Boniak,Bonyak orManiac, also known asBoniak the Mangy (Old Church Slavonic: Бонякъ Шолудивый;Ukrainian:Боняк Шолудивий;[1]Russian:Боняк Шелудивый), was "one of the most prominentCuman chieftains"[2] in the late11th century and the early12th century. He headed a powerful Cuman tribe or clan that inhabited the steppes to west of theDnieper River. He supported the Byzantines against thePechenegs in theBattle of Levounion in 1091. He defeatedColoman, King of Hungary in 1097 or 1099.
Boniak's descent is uncertain.[3]Svetlana Pletneva associates him with the Burch tribe,Peter B. Golden with the Ölberli tribe of the "Wild Cumans", andOmeljan Pritsak with the Qay clan.[4][5][6] Boniak's nickname – theMangy – may show that he was born with thecaul, according to the Hungarian historian Szilvia Kovács.[7] InAnna Komnene'sAlexiad, he is called Maniac.[8]
Boniak's exact position cannot be determined, but his career shows that he must have been the head of powerful Cuman tribal federation, tribe, or clan.[3] When pursuing Boniak,Sviatopolk II of Kiev andVladimir II Monomakh "advanced to the Bug and later beyond theRos'",[9] according to Vladimir'sTestament, which suggests that Boniak's people dwelled between the riversDnieper andSouthern Bug orDniester.[10] His participation in military campaigns in theBalkan Peninsula also shows that his people lived near theLower Danube.[10]
Along withTugorkan, Boniak, or Maniak, was one of the Cumans' "outstanding leaders",[11] named by Anna Komnene, who came to assist theByzantine EmperorAlexios I Komnenos against thePechenegs.[12][13] The united Byzantine and Cuman army annihilated the Pechenegs in theBattle of Levounion on 29 April 1091.[14] HistorianFlorin Curta writes that the two Cuman chieftains plundered the eastern regions of theKingdom of Hungary on their return to theDesht-i Kypchak, or Cuman steppes.[12] Pletneva says that Boniak and Tugorkan together supported the pretenderPseudo-Diogenes against Emperor Alexios I in 1094, but Anna Komnene did not refer to Boniak's participation in the fights.[15]
TheRussian Primary Chronicle recorded two events connected to Boniak underthe year 6604, that is 1095[16] or 1096AD.[17][18] First Boniak and his Cumans "appeared beforeKiev ..., and while ravaging the environs, they burned the prince's palace atBerestovo"[19] around 24 May.[20][17][21] On 20 July, "Boniak, that godless, mangy thief and bandit, came suddenly to Kiev for the second time"[22] and plundered three monasteries, including theCave Monastery.[23][24] During the second campaign, the Cumans "planted two standards before the monastery gates",[22] which may show that they were under the command of two chieftains, according to Kovács.[25] Kovács writes that Boniak's action preceded the campaign that Sviatopolk II and Vladimir Monomach launched againstOleg I of Chernigov.[26] According toSimon Franklin andJonathan Shepard, Boniak invaded only after Sviatopolk and his army left Kiev for a campaign againstChernigov (Chernihiv in Ukraine).[21] Kovács says that the joint campaign of Sviatopolk and Vladimir Monomach against Boniak's land over the river Ros' that Monomach mentioned in hisTestament seems to have been a retaliatory action after Bonia's plundering raids in Kiev.[27]
Sviatopolk of Kiev expelled David Igorevich,Prince of Volhynia, from his principality in the late 1090s.[28][29][30] David Igorevich fled to the Cumans and persuaded Bonyak and another Cuman chieftain, Altunopa, to join him to fight against Sviatopolk who had sought assistance fromColoman, King of Hungary.[28][31] On the eve of the battle against the Hungarians, Boniak "rode away from the troops" and "began to howl like a wolf, till first one and then many wolves answered him with their howls",[32] according to theRussian Primary Chronicle.[4] On his return, Boniak predicted to David Igorevich that they would defeat the Hungarians in the battle.[4] The Cumans annihilated the Hungarian army and seized the royal treasury.[33] According to the HungarianIlluminated Chronicle, "[r]arely did Hungarians suffer such slaughter as in this battle".[34][35] However, David Igorevich could not reconquer Volhynia and was again forced to seek refuge among the Cumans.[33] Boniak again joined them and their united armies seizedLutsk andVolodymyr-Volynskyi.[30] According to theRussian Primary Chronicle, these events occurred in 1097, but many historians (including Kovács and Martin Dimnik) say that the fights took place two years later.[28][29]
TheRussian Primary Chronicle recorded that five Rus' princes – Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Vladimir Monomach,Davyd Sviatoslavich,Oleg Sviatoslavich and Yaroslav Sviatoslavich – assembled on the left bank of the Dnieper near Kiev in 1101.[29][24] On learning of the princes' meeting, all Cuman chieftains sent envoys to them "with propositions of peace".[36][37] The princes and the Cuman chieftains met at Sakov on the Dnieper and made peace on 15 September.[29] Two years later Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Vladimir Monomach and Davyd Sviatoslavich invaded the Cuman steppes and routed a large Cuman army, killing 20 Cuman chieftains.[38]
According to theHypatian version of theRussian Primary Chronicle, Boniak made an incursion into the region of Zarub in thePrincipality of Pereyaslavl, fighting with theTorks andBerendei in the winter of 1105 and 1106.[39] TheRussian Primary Chronicle recorded that Boniak "raided and seized many horses in the vicinity ofPereyaslavl' "[40] in May 1107.[38] During the summer, he returned accompanied by Sharukan and other Cuman chieftains and laid siege to Lubno on theSula River.[41] Vladimir Monomach, Prince of Pereyaslavl, persuaded Svyatopolk II of Kiev and other Rus' princes to come to fight against the invaders.[41] Their unified armies unexpectedly crossed the Sula, forcing the terrified Cumans to lift the siege and leave their camp on 12 August.[42] According to an alternative narration, recorded in Vladimir Monomach'sTestament, the united forces of the Rus' princes routed Boniak and his Cuman allies on the banks of the Sula in summer, and Monomach alone defeated Boniak at Lubno alone only in 1108.[43]
Svyatoplok II of Kiev died on 16 April 1113 or 1114.[44][45] After the Cumans learned of Svyatopluk's death, the Cumans marched as far as Vyr' River.[45][46] The Cumans were under the command of Aepa and Boniak, according to theTestament of Vladimir Monomach who succeeded Svyatopolk in Kiev.[45] Monomach wrote that he "advanced to meet them as far as"[47]Romny with his sons and Oleg Sviatoslavich, forcing the Cumans to flee.[45][48]
Boniak is often represented as a sorcerer inRus' folklore.[49]