sakhalin Taurida Tarnopol Turgay Ural Yakutsk
Oblasts ofStepnoy Krai	Akmolinsk Siberian Kirghiz Semipalatinsk
Oblasts ofTurkestan Krai	Transcaspian Samarkand Semirechye Oblast Syr-Darya Oblast Turkestan Fergana
Caucasus Viceroyalty	Baku (Governorate) Black Sea Derbent Elizavetpol Erivan Georgia-Imeretia Georgia Kutaisi Shemakha Tiflis Armenian Batum Dagestan Imeretia Kars Kuban Terek Sukhumi Zakatal Baku (Gradonachalstvo)
Baltic Governorates³	Courland Livonia Reval Riga Estonia
Governorates ofFinland	Åbo-Björneborg Vasa Vyborg Kuopio Nyland St. Michel Tavastehus Uleåborg
Governorates ofPoland	Avgustov Warsaw Kalish Keltsy Krakov Lomzha Lyublin Mazovia Petrokov Plotsk Podlyashye Radom Sandomir Sedlets Suvalki
Governorates of Galicia and Bukovina	Lvov Peremyshl Tarnopol Chernovtsy
Dependencies	Bukey Horde Emirate of Bukhara Khanate of Kokand Russian America Uryankhay Krai² Khanate of Khiva Zeravshan Okrug*
¹Italics indicates renamed or abolished governorates, oblasts, etc on 1 January 1914. ² An asterisk (+) indicates governorates formed or created with renaming after 1 January 1914. ³Ostsee or Baltic general-governorship was abolished in 1876.