Bonnie and Clyde | |
|---|---|
 Bonnie and Clyde in a photo from around 1932–33 that was found by police at anabandoned hideout | |
| Known for | Barrow Gang,bank robberies |
| Bonnie Elizabeth Parker | |
| Born | (1910-10-01)October 1, 1910 Rowena, Texas, U.S. |
| Died | May 23, 1934(1934-05-23) (aged 23) Bienville Parish, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Gunshot wounds |
| Spouse | |
| Clyde Champion Barrow | |
| Born | Clyde Chestnut Barrow (1909-03-24)March 24, 1909 Ellis County, Texas, U.S. |
| Died | May 23, 1934(1934-05-23) (aged 25) Bienville Parish, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Gunshot wound to the head |
Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 – May 23, 1934) andClyde Chestnut "Champion"Barrow (March 24, 1909 – May 23, 1934) were Americanoutlaws who traveled theCentral United States withtheir gang during theGreat Depression, committing a series of criminal acts such as bank robberies, kidnappings, and murders between 1932 and 1934. The couple were known for their bank robberies and multiple murders, although they preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. Their exploits captured the attention of the American press and its readership during what is occasionally referred to as the "public enemy era" between 1931 and 1934. On May 23, 1934, they were ambushed and killed onLouisiana Highway 154 inBienville Parish, Louisiana by a law enforcement posse led by retiredTexas RangerFrank Hamer. They are believed to have murdered at least nine police officers and three civilians.[1][2]
The 1967 filmBonnie and Clyde, directed byArthur Penn and starringWarren Beatty andFaye Dunaway in the title roles, despite being highly fictionalized and historically inaccurate, was a critical and commercial success which revived interest in the criminals and glamorized them with a romantic aura.[3] The 2019 Netflix filmThe Highwaymen depicted their manhunt from the point of view of the pursuing lawmen.
Bonnie Elizabeth Parker was born in 1910 inRowena, Texas, the second of three children. Her father, Charles Robert Parker (1884–1914), was a bricklayer who died when Bonnie was four years old.[4] Her widowed mother, Emma (Krause) Parker (1885–1944), moved her family back to her parents' home in Cement City, an industrial suburb inWest Dallas where she worked as a seamstress.[5] As an adult, Bonnie wrote poems such as "The Story of Suicide Sal"[6] and "The Trail's End", the latter more commonly known as "The Story of Bonnie and Clyde".[7]
Parker was a bright child who thrived on attention. She enjoyed performing on stage and dreamt of becoming an actress.[8] In her second year in high school, Parker met Roy Thornton (1908–1937). The couple dropped out of school and married on September 25, 1926, six days before her 16th birthday.[9] Their marriage was marred by his frequent absences and brushes with the law and proved to be short-lived. They never divorced, but their paths never crossed again after January 1929. When she died, Parker was still wearing the wedding ring Thornton had given her.[notes 1] Thornton was in prison when he heard of her death, commenting, "I'm glad they jumped out like they did. It's much better than being caught."[10] Sentenced to five years for robbery in 1933 and after attempting several prison breaks from other facilities, Thornton was killed while trying to escape from theHuntsville State Prison on October 3, 1937.[11]
After she left Thornton, Parker moved back in with her mother and worked as a waitress inDallas. One of her regular customers was postal workerTed Hinton. In 1932, he joined the Dallas County Sheriff's Department and eventually served as a member of theposse that killed Bonnie and Clyde.[12] Parker briefly kept a diary early in 1929 when she was aged 18, writing of her loneliness, her impatience with life in Dallas, and her love of photography.[13]
Clyde Chestnut Barrow[14][15] was born in 1909 into a poor farming family in the town ofTelico[16] inEllis County, Texas.[17][18] He was the fifth of seven children of Henry Basil Barrow (1874–1957) and Cumie Talitha Walker (1874–1942). The family moved to Dallas in the early 1920s as part of a wider migration pattern from rural areas to the city, where many settled in the urbanslum of West Dallas. The Barrows spent their first months in West Dallas living under their wagon until they got enough money to buy a tent.[19]
Barrow was first arrested in late 1926, at age 17, after running when police confronted him over a rental car that he had failed to return on time. His second arrest was with his brotherBuck Barrow soon after, for possession of stolen turkeys. Barrow had some legitimate jobs from 1927 through 1929, but he alsocracked safes, robbed stores, and stole cars. He met 19-year-old Parker through a mutual friend in January 1930, and they spent much time together during the following weeks. Their romance was interrupted when Barrow was arrested by Dallas County Sheriff's Deputy Bert Whisnand[citation needed] and convicted of auto theft. He escaped from the McLennan County Jail in Waco, TX, on March 11, 1930, using a gun Parker smuggled into the jail.
Recaptured on March 18, Barrow was sent to Huntsville State Prison in April 1930 and in September he was assigned to theEastham Prison Farm at the age of 21. He wassexually assaultedwhile in prison, and he retaliated by attacking and killing his tormentor with a pipe, crushing his skull.[20] This was his first murder. Another inmate who was already serving alife sentence claimed responsibility.
To avoidhard labor in the fields, Barrow purposely had two of his toes amputated in late January 1932, either by another inmate or by himself. Because of this, he walked with a limp for the rest of his life. The amputation slowed him down physically, making it harder to outrun law enforcement and limiting his mobility during his many robberies.[21][22] However, without his knowledge, his mother had successfully petitioned for his release and he was set free six days after his intentional injury.[23] He wasparoled from Eastham on February 2, 1932, now a hardened and bitter criminal. His sister Marie said, "Something awful sure must have happened to him in prison because he wasn't the same person when he got out."[24] Fellow inmateRalph Fults said that he watched Clyde "change from a school boy to a rattlesnake".[25]
In his post-Eastham career, Barrow robbed grocery stores and gas stations at a rate far outpacing the ten or so bank robberies attributed to him and theBarrow Gang. His favorite weapon was theM1918 Browning automatic rifle (BAR).[23] According to John Neal Phillips, Barrow's goal in life was not to gain fame or fortune from robbing banks but to seek revenge against the Texas prison system for the abuses that he had sustained while serving time.[26]
There are several different accounts of Parker and Barrow's first meeting. One of the more credible versions is that they met on January 5, 1930, at the home of Barrow's friend, Clarence Clay, at 105 Herbert Street in West Dallas.[27] Barrow was 20 years old, and Parker was 19. Parker was out of work and staying with a female friend to assist her during her recovery from a broken arm. Barrow dropped by the girl's house while Parker was in the kitchen making hot chocolate.[28]
After Barrow's release from prison in February 1932, he andRalph Fults began a series of robberies, primarily of stores and gas stations.[14] Their goal was to collect enough money and firepower to launch a raid against Eastham prison.[26] On April 19, Parker and Fults were captured in a failed hardware storeburglary inKaufman in which they had intended to steal firearms.[29] Parker was released from jail after a few months, when thegrand jury failed toindict her. Fults was tried, convicted, and served time. He never rejoined the gang. Parker wrote poetry to pass the time inKaufman County jail[30][notes 2] and reunited with Barrow within a few weeks of her release.
On April 30, Barrow was the getaway driver in a robbery inHillsboro during which store owner J.N. Bucher was shot and killed.[31] Bucher's wife identified Barrow from police photographs as one of the shooters, although he had stayed inside the car.
On August 5, Barrow,Raymond Hamilton, and Ross Dyer were drinkingmoonshine at a country dance inStringtown, Oklahoma, when Sheriff C.G. Maxwell and Deputy Eugene C. Moore approached them in the parking lot. Barrow and Hamilton opened fire, killing Moore and gravely wounding Maxwell.[32][33] Moore was the first law officer whom Barrow and his gang killed. They eventually murdered nine. On October 11, they allegedly killed Howard Hall at his store during a robbery inSherman, Texas, though some historians consider this unlikely.[34]
W. D. Jones had been a friend of Barrow's family since childhood. He joined Parker and Barrow on Christmas Eve 1932 at the age of 16, and the three left Dallas that night.[35] The next day, Christmas Day 1932, Jones and Barrow murdered Doyle Johnson, a young family man, while stealing his car inTemple.[36] Barrow killedTarrant County Deputy Malcolm Davis on January 6, 1933, when he, Parker, and Jones wandered into a police trap set for another criminal.[37] The gang had murdered five people since April.
On March 22, 1933, Clyde's brother Buck was granted a fullpardon and released from prison, and he and his wifeBlanche set up housekeeping with Bonnie, Clyde and Jones in a temporary hideout at3347 1/2 Oakridge Drive inJoplin, Missouri. According to family sources,[38] Buck and Blanche were there to visit; they attempted to persuade Clyde to surrender to law enforcement. The group ran loud, alcohol-fueled card games late into the night in the quiet neighborhood; Blanche recalled that they "bought a case of beer a day".[39] The men came and went noisily at all hours, and Clyde accidentally fired aBrowning automatic rifle (BAR) in the apartment while cleaning it.[40] No neighbors went to the house, but one reported suspicions to theJoplin Police Department.
The police assembled a five-man force in two cars on April 13 to confront what they suspected werebootleggers living at the Oakridge Drive address. The Barrow brothers and Jones opened fire, killing Detective Harry L. McGinnis outright and fatally wounding Constable J. W. Harryman.[41][42] Parker opened fire with a BAR as the others fled, forcingHighway Patrol Sergeant G.B. Kahler to duck behind a large oak tree. The.30 caliber bullets from the BAR struck the tree and blasted wood splinters into the sergeant's face.[43] Parker got into the car with the others, and they pulled in Blanche from the street where she was pursuing her dog Snow Ball.[44] The surviving officers later testified that they had fired only fourteen rounds in the conflict;[45] one hit Jones on the side, one struck Clyde but was deflected by his suit-coat button, and one grazed Buck afterricocheting off a wall.
The group escaped the police at Joplin but left behind most of their possessions at the apartment, including Buck's parole papers (three weeks old), a large arsenal of weapons, a handwritten poem by Bonnie, and a camera with several rolls of undeveloped film.[46] Police developed the film atThe Joplin Globe and found many photos of Barrow, Parker, and Jones posing and pointing weapons at one another.[47] TheGlobe sent the poem and the photos over thenewswire, including a photo of Parker clenching a cigar in her teeth and apistol in her hand.[notes 3] The Barrow Gang subsequently became front-page news throughout the United States.
The photo of Parker posing with a cigar and a gun became popular. In his bookGo Down Together: The True, Untold Story of Bonnie and Clyde, writer Jeff Guinn noted:
John Dillinger had matinee-idol good looks andPretty Boy Floyd had the best possible nickname, but the Joplin photos introduced new criminal superstars with the most titillating trademark of all—illicit sex. Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker were wild and young, and undoubtedly slept together.[48]
The group ranged from Texas as far north asMinnesota for the next three months. In May, they tried to rob the bank inLucerne, Indiana,[49] and robbed the bank inOkabena, Minnesota.[50] Theykidnapped Dillard Darby and Sophia Stone atRuston, Louisiana, in the course of stealing Darby's car; this was one of several events between 1932 and 1934 in which they kidnapped police officers or robbery victims.[notes 4] They usually released theirhostages far from home, sometimes with money to help them return.[2][51]
Stories of such encounters made headlines, as did the more violent episodes. The Barrow Gang did not hesitate to shoot anyone who got in their way, whether it was a police officer or an innocent civilian. Other members of the gang who committed murder included Hamilton, Jones, Buck Barrow, andHenry Methvin. Eventually, the cold-bloodedness of their murders opened the public's eyes to the reality of their crimes and led to their ends.[52]
The photos entertained the public for a time, but the gang was desperate and discontented, as described by Blanche in her account written while imprisoned in the late 1930s.[53][notes 5] With their new notoriety, their daily lives became more difficult as they tried to evade discovery. Restaurants and motels became less secure; the gang resorted to campfire cooking and bathing in cold streams.[54] The unrelieved round-the-clock proximity of five people in one car gave rise to vicious bickering.[55][notes 6] Jones was the driver when he and Barrow stole a car belonging to Darby in late April, and he used that car to leave the others. He stayed away until June 8.[56]
Barrow failed to see warning signs at a bridge under construction on June 10 while driving with Jones and Parker nearWellington, Texas, and the car flipped into a ravine.[2][57] Sources disagree on whether there was a gasoline fire[58] or if Parker was doused with acid from the car's battery under the floorboards,[59][notes 7] but she sustainedthird-degree burns to her right leg, so severe that the muscles contracted and caused the leg to "draw up".[60] Jones observed: "She'd been burned so bad none of us thought she was gonna live. The hide on her right leg was gone from her hip down to her ankle. I could see the bone at places."[61]
Parker could hardly walk; she either hopped on her good leg or was carried by Barrow. They got help from a nearby farm family, then kidnappedCollinsworth County Sheriff George Corry and City Marshal Paul Hardy, leaving the two of them handcuffed to a tree outsideErick, Oklahoma. The three rendezvoused with Buck and Blanche and hid in a tourist court nearFort Smith, Arkansas, nursing Parker's burns. Buck and Jones bungled a robbery and murdered Town Marshal Henry D. Humphrey inAlma, Arkansas.[62] The criminals had to flee, despite Parker's grave condition.[63]
In July 1933, the gang checked into theRed Crown Tourist Court[64] south ofPlatte City, Missouri. It consisted of two brick cabins joined by garages, and the gang rented both.[64] To the south stood the Red Crown Tavern, a popular restaurant amongMissouri Highway Patrolmen, and the gang seemed to go out of their way to draw attention.[65] Blanche registered the party as three guests, but owner Neal Houser could see five people getting out of the car. He noted that the driver backed into the garage "gangster style" for a quick getaway.[66]
Blanche paid for their cabins with coins rather than bills, and did the same later when buying five dinners and five beers.[67][notes 8] The next day, Houser noticed that his guests had taped newspapers over the windows of their cabin; Blanche again paid for five meals with coins. Her outfit ofjodhpur riding breeches[68] also attracted attention; they were not typical attire for women in the area, and eyewitnesses still remembered them 40 years later.[66] Houser told Captain William Baxter of the Highway Patrol, a patron of his restaurant, about the group.[64]
Barrow and Jones went into town[notes 9] to purchase bandages, crackers, cheese, andatropine sulfate to treat Parker's leg.[69] The druggist contacted SheriffHolt Coffey, who put the cabins under surveillance. Coffey had been alerted by Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas law enforcement to watch for strangers seeking such supplies. The sheriff contacted Captain Baxter, who called for reinforcements fromKansas City, including anarmored car.[64] Sheriff Coffey led a group of officers toward the cabins at 11 p.m. on July 20, 1933, armed withThompson submachine guns.[70]
In the gunfight that ensued, the officers' .45 caliber Thompsons proved no match for Barrow's .30 caliber BAR, stolen on July 7 from theNational Guard armory atEnid, Oklahoma.[71] The gang escaped when a bullet short-circuited the horn on the armored car[notes 10] and the police officers mistook it for a cease-fire signal. They did not pursue the retreating Barrow vehicle.[64]
The gang had evaded the law once again, but Buck had been wounded by a bullet that blasted a large hole in the bone of his forehead and exposed his injured brain. Blanche was also nearly blinded by glass fragments.[64][72]
The Barrow Gang camped at Dexfield Park, an abandonedamusement park nearDexter, Iowa, on July 24, 1933.[2][73] Buck was sometimes semiconscious, and he even talked and ate, but his massive head wound and loss of blood were so severe that Barrow and Jones dug a grave for him.[74] Residents noticed their bloody bandages, and officers determined that the campers were the Barrow Gang. Local police officers and approximately 100 spectators surrounded the group, and the Barrows soon came under fire.[73] Barrow, Parker, and Jones escaped on foot.[2][73] Buck was shot in the back, and he and his wife were captured by the officers. Buck died of his head wound andpneumonia after surgery five days later at Kings Daughters Hospital inPerry, Iowa.[73]
For the next six weeks, the remaining perpetrators ranged far afield from their usual area of operations, west toColorado, north to Minnesota, southeast toMississippi; yet they continued to commit armed robberies.[75][notes 11] They restocked their arsenal when Barrow and Jones robbed an armory on August 20 atPlattville, Illinois, acquiring three BARs, handguns, and a large quantity of ammunition.[76]
By early September, the gang risked a run to Dallas to see their families for the first time in four months. Jones parted company with them, continuing toHouston where his mother had moved.[2][73][notes 12] He was arrested there without incident on November 16, and returned to Dallas. Through the autumn, Barrow committed several robberies with small-time local accomplices, while his family and Parker's attended to her considerable medical needs.[77]
On November 22, they narrowly evaded arrest while trying to meet with family members nearSowers, Texas. Dallas Sheriff Smoot Schmid, Deputy Bob Alcorn, and Deputy Ted Hinton lay in wait nearby. As Barrow drove up, he sensed a trap and drove past his family's car, at which point Schmid and his deputies stood up and opened fire with machine guns and a BAR. The family members in the crossfire were not hit, but a BAR bullet passed through the car, striking the legs of both Barrow and Parker.[77] They escaped later that night.
On November 28, a Dallas grand jury delivered a murder indictment against Parker and Barrow for the killing – in January of that year, nearly ten months earlier – of Tarrant County Deputy Malcolm Davis;[78] it was Parker's first warrant for murder.
On January 16, 1934, Barrow orchestrated the escape of Hamilton, Methvin, and several others in the "Eastham Breakout".[26] The brazen raid generated negative publicity for Texas, and Barrow seemed to have achieved what historian Phillips suggests was his overriding goal: revenge on theTexas Department of Corrections.[notes 13]
Barrow Gang member Joe Palmer shot Major Joe Crowson during his escape, and Crowson died a few days later in the hospital.[79] This attack attracted the full power of the Texas and federal government to themanhunt for Barrow and Parker. As Crowson struggled for life, prison chief Lee Simmons reportedly promised him that all persons involved in the breakout would be hunted down and killed.[26] All of them eventually were, except for Methvin, who preserved his life by turning on the gang and setting up the ambush of Barrow and Parker.[26]
The Texas Department of Corrections contacted formerTexas Ranger CaptainFrank Hamer and persuaded him to hunt down the Barrow Gang. He was retired, but his commission had not expired.[80] He accepted the assignment as aTexas Highway Patrol officer, secondarily assigned to the prison system as a special investigator, and was given the specific task of taking down the Barrow Gang.
Hamer was tall, burly, and taciturn, unimpressed by authority and driven by an "inflexible adherence to right, or what he thinks is right".[81] For twenty years, he had been feared and admired throughout Texas as "the walking embodiment of the 'One Riot, One Ranger' ethos".[82] He "had acquired a formidable reputation as a result of several spectacular captures and the shooting of a number of Texas criminals".[83] He was officially credited with 53 kills, and suffered seventeen wounds.[84]
Prison boss Simmons always said publicly that Hamer had been his first choice, although there is evidence that he first approached two other Rangers, both of whom declined because they were reluctant to shoot a woman.[85] Starting on February 10, Hamer became the constant shadow of Barrow and Parker, living out of his car, just a town or two behind them. Three of Hamer's four brothers were also Texas Rangers. Brother Harrison was the best shot of the four, but Frank was considered the most tenacious.[86]
OnEaster Sunday, April 1, 1934, at the intersection of Route 114 and Dove Road, nearGrapevine, Texas, nowSouthlake, highway patrolmen H.D. Murphy and Edward Bryant Wheeler stopped their motorcycles thinking a motorist needed assistance. Barrow and Methvin or Parker opened fire with a shotgun and handgun, killing both officers.[87][88] An eyewitness account said that Parker fired the fatal shots and this story received widespread coverage.[89] Methvin later claimed that he fired the first shot after mistakenly assuming that Barrow wanted the officers killed. Barrow joined in, firing at Patrolman Murphy.[51]
During the spring season, the Grapevine killings were recounted in exaggerated detail, affecting public perception. All four Dallas daily papers seized on the story told by the eyewitness, a farmer who claimed to have seen Parker laugh at the way that Murphy's head "bounced like a rubber ball" on the ground as she shot him.[90] The stories claimed that police found a cigar butt "with tiny teeth marks", supposedly those of Parker.[91] Several days later, Murphy's fiancée wore her intended wedding dress to his funeral, attracting photos and newspaper coverage.[92]
The eyewitness's ever-changing story was soon discredited, but the massive negative publicity increased the public clamor for the extermination of the Barrow Gang. The outcry galvanized the authorities into action, and Highway Patrol boss L.G. Phares offered a reward of $1,000 (equivalent to $18,000 in 2024) for "the dead bodies of the Grapevine slayers"—not their capture, just the bodies.[93]Texas GovernorMa Ferguson added another reward of $500 for each of the two killers, which meant that, for the first time, "there was a specific price on Bonnie's head since she was so widely believed to have shot H.D. Murphy".[94]
Public hostility increased five days later when Barrow and Methvin murdered 60-year-old Constable William "Cal" Campbell, a widower and father, nearCommerce, Oklahoma.[95] They kidnapped Commerce police chief Percy Boyd, crossed the state line intoKansas, then let him go, giving him a clean shirt, a few dollars, and a request from Parker to tell the world that she did not smoke cigars. Boyd identified both Barrow and Parker to authorities, but he never learned Methvin's name. The resultant arrest warrant for the Campbell murder specified "Clyde Barrow, Bonnie Parker and John Doe".[96] Historian Knight writes: "For the first time, Bonnie was seen as a killer, actually pulling the trigger—just like Clyde. Whatever chance she had forclemency had just been reduced."[93]The Dallas Journal ran acartoon on its editorial page, showing an emptyelectric chair with a sign on it saying "Reserved", adding the words "Clyde and Bonnie".[97]
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By May 1934, Barrow had 16 warrants outstanding against him for multiple counts of robbery, auto theft, theft, escape, assault, and murder in four states.[98] Hamer, who had begun tracking the gang on February 12, led the posse. He had studied the gang's movements and found that they swung in a circle skirting the edges of five midwestern states, exploiting the "state line" rule that prevented officers from pursuing a fugitive into another jurisdiction. Barrow was consistent in his movements, so Hamer charted his path and predicted where he would go. The gang's itinerary centered on family visits, and they were due to see Methvin's family in Louisiana. Unbeknownst to Hamer, Barrow had designated Methvin's parents' residence as a rendezvous in case they were separated. Methvin had become separated from the rest of the gang inShreveport. Hamer's posse was composed of six men: Texas officers Hamer,Hinton, Alcorn, and B.M. "Maney" Gault, and Louisiana officers Henderson Jordan and Prentiss Morel Oakley.[99]
On May 21, the four posse members from Texas were in Shreveport when they learned that Barrow and Parker were planning to visit Ivy Methvin in Bienville Parish that evening. The full posse set up an ambush alongLouisiana State Highway 154 south ofGibsland toward Sailes. Hinton recounted that the lawmen were in place by 9 pm, and waited through the whole of the next day (May 22) with no sign of the perpetrators.[100] Other accounts said that the officers set up on the evening of May 22.[101]
At approximately 9:15 a.m. on May 23, the posse members were still concealed in the bushes and almost ready to give up when they heard a vehicle approaching at high speed. In their official report, they stated they had persuaded Methvin to position his truck on the shoulder of the road that morning. They hoped Barrow would stop to speak with him, putting his vehicle close to the posse's position in the bushes. The vehicle proved to be theFord V8 with Barrow at the wheel and he slowed down as hoped. The six lawmen opened fire while the vehicle was still moving. Oakley fired first, probably before any order to do so.[100][102][103] Barrow was shot in the head, dying instantly from Oakley's first bullet, while Hinton reported hearing Parker scream.[100] The officers fired about 130 rounds overall, emptying their guns.[104][105] Barrow and Parker had survived several bullet wounds over the years in their confrontations with the law, but due to the proximity and intensity of the gunfire on this day, any of the wounds they suffered would have been fatal.[106] The gunfire was allegedly so loud that the posse were temporarily deaf all afternoon.[citation needed]
According to statements made by Hinton and Alcorn:
Each of us six officers had a shotgun and an automatic rifle and pistols. We opened fire with the automatic rifles. They were emptied before the car got even with us. Then we used shotguns. There was smoke coming from the car, and it looked like it was on fire. After shooting the shotguns, we emptied the pistols at the car, which had passed us and ran into a ditch about 50 yards on down the road. It almost turned over. We kept shooting at the car even after it stopped. We weren't taking any chances.[104]
Film footage taken by one of the deputies immediately after the ambush showed 112 bullet holes in the vehicle, of which around 30 struck the couple.[107] The official report by parishcoroner J. L. Wade listed 17 entrance wounds on Barrow's body and 26 on Parker's,[108] including several head shots to each and one that had severed Barrow'sspinal column. C. F. "Boots" Bailey, the local undertaker, had difficultyembalming the bodies because of all the bullet holes.[109]
The officers inspected the vehicle and discovered an arsenal of stolen automatic rifles, sawed-off semi-automaticshotguns, assortedhandguns, and several thousand rounds of ammunition, along with 15 sets oflicense plates from various states.[105] Hamer stated, "I hate to bust the cap on a woman, especially when she was sitting down. However, if it wouldn't have been her, it would have been us."[110] Word of the deaths quickly spread when Hamer, Hinton, Jordan, and Oakley drove into town to call their bosses. Alcorn and Gault were left to guard the bodies, but soon lost control of the curious crowd that had gathered; one woman cut off bloody locks of Parker's hair and pieces from her dress, which were subsequently sold assouvenirs, while Hinton later returned and was sickened to find a man trying to cut off Barrow's trigger finger.[100]
Arriving at the scene, the coroner reported that "nearly everyone had begun collecting souvenirs such asshell casings, slivers of glass from the shattered car windows, and bloody pieces of clothing from the garments of Bonnie and Clyde" and that "one eager man had opened his pocket knife, and was reaching into the car to cut off Clyde's left ear".[111]
Hamer and Hinton got the crowd under control, ending what was described as a "circus-like atmosphere", and got people away from the car.[111] The posse towed the Ford, with the bodies still inside, to the Conger Furniture Store & Funeral Parlor in downtownArcadia. Preliminary embalming was done by Bailey in a small preparation room in the back of the furniture store, as it was common at the time for furniture stores and undertakers to share the same space.[112] The amount of people present in Arcadia reportedly swelled from 2,000 to 12,000 within hours as curious crowds arrived by carriage, horseback, plane, and train. Sandwiches quickly sold out and the price of beer jumped from 15 cents per bottle to 25 cents per bottle.[113] Henry Barrow identified his son's body, then sat weeping in a rocking chair in the furniture section.[112]
H. D. Darby, an undertaker at the McClure Funeral Parlor, and Sophia Stone, a home demonstration agent, had both been kidnapped by the gang in 1933.[114] They came to Arcadia from nearby Ruston to identify the bodies.[112] Parker had reportedly laughed when she discovered that Darby was an undertaker and flippantly remarked that maybe he would work on her corpse one day, which ended up coming true when he assisted Bailey in the embalming process.[112]
Barrow and Parker wished to be buried side by side, but the Parker family would not allow it. Her mother wanted to grant her final wish to be brought home, but the mobs surrounding the Parker house made it impossible.[115] More than 20,000 attended Parker's funeral, and her family had difficulty reaching her gravesite.[115] Her services were held on May 26.[112] Allen Campbell recalled that flowers came from everywhere, including some with cards allegedly fromPretty Boy Floyd andJohn Dillinger.[112] The largest floral tribute was sent by a group of Dallas citynewsboys; the sudden end of Bonnie and Clyde sold 500,000 newspapers in Dallas alone.[116] Parker was buried in the Fishtrap Cemetery before her body was moved in 1945 to the new Crown Hill Cemetery in Dallas.[112]
Thousands of people gathered outside both Dallas funeral homes, hoping for a chance to view the bodies. Barrow's private funeral was held at sunset on May 25.[112] He was buried inWestern Heights Cemetery in Dallas, next to his brother Marvin. The Barrow brothers share a single granite marker with their names on it and an epitaph, selected by Clyde, that simply states "gone but not forgotten".[117]
TheAmerican National Insurance Company ofGalveston, Texas, paid the life insurance policies in full on Barrow and Parker. Since then, the policy of payouts has changed to exclude payouts in cases of deaths caused by any criminal act by the insured.[118] The six men of the posse were to split the reward money six ways. Dallas Sheriff Schmid had promised Hinton that this would total $26,000[119] (approximately $628,610 in 2025)[120] but most of the organizations that had pledged reward funds reneged on their pledges. In the end, each lawman earned $200.23 (approximately $4,821 in 2025)[121] for his efforts and collected memorabilia.[122]
By summer 1934, new federal statutes made bank robbery and kidnapping federal offenses; this, coupled with the growing coordination of local authorities by theFBI and the introduction oftwo-way radios in police cars, made it much more difficult to rob and murder than it had been just weeks before. Law enforcement killed Dillinger two months after killing Bonnie and Clyde, Pretty Boy Floyd three months after killing Dillinger, andBaby Face Nelson one month after killing Floyd.[123]
In 2018, Parker's niece and last known surviving relative campaigned to have Parker buried next to Barrow.[124][125]
The members of the posse came from three organizations: Hamer and Gault were both former Texas Rangers then working for the Texas Department of Corrections (DOC), Hinton and Alcorn were employees of the Dallas Sheriff's office, and Jordan and Oakley were Sheriff and Deputy of Bienville Parish, Louisiana. The three duos distrusted one another and kept to themselves,[126] and each had their own agenda in the operation and offered differing narratives of it. Simmons, the head of the Texas DOC, brought another perspective, having effectively commissioned the posse.
Schmid had tried to arrest Barrow in Sowers, Texas in November 1933. Schmid called "Halt!" and gunfire erupted from the outlaw car, which made a quick U-turn and sped away. Schmid's Thompson submachine gun jammed on the first round, and he could not get off one shot. Pursuit of Barrow was impossible because the posse had parked their cars at a distance to prevent them from being seen.[77]
The posse discussed calling "halt", but the four Texans Hamer, Gault, Hinton, and Alcorn "vetoed the idea",[127] telling them that the killers' history had always been to shoot their way out,[128] as had occurred in Platte City, Dexfield Park, and Sowers.[129] When the ambush occurred, Oakley stood up and opened fire, and the other officers opened fire immediately after.[102] Jordan was reported to have called out to Barrow;[130] Alcorn said that Hamer called out;[131] and Hinton claimed that Alcorn did.[100] In another report, each said that they both did.[132] These conflicting claims might have been collegial attempts to divert the focus from Oakley, who later admitted firing too early, but that is merely speculation.[133]
In 1979, Hinton's account of the saga was published posthumously asAmbush: The Real Story of Bonnie and Clyde.[134] His version of the Methvin family's involvement in the planning and execution of the ambush was that the posse had tied Methvin's father Ivy to a tree the previous night to keep him from warning off the couple.[100] Hinton claimed that Hamer made a deal with Ivy: if he kept quiet about being tied up, his son would escapeprosecution for the two Grapevine murders.[100] Hinton alleged that Hamer made every member of the posse swear that they would never divulge this secret. Other accounts place Ivy at the center of the action, not tied up but on the road, waving for Barrow to stop.[93][135]
Hinton's memoir suggests that Parker's cigar in the famous "cigar photo" had been a ruse, and that it was retouched as a cigar by darkroom staff at theJoplin Globe while they prepared the photo for publication.[136][notes 14] Guinn says that some people who knew Hinton suspect that "he becamedelusional late in life".[137]
Bonnie and Clyde killed 12 people, including nine law enforcement officers, during their two years of criminal activity from February 1932 to May 1934.
The posse never received the promisedbounty on the perpetrators, so they were told to take whatever they wanted from the confiscated items in their car. Hamer appropriated the arsenal[138] of stolen guns and ammunition, plus a box of fishing tackle, under the terms of his compensation package with the Texas DOC.[notes 15] In July, Clyde's mother Cumie wrote to Hamer asking for the return of the guns: "You don't ever want to forget my boy was never tried in no court for murder, and no one is guilty until proven guilty by some court so I hope you will answer this letter and also return the guns I am asking for."[139] There is no record of any response.[139]
Alcorn claimed Barrow'ssaxophone from the car, but he later returned it to the Barrow family.[140] Posse members took other personal items, such as Parker's clothing. The Parker family asked for them back but were refused,[105][141] and the items were later sold as souvenirs.[142] The Barrow family claimed that Sheriff Jordan kept an alleged suitcase of cash, and writer Jeff Guinn claims that Jordan bought a "barn and land in Arcadia" soon after the event, thereby hinting that the accusation had merit, despite the complete absence of any evidence to the existence of such a suitcase.[140]
Jordan attempted to keep the death car, but Ruth Warren ofTopeka, Kansas, the vehicle's legal owner, sued him.[143] Jordan relented and allowed her to claim it in August 1934, still covered with blood and human tissue.[144] The engine still ran, despite the damage the vehicle took during the ambush. Warren picked up the car in Arcadia and drove it to Shreveport, still in its gruesome state. From there, she had it trucked to Topeka.[145]
The bullet-riddled Ford became a popular traveling attraction. The car was displayed at fairs, amusement parks, and flea markets for three decades, and once became a fixture at a Nevada race track. There was a charge of one dollar to sit in it.[146]
In 1988, a casino near Las Vegas purchased the vehicle for about $250,000 (equivalent to $570,000 in 2024). As of 2024[update], the car and the shirt Barrow was wearing when killed are displayed behind a glass panel at thePrimm Valley Resort inPrimm, Nevada alongsideInterstate 15.[147][148]
Barrow's enthusiasm for cars was evident in a letter he wrote fromTulsa, Oklahoma, on April 10, 1934, toHenry Ford: "While I still have got breath in my lungs I will tell you what a dandy car you make. I have drove Fords exclusively when I could get away with one. For sustained speed and freedom from trouble the Ford has got every other car skinned and even if my business hasn't been strictly legal it don't hurt anything to tell you what a fine car you got in the V-8." There are some doubts as to the authenticity of the letter.[149]
In February 1935, Dallas and federal authorities arrested and tried twenty family members and friends foraiding and abetting Barrow and Parker. This became known as the "harboring trial" and all twenty either pleaded guilty or were found guilty. The two mothers were jailed for thirty days. Other sentences ranged from two years' imprisonment for Floyd Hamilton, brother of Raymond, to one hour in custody for Barrow's teenage sister Marie.[150] Other defendants included Blanche, Jones, Methvin, and Parker's sister Billie.
Blanche was permanently blinded in her left eye during the 1933 shootout at Dexfield Park. She was taken into custody on the charge of "assault with intent to kill". She was convicted and sentenced to ten years in prison, but was paroled in 1939 for good behavior. She returned to Dallas, leaving her life of crime in the past, and lived with her invalid father as his caregiver. In 1940, she married Eddie Frasure. She worked as a taxi cab dispatcher and a beautician, and completed the terms of her parole one year later. She lived in peace with her husband until he died of cancer in 1969.[151]
Warren Beatty approached her to purchase the rights to her name for use in the 1967 filmBonnie and Clyde, and she agreed to the original script. She objected to her characterization byEstelle Parsons in the final film, describing the actress's Academy Award-winning portrayal of her as "a screaming horse's ass". Despite this, she maintained a firm friendship with Beatty. She died from cancer at age 77 on December 24, 1988, and was buried in Dallas's Grove Hill Memorial Park under the name "Blanche B. Frasure".[151]
Barrow cohorts Hamilton and Palmer, who escaped Eastham in January 1934, were recaptured. Both were convicted of murder and executed in the electric chair atHuntsville, Texas on May 10, 1935.[152]
Jones had left Barrow and Parker six weeks after the three of them evaded officers at Dexfield Park in July 1933.[153] He reached Houston and got a job picking cotton, where he was soon discovered and captured. He was returned to Dallas, where he dictated a "confession" in which he claimed to have been kept a prisoner by Barrow and Parker. Some of the more lurid lies that he told concerned the gang's sex lives, and this testimony gave rise to many stories about Barrow's ambiguous sexuality.[154] Jones was convicted of the murder of Doyle Johnson and served a lenient sentence of fifteen years.
He gave an interview toPlayboy magazine during the excitement surrounding the 1967 movie: "That Bonnie and Clyde movie made it all look sort of glamorous, but like I told them teenaged boys sitting near me at the drive-in showing: 'Take it from an old man who was there. It was hell. Besides, there's more lawmen nowadays with better ways of catching you. You couldn't get away, anyway. The only way I come through it was because the Good Lord musta been watching over me. But you can't depend on that, neither, because He's got more folks to watch over now than He did then.'"[155]
W.D. Jones was killed on August 20, 1974, in a misunderstanding by a jealous boyfriend of a woman whom he was trying to help.[156]
Methvin was convicted in Oklahoma of the 1934 murder of Constable Campbell at Commerce. He was paroled in 1942 and killed by a train in 1948. He fell asleep drunk on the train tracks, although some have speculated that he was pushed by someone seeking revenge.[157] His father Ivy was killed in 1946 by ahit-and-run driver.[158] Parker's husband Roy Thornton was sentenced to five years in prison for burglary in March 1933. He was killed by guards on October 3, 1937, during an escape attempt from Eastham prison.[10]
Hamer returned to a quiet life as a freelance security consultant for oil companies. According to Guinn, "his reputation suffered somewhat after Gibsland"[159] because many people felt that he had not given Barrow and Parker a fair chance to surrender. He made headlines again in 1948 when he and GovernorCoke Stevenson unsuccessfully challenged the vote total achieved byLyndon Johnson during the election for theU.S. Senate. He died in 1955 at the age of 71, after several years of poor health.[160] Bob Alcorn died on May 23, 1964, 30 years to the day after the Gibsland ambush.[158]
Prentiss Oakley admitted to friends that he had fired prematurely.[133] He succeeded Henderson Jordan as sheriff of Bienville Parish in 1940.[133]
On April 1, 2011, officials of the Texas Rangers,Texas Highway Patrol, andTexas Department of Public Safety honored the memory of patrolman Edward Bryan Wheeler, who was murdered along with officer H. D. Murphy by the Barrow gang on Easter Sunday, April 1, 1934. They presented the Yellow Rose of Texas commendation to his last surviving sibling, 95-year-old Ella Wheeler-McLeod ofSan Antonio, giving her a plaque and framed portrait of her brother.[161]
Hollywood has treated the story of Bonnie and Clyde several times, including the moviesThe Bonnie Parker Story (1958),[162]Bonnie and Clyde (1967),[162][163] andThe Highwaymen (2019).[164][165]
The partnership of Bonnie and Clyde has popularized the term "ride-or-die" to describe unwavering loyalty between a duo. Some songs dive deeply into the story of Bonnie and Clyde, narrating their infamous romance and criminal exploits, while others merely reference their names as symbols of rebellion or loyalty, without the lyrics directly relating to their lives. Notable examples include:
Netflix's latest offering tells the story of Bonnie and Clyde from the perspective of the lawmen—played by Kevin Costner and Woody Harrelson—who pursued and killed them.
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