In 1980, Marcos was elected vice governor ofIlocos Norte, running unopposed with theKilusang Bagong Lipunan party of his father, whowas ruling the Philippines under martial law at the time.[6] He then becamegovernor in 1983, holding that office until his family was ousted from power by thePeople Power Revolution and fled into exile in Hawaii in February 1986. After the death of his father in 1989, PresidentCorazon Aquino allowed his family to return to the Philippines to face various charges. Marcos and his mother, Imelda, are currently facing arrest in the United States for defying a court order to payUS$353 million (₱17,385,250,000 in 2024) in restitution tohuman rights abuse victims during his father's dictatorship.[7] However, as long as he is president, he can enter the United States due to diplomatic immunity.[8]
Marcos ran for president in the2022 election under thePartido Federal ng Pilipinas,[10] which he won by a landslide with nearly 59% of the vote.[11][12] His win was the largest since1981, when his father won 88% of the votes due to a boycott by the opposition who protested the prior election.[13][14][15]
Marcos's presidential campaign received criticism from fact-checkers and disinformation scholars, who found his campaign to be driven by historical negationism aimed atrehabilitating the Marcos brand and smearing his rivals. His campaign has also been accused ofwhitewashing the human rights abuses andplunder, estimated at 5 to 13 billion dollars, that took place during his father's presidency.[16]The Washington Post has noted how the historical distortionism of the Marcoses has been underway since the 2000s, whileThe New York Times cited his convictions of tax fraud, including his refusal to pay his family's estate taxes, and misrepresentation of his education at theUniversity of Oxford.[17][18][19][20] In 2024,Time magazine listed him as one ofthe world's 100 most influential people.[21][22]
Marcos attended theCenter for Research and Communication, where he took a special diploma course in economics, but did not finish.[29][30] He then enrolled atSt Edmund Hall, Oxford to studyphilosophy, politics and economics (PPE). Despite his false claims that he graduated with a bachelor of arts in PPE,[31] he did not obtain such a degree.[32][33][34] Marcos passed philosophy, but failed economics, and failed politics twice, making him ineligible for a degree.[35][36] Instead, he received a special diploma in social studies,[34] which was awarded mainly to non-graduates and is currently no longer offered by the university.[32][37] Marcos still falsely claims that he obtained a degree from the University of Oxford despite Oxford confirming in 2015 that Marcos did not finish his degree.[38]
Marcos enrolled in the Masters inBusiness Administration program at theWharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania, inPhiladelphia, United States, which he failed to complete. Marcos asserts that he withdrew from the program for his election as Vice Governor of Ilocos Norte in 1980.[39] ThePresidential Commission on Good Government later reported that his tuition, hisUS$10,000 (₱492,500 in 2024) monthly allowance, and the estate he lived in while studying at Wharton, were paid using funds that could be traced partly to the intelligence funds of the Office of the President, and partly to some of the fifteen bank accounts that the Marcoses had secretly opened in the US under assumed names.[40]
Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos meeting with United States presidentRichard Nixon, shown holding Bongbong, in 1969
Marcos was thrust into the national limelight as early as when he was three years old, and the scrutiny became even more intense when his father first ran for President of the Philippines in 1965,[41] when he was eight years old.[27][28][23]
During his father's 1965 campaign, Marcos played himself in theSampaguita Pictures filmIginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story), a biopic based on the novelFor Every Tear a Victory.[42][41] The young Marcos was portrayed giving a speech towards the end of the film, in which he says that he would like to be a politician when he grows up.[43] The public relations value of the film is credited for having helped the elder Marcos win the1965 Philippine elections.[44]
A young Bongbong Marcos and his sister Imee played a small role in the controversial "Manila incident" ofthe Beatles in July 1966, just six months after their father assumed the presidency.[45][46]: 200 Bongbong and Imee were among 400 children whom their mother Imelda brought to Malacañang Palace for a reception in which they expected the Beatles to show up.[45] The four band members claimed not to know about the event, and refused to attend.[45]
As the event went on without them, the Marcos children were interviewed. Bongbong, referring to the group's long hair, was quoted saying "I'd like to pounce on the Beatles and cut off their hair! Don't anybody dare me to do anything, because I'll do it, just to see how game the Beatles are."[45] Imee, meantime, was quoted saying "There is only one song I like from the Beatles, and it'sRun for Your Life."[45]—a quote which media later associated with the way the Beatles scrambled out of Manila, receiving rough treatment atManila International Airport.[45]
Beatles lead guitaristGeorge Harrison later accused the Marcoses of inciting Filipinos to mob the band as they tried to leave the country for not showing up at the reception, saying in a 1986 interview atNBC'sToday Show that the Marcoses "tried to kill [them]."[47][48] Harrison said that their plane was not allowed to leave Manila until their manager,Brian Epstein, refunded the concert ticket money.[47][48]
TheManila Bulletin reported in 2015 that Marcos had once invited Beatles drummerRingo Starr to return to the Philippines "to bring closure" to the incident.[49] The incident was brought up in the media again after a 2021 interview between Marcos and actressToni Gonzaga, when he was asked about which musicians he idolized, and he casually mentioned that he was friends withMick Jagger ofthe Rolling Stones and members of the Beatles.[47]
Vice governorship and governorship in Ilocos Norte
Marcos's first formal role in a political office came with his election as Vice Governor of Ilocos Norte (1980–1983) at the age of 22. On March 23, 1983, he was installed as theGovernor of Ilocos Norte, replacing his aunt Elizabeth Marcos-Keon, who had resigned from the post for health reasons.[53] In 1983, he led a group of young Filipino leaders on a 10-day diplomatic mission to China to mark the tenth anniversary ofPhilippine–Chinese relations.[54] He stayed in office until thePeople Power Revolution in 1986.
During Marcos's term, at least twoextrajudicial killings took place in Ilocos Norte, as documented by the Martial Law Victims Association of Ilocos Norte (MLVAIN).[55][56]
President Marcos acquired a 39.9% share in the company, through front companies under Campos and Gapud.[59] This allowed President Marcos to appoint his son as the chairman of the Philcomsat board in early 1985, allowing the young Marcos to draw a monthly salary "ranging fromUS$9,700 toUS$97,000"[57][58] (₱477,725 to₱4,777,250 in 2024) despite rarely visiting the office and having no duties there.[58][57] PHILCOMSAT was one of five telecommunications firms sequestered by the Philippine government in 1986.[58]
Aside from the tuition, US$10,000 (₱492,500 in 2024) monthly allowance, and the estates used by Marcos Jr. and Imee Marcos during their respective studies at Wharton and Princeton,[40] each of the Marcos children was assigned amansion in the Metro Manila area, as well as inBaguio, the Philippines' designated summer capital.[40] Properties specifically said to have been given to Marcos Jr. included the Wigwam House compound on Outlook Drive in Baguio[40] and the Seaside Mansion Compound inParañaque.[40]
In addition, by the time their father was ousted from power in 1986, both Marcos Jr. and Imee held key posts in the Marcos administration.[57] Imee was already 30 when she was appointed as the national head of the Kabataang Barangay in the late 1970s,[57] and Marcos Jr. was in his 20s when he took up the vice-gubernatorial post for the province of Ilocos Norte in 1980, and then became governor of that province from 1983 until the Marcos family was ousted from Malacañang in 1986.[57]
During the last days of the 1986People Power Revolution, Bongbong Marcos, dressed in combat fatigues to project his warlike stance,[64] pushed his fatherFerdinand Marcos to give the order to his remaining troops to attack and blow upCamp Crame despite the presence of hundreds of thousands of civilians there. The elder Marcos did not follow his son's urgings.[65]
Fearful of a scenario in which Marcos's presence in the Philippines would lead to a civil war,[66] theReagan administration withdrew its support for the Marcos government, and flew Marcos and a party of about 80 individuals[67] – the extended Marcos family and a number of close associates[68] – from the Philippines to Hawaii despite Ferdinand Marcos's objections.[66] Bongbong Marcos and his family were on the flight with his parents.[69][70]
Soon after arriving in Hawaii, the younger Marcos participated in an attempt to withdrawUS$200million (₱9,849,999,999.96 in 2024) from asecret family bank account withCredit Suisse in Switzerland,[71] an act which eventually led to the Swiss government freezing the Marcoses' bank accounts in late March that year.[72]
Ferdinand Marcos eventually died in exile three years later, in 1989,[73] with Marcos Jr. being the only family member present at his father's deathbed.[74]
Return to the Philippines and later activities (1991–present)
In the early 1990s, PresidentCorazon Aquino permitted the return of the remaining members of the Marcos family to the Philippines to face various charges.[75] Bongbong Marcos flew on a private plane from Singapore to the Philippines and landed inLaoag,Ilocos Norte on October 31, 1991, becoming the first Marcos family member to return to the Philippines since 1986; his mother Imelda followed suit four days later.[76][77][78] He soon sought political office, beginning in the family's traditionalfiefdom in Ilocos Norte.[79]
Marcos ran for and was elected representative of thesecond district of Ilocos Norte to thePhilippine House of Representatives (1992–1995).[80] When his mother, Imelda Marcos, ran for president in the same election, he decided against supporting her candidacy, and instead expressed support for his godfather Danding Cojuangco.[81] During his term, Marcos was the author of 29 House bills and co-author of 90 more, which includes those that paved the way for the creation of theDepartment of Energy and theNational Youth Commission.[82] He also allocated most of his Countryside Development Fund (CDF) to organizing the cooperatives of teachers and farmers in his home province.[83][84][better source needed] In October 1992, he led a group of ten representatives in attending the first sports summit in the Philippines, held inBaguio.[85] In late 1994, he was made president of theKilusang Bagong Lipunan party, which is known for its support for the Marcos regime.[86]
In 1995, Bongbong Marcos pushed a deal to allow the Marcos family to keep a quarter of the estimated US$2 billion to US$10 billion (₱98,499,999,999.61 to₱492,499,999,998.03 in 2024) that the Philippine government had still not recovered from them, on the condition that all civil cases be dropped – a deal that was eventually struck down by the Philippines' Supreme Court.[71]
Ilocos Norte governor, second stint
Having previously served as Ilocos Norte governor from 1983 to 1986, Marcos was again elected as governor of Ilocos Norte in 1998, running against his father's closest friend and ally,Roque Ablan Jr. He served for three consecutive terms ending in 2007.[88]
House of Representatives, second term
In 2007, Marcos ran unopposed for the congressional seat previously held by his older sisterImee.[89] He was then appointed as deputy minority leader of the House of Representatives. During this term, Marcos supported the passage of the Philippine Archipelagic Baselines Law, or Republic Act No. 9522.[90] He also wrote his own version of the law, but the bill only remained in the House Committee on Foreign Affairs.[82][91] He also promoted the Republic Act No. 9502 (Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act) which was enacted on 2009.[92]
Senate career
Senator Marcos during a forum in June 2014Portrait during his stint as senator
Marcos made a second attempt for the Senate in2010. On November 20, 2009, the KBL forged an alliance with theNacionalista Party (NP) between Marcos and NP chair SenatorManny Villar at theLaurel House inMandaluyong. Marcos became a guest senatorial candidate of the NP through this alliance.[93] Marcos was later removed as a member by the KBL National Executive Committee on November 23, 2009.[94] As such, the NP broke its alliance with the KBL due to internal conflicts within the party, however Marcos remained part of the NP senatorial lineup.[93] He was proclaimed as one of the winning senatorial candidates of the2010 senate elections. He took office on June 30, 2010.
In the15th Congress (2010–2013), Marcos authored 34 Senate bills. He also co-authored 17 bills of which seven were enacted into law[82] – most notably the Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act whose principal author was SenatorVicente Sotto III; theCybercrime Prevention Act whose principal author was SenatorEdgardo Angara; and the Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons and the National Health Insurance Acts, both of which were principally authored by SenatorLoren Legarda.
In the16th Congress (2013–2016), Marcos filed 52 bills, of which 28 were refiled from the 15th Congress. One of them was enacted into law: Senate Bill No. 1186, which sought the postponement of the2013 Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) elections, was enacted as Republic Act No. 10632 on October 3, 2013.[82]
Marcos also co-authored 4 Senate bills in the 16th Congress. One of them, Senate Bill No. 712 which was principally authored byRalph Recto, was enacted as Republic Act No. 10645, the Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010.[82][95]
He was the chair of the Senate committees on urban planning, housing and resettlement, local government, and public works.[96] He also chaired the oversight committee on theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) Organic Act, the congressional oversight panel on the Special Purpose Vehicle Act, and a select oversight committee onbarangay affairs.[25][82]
2014 pork barrel scam
In 2014, Bongbong Marcos was implicated byJanet Lim Napoles[97] and Benhur Luy[98] in thePriority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) Pork Barrel scam through agent Catherine Mae "Maya" Santos.[99] He allegedly channeled₱100million through 4 fakeNGOs linked with Napoles.[100] Marcos claimed that the large amounts of money was released by the budget department without his knowledge and that his signatures were forged.[101] In connection to the PDAF scam, Marcos was also sued for plunder by iBalik ang Bilyones ng Mamamayan (iBBM), an alliance of youth organizations. The group cited Luy's digital files, which showed bogus NGOs with shady or non-existent offices.[102]
2016 Commission on Audit suit
In 2016, Marcos was also sued forplunder for funneling₱205million of his PDAF via 9 special allotment release orders (SARO) to the following bogus foundations from October 2011 to January 2013, according to Luy's digital files:[102]
Social Development Program for Farmers Foundation (SDPFFI) –₱15million
Countrywide Agri and Rural Economic Development Foundation (CARED) –₱35million
People's Organization for Progress and Development Foundation (POPDFI) –₱40million
Health Education Assistance Resettlement Training Services (HEARTS) –₱10million
Kaupdanan Para Sa Mangunguma Foundation (KMFI) –₱20million
National Livelihood Development Corporation (NLDC) –₱100million
On October 5, 2015, Marcos announced via his website that he would run forVice President of the Philippines in the2016 general election, stating "I have decided to run for vice president in the May 2016 elections."[103][104] Marcos ran as an independent candidate.[105] Prior to his announcement, he had declined an invitation by presidential candidate, Vice PresidentJejomar Binay, to become his running mate.[106] On October 15, 2015, presidential candidateMiriam Defensor Santiago confirmed that Marcos would serve as her running mate.[107]
Marcos placed second in the tightly contested vice presidential race losing toCamarines Sur3rd district RepresentativeLeni Robredo, who won by a margin of 263,473 votes,[108][109] one of the closest sinceFernando Lopez's victory in the 1965 vice presidential election.
Marcos challenged the results of the election, lodging an electoral protest against Leni Robredo on June 29, 2016, the day before Robredo's oathtaking.[110][111] PresidentRodrigo Duterte has stated several times that he would resign if Marcos would be his successor instead of Vice President Leni Robredo.[112]
A recount began in April 2018, covering polling precincts in Iloilo and Camarines Sur, which were areas handpicked by Marcos's camp. In October 2019, the tribunal found that Robredo's lead grew by around 15,000 votes – a total of 278,566 votes from Robredo's original lead of 263,473 votes – after a recount of ballots from the 5,415 clustered precincts in Marcos's identified pilot provinces.[113] On February 16, 2021, thePresidential Electoral Tribunal (PET) unanimously dismissed Bongbong Marcos's electoral protest against Leni Robredo.[114][115][116][117]
2022 presidential campaign and election
Marcos (center) and his running mateSara Duterte during a grand caravan inQuezon City in December 2021
Marcos officially launched his campaign forpresident of the Philippines on October 5, 2021, through a video post on Facebook and YouTube.[118][119] An interview with his wife Liza Marcos revealed that he decided to run for president while watching the filmAnt-Man,[120][121] though Marcos admitted that he could not recall this moment.[122] He ran under the banner of thePartido Federal ng Pilipinas party, assuming chairmanship of the party on the same day,[123] while also being endorsed by his former party, theKilusang Bagong Lipunan.[124]
Seven petitions were filed against Marcos's presidential bid.[127][128] Three petitions aimed to cancel his certificate of candidacy (COC), one petition aimed to declare Marcos anuisance candidate, and three petitions aimed to disqualify him. Most of the petitions were based on Marcos's1995 conviction for failing to file tax returns. Three disqualification petitions were consolidated and raffled to the commission's first division, while three other petitions were handed to the second division.[127][129]
The final petition was handed to the first division. Marcos dismissed the petitions as nuisance petitions with no legal basis and propaganda against him.[130] On May 16 and 18, 2022, respectively,two of the petitions were filed at the Supreme Court.[131][132] The consolidated petitions were dismissed by the Court on June 28.[133]
Marcos regularly maintained a wide lead in presidential surveys throughout the months leading up to the May 2022 election;[135][136] he was the first presidential candidate in the country to attain poll ratings of over 50% from surveys conducted byPulse Asia since it began polling in 1999.[137] His refrainment from attending all but one of the presidential debates during the campaign season was widely criticized.[138][139][140][141]
He became the first presidential candidate to be elected by a majority since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in1986.[11][12][143] According to analysts, Marcos, together with Sara Duterte, "inherited" Rodrigo Duterte's popularity when they both won landslides in the election.[144] Historians noted the significance of his victory as a "full circle" of the Philippines from thePeople Power Revolution, which deposedhis father from the presidency, thus marking theMarcos family's return to national power after 36 years.[145][146][147]
His majority was the largest since1981 (surpassing his father's 18,309,360 votes); as the opposition boycotted that election, it is the largest majority since1969 for a competitive election, and his 31-percentage point margin over his nearest opponent was the greatest sinceRamon Magsaysay scored a 38-point margin over incumbent PresidentElpidio Quirino in1953. His vote count was not only the largest ever recorded in a presidential election, but close to the sum total of the two previous records combined.
The next day after his inauguration, Marcos signed a memorandum seeking to provide free train rides to students, and extends the free rides of theEDSA Carousel until the end of December 2022.[153] Twelve days later, on July 13, 2022, Marcos announced that the free train rides will only be limited to students using theLRT Line 2, due to the line's access points to theUniversity Belt.[154]
Two days after his inauguration, on July 2, 2022, Marcosvetoed a bill sponsored by his sister SenatorImee Marcos that aimed to create afree economic zone withinNew Manila International Airport. Bongbong Marcos said that the bill would cite "substantial fiscal risks", lacked coherences with existing laws, and the proposed economic zone's location near the existingClark Freeport and Special Economic Zone; Marcos also called for further studies in establishing the planned economic zone.[155] On the same day, Marcos also ordered that the list ofPantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program beneficiaries to be cleansed after receiving reports of unqualified beneficiaries receiving cash assistance grants and downturned calls to surrender their accounts.
On July 5, 2022, five days after his inauguration, Marcos held his first cabinet meeting, which was delayed during his inauguration, and laid out his first agenda, which primarily focuses on reviving the economy in the midst of theCOVID-19 pandemic. During the meeting, Marcos led the discussions with his economic managers,Finance SecretaryBenjamin Diokno,National Economic and Development Authority SecretaryArsenio Balisacan, andBangko Sentral ng Pilipinas GovernorFelipe Medalla, to give a briefing about the country's economic status, and to lay out plans to further revive the country's economy, while combating inflation.[156][157][158] Marcos also tackled issues regarding food security, transportation issues, and the reopening of face-to-face classes within the year.[156] On July 23, 2022, Marcos has vetoed a bill which seeks to strengthen the Office of the Government Corporate Counsel (OGCC), as he cited that several provisions of the bill are "inequitable".[159][160]
Two days after his first State of the Nation Address, following a meeting with Solicitor GeneralMenardo Guevarra, Presidential Legal AdviserJuan Ponce Enrile, Executive SecretaryVic Rodriguez, Foreign Affairs SecretaryEnrique Manalo, Justice SecretaryJesus Crispin Remulla, and former presidential spokesman and lawyerHarry Roque on July 27, 2022, Marcos expressed that the Philippines has no intention of rejoining theInternational Criminal Court, as the death cases linked to the country'sdrug war ofhis predecessor's administration are already being investigated by the government, and stated that the government is taking the necessary steps regarding the deaths.[163]
On July 30, 2022, Marcos vetoed a bill which grants tax exemption on poll workers'honoraria and the creation of a transport safety board, stating that the honoraria "counters the objective of the government'sComprehensive Tax Reform Program", while mentioning that the proposed creation of a transport safety board "undertakes the functions by the different agencies" within thetransport sector.[164][165]
Subsequently serving as the Secretary of Agriculture, Marcos launched initiatives which aims to improve domestic agricultural output and production, while expanding measures to further establish a farm-to-market approach in providing agricultural products to local markets and far flung areas.[166][167] In August 2022, ashigh sugar prices impacted the country due to the effects ofTyphoon Odette in December 2021, theSugar Regulatory Administration (SRA) in August 2022 released an order to import 300,000 metric tons (660,000,000 lb) of sugar, which is aimed to reduce costs and increase the sugar stockpiles. A few days later, Marcos rejected the proposed importation,[168] and Malacañang deemed the move as illegal, as the move was made without Marcos's approval, nor signed by him.[169] SRA Undersecretary Leocadio Sebastian later apologized for the move and later resigned his post on Marcos; behalf,[170] prompting SRA Administrator Hermenegildo Serafica and SRA board member Roland Beltran to follow suit a few days later.[171] The move also caused Malacañang to instigate reforms within the SRA organization,[172] and launched a campaign into alleged efforts of using the sugar order as a "cover measure" forhoarding by sugar traders.[173]
In November 2022, Marcos expanded the Kadiwa Project launched by the Duterte administration, which aims to offer fresh local produces to local markets and other key areas in lower prices, and creates a direct farm-to-market approach of goods and services.[174][175] The programs is located in various areas throughout the country and temporarily occupies various facilities owned by local governments. The move is also aimed to be expanded permanently to accommodate more consumers affected by inflation.[176]
In January 2023, amidrising prices of onions in the country, Marcos approved the importation of 21,060 metric tons (46,430,000 lb) of onions to cater the gap caused by low local outputs,[177] and stated that the government was "left without a choice" despite approving the smuggled onions to be supplied in local markets.[178]
Marcos signed his fourth executive order on September 14, 2022, which establishes a one-yearmoratorium on theamortization andinterest payments ofagrarian reform beneficiaries. The move is seen to assist farmers from debt payments and allows a flexible approach in financial assistance.[179]
After serving as Secretary of Agriculture for over a year that was marked by a rise in food prices, Marcos relinquished his position and appointedFrancisco Tiu Laurel Jr., president of a deep-sea fishing company and a donor to Marcos's 2022 presidential election campaign.[181]
Marcos expressed support for theAFP Modernization Program,[184] which aims to boost the country's defense capabilities. Stating that the country's external security situation is becoming "more complex and unpredictable", Marcos ordered theArmed Forces of the Philippines to shift its focus on its defense operations against external threats, due to the lower risks in the country's insurgencies, theRussian invasion of Ukraine, and the potential Chinese invasion of Taiwan.[185][186]
With an aim to enhance the country's defense capabilities, Marcos has approved the "Re-Horizon 3" of the AFP Modernization Program, which is also known as the RAFMP. The $35 billion plan revised modernization program will be spread out over 10 years and aims to modernize theArmed Forces of the Philippines based on the Comprehensive Archipelagic Defense Concept (CADC), a defense concept aimed at strengthening the country's external defense deterrence by projecting power within thePhilippine's 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone,Benham Rise, theLuzon Strait, and theSulu Sea through inter-island defenses doctrines, multi-layered domain strategies, and long-range strike capabilities.[188] The concept also aims to strengthen the country's aerial and maritime domain awareness, connectivity, and intelligence capabilities.[189][190][191]
On April 15, 2025, Marcos signed into law Republic Act No. 12174, prohibiting the development, production, stockpiling, and use ofchemical weapons in the Philippines.[192]
Education
In August 2022, despite the lowCOVID-19 vaccination rate among Filipino students with a total vaccination rate of only 19%, Marcos, along withVice President andEducation SecretarySara Duterte, reopened onsite classes throughout the country, with 46% or 24,000 schools throughout the country reopening their classes on August 22. Meanwhile, 29,721 schools were allowed to continue implementingblended learning from August to October 2022,[193] while the full implementation of onsite classes began within November 2022, with 97.5% of public schools returning to onsite classes, while the remaining 2.36% of classes were temporarily held online due to the effects ofSevere Tropical Storm Paeng.[194]
Marcos also reviewed the implementation of theK–12 program as part of his push to modernize thecountry's education system, and laid out measures such as system reforms to address the lack of jobs and potential job mismatches, reviewing the usage of English as a medium of instruction in schools, and improving the country's education technology systems.[195][196] Marcos also expressed his support to modernize the country's schools by improving science-related subjects and courses, theoretical aptitude, and vocational skills.[197][198]
About 63% of Filipinos considers themselves poor by the fourth quarter of 2024 amidsts the rising inflation, which was the highest since 2003.[206][207] Exports began to decline during his administration. Following an all-time high of nearly $80 billion in 2022, it declined to $74 billion in 2023, and $68 billion in 2024.[208]
Marcos issued an executive order suspendinge-sabong (online cockfighting) operations in the country.[212] He also issued an executive order banningPhilippine offshore gaming operators (POGOs), citing concerns for national security.[213][214] Residential condominiums and offices markets were severely affected following the POGO ban, which saw a vacancy rate of up to 20.5% following the surrender of spaces and non-renewals of leases from POGOs.[215]
In the early years of his presidency, he sought to prioritize the country's post-COVID-19 pandemic economy as highlighted by his economic agenda.[216] He lift the lockdowns and facemask restrictions. His administration sought to target a 6.5 to 7.5%real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, with a 6.5 to 8% annual real GDP growth rate, a 9% or single-digitpoverty rate by 2028, a 3% nationalgovernment deficit-to-GDP ratio by 2028, lowering the country'sdebt-to-GDP ratio to less than 60% by 2025, and securing anupper middle-income status by 2024 with aUS$4,256 income per capita, which is part of his 2023–2028 fiscal strategy. Marcos also supports the creation of additionaleconomic zones in various areas of the country to attract investments and laid out plans to imposedigital taxes and improve the country's tax compliance procedures which should improve revenue collections and cut the country's debts, while maintaining the country's disbursements at above 20 percent of its GDP.[217][218]
Amid the weakening of the communist fronts by the military, in May 2023, Marcos directed the "recalibration" of theNTF-ELCAC, an anti-insurgency task force, to shift its previous "aggressive" policy and become "bringers of peace".[221] Marcos appointed Vice PresidentSara Duterte as co-vice chair of the NTF-ELCAC.[222] As part of his administration's peace initiatives, in November 2023, Marcos granted amnesty to former rebels of theCommunist Party of the Philippines-New People's Army-National Democratic Front (CPP-NPA-NDF),Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), andMoro National Liberation Front (MNLF); he also granted amnesty to members of the Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa ng Pilipinas/Revolutionary Proletarian Army/Alex Boncayao Brigade (RPMP-RPA-ABB).[223]
In a reversal of Duterte's policy, the Marcos administration and the NDF issued a joint statement on November 28, 2023 announcing the revival of peace talks between the two parties,[224][225] with the government side to be led by retired generalEmmanuel Bautista and Special Presidential AssistantAntonio Lagdameo and the NDF side to be led byLuis Jalandoni.[226][225] Vice President Duterte asked Marcos to reconsider the plan to hold peace talks which she called an "agreement with the devil", while SpeakerMartin Romualdez deemed the decision to be a "moral imperative" for the country.[227] Negotiations between the Marcos administration and the NDF began inOslo as early as 2022, but were withheld from the public.[228]
After theSupreme Court ruled in May 2024 thatred-tagging threatens a person's right to life, liberty, or security,Human Rights Watch andKarapatan called on Marcos to abolish the NTF-ELCAC. Marcos rejected the calls for abolition, saying the task force was instrumental in reducing the country's internal security threat.[229][230] In July 2024, Duterte resigned as co-vice chairperson of NTF-ELCAC.[231]
This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(June 2024)
In 2022, the Marcos administration launched the BroadBand ng Masa Program (BBMP) to provide free WiFi connections in remote areas.[232] To "boost government initiatives against scams committed through text and online messages", Marcos signedhis first law, which mandatedSIM card registration;[233] by the end of the July 2023 deadline, a total of 113.9 million SIM cards were registered, and about 54 million unregistered mobile numbers were deactivated.[234]
Early in his presidency, Marcos promised to continue his predecessorRodrigo Duterte's foreign policy of being "friends to all, enemies to none".[235] Marcos initially soughtcloser ties with China,[236] but has since been increasingly seen as more pro-American than Duterte in an attempt to create a centrist-style balancing act between the two superpowers.[237][238][239][240][241] During his firstState of the Nation Address, Marcos promised to "not preside over any process that will abandon even one-square inch of territory of the Republic of the Philippines to any foreign power".[242]
Under his presidency, Marcos intensified the Philippines' cooperation on both economic and defense arrangements toWestern countries, such as the United States, Japan, Australia, and theEuropean Union, while strengthening its defense posture within the region.[243][244] Marcos approved the designation of four additional bases to be used by the United States military under theEnhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement.[245] In May 2024, the Philippines and the United States held its largestBalikatan military exercises, fueling concerns from local civilians who fear they would be affected in any future war between the US and China.[246] The deployment of the United States' Typhon Weapons System in an undisclosed location in northernLuzon also caught the attention of Russian presidentVladimir Putin, who said that Russia should resume producing nuclear-capable missiles and consider where to deploy them.[247]
Protests against Marcos over his involvement in tax evasion in September 2022
On June 27, 1990, a special tax audit team of theBureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) investigated the tax liabilities and obligations of the late Ferdinand Marcos Sr., who died on September 29, 1989. The investigation disclosed in a 1991 memorandum that theMarcos family had failed to fileestate tax returns and severalincome tax returns covering the years of 1982 to 1986 in violation of the National Internal Revenue Code.[252]
The BIR also issued a deficiency estate tax assessment against the estate of the late Ferdinand Marcos Sr. in 1991 for unpaid estate taxes from 1982 to 1985, and 1985 to 1986, totaling₱23,293,607,638 (₱97,792,696,739 in 2022). Formal assessment notices were served to Bongbong Marcos at his office at theBatasang Pambansa Complex on October 20, 1992, who was then the representative of the 2nd District of Ilocos Norte. Several notices oflevy were also issued by the BIR February 22, 1993, to May 26, 1993, to satisfy the deficiency of estate tax returns, to no avail.[252]
On March 12, 1993, lawyer Loreto Ata, representing Bongbong Marcos, called the attention of the BIR to notify them of any action taken by the BIR against his client. Bongbong Marcos then filed an instant petition on June 25, 1993, forcertiorari and prohibition to contest the estate tax deficiency assessment.[252]
On July 27, 1995,Quezon City Regional Trial Court Judge Benedicto Ulep convicted Marcos to seven years in jail and a fine of US$2,812 (₱138,491 in 2024) plus back taxes fortax evasion in his failure to file anincome tax return from the period of 1982 to 1985 while sitting as the vice governor of Ilocos Norte (1980–1983) and as governor of Ilocos Norte (1983–1986).[253] Marcos subsequently appealed the decision to theCourt of Appeals over his conviction. However, in 1994, the Court of Appeals ruled that the estate tax deficiency assessment had become "final and unappealable", allowing it to be enforced.[254]
On October 31, 1997, the Court of Appeals affirmed its earlier decision with Marcos being convicted for the failure of the filing of an income tax return under Section 45 of the National Internal Revenue Code of 1977 while being acquitted of tax evasion under the charge of violating Section 50 of the same statute. In spite of the removal of the penalty of imprisonment, Marcos was ordered the payment ofback income taxes to theBureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) with interest and the issuance of corresponding fines of₱2,000 per count of non-filing of income tax returns from 1982 to 1984 and₱30,000 for 1985, plus the accrued interest.[255] Marcos later filed a petition forcertiorari to theSupreme Court of the Philippines over the modified conviction imposed by the Court of Appeals but subsequently withdrew his petition on August 8, 2001, thereby declaring the ruling as final and executory.[256]
In 2021, the Quezon City Regional Trial Court certified that there were no records on file of Marcos settling the corresponding tax dues and fines.[257][258] However, according to Marcos's campaign team, documents issued by the Supreme Court, the BIR, and a receipt issued by theLand Bank of the Philippines state that the tax dues were paid,[259][260] while elections commissionerRowena Guanzon noted that the documents Marcos submitted to theCommission on Elections were not receipts of taxes paid to the BIR but rather receipts from the Land Bank for lease rentals.[261][262] Nevertheless, theCommission on Elections ruled against the consolidated disqualification cases against Marcos and stated that "Further, to prove the absence of any ill-intention and bad faith on his part," Marcos submitted a Bureau of Internal Revenue certification and an official receipt from the Landbank, showing his compliance with the CA decision directing him to pay deficiency income taxes amounting to a little over₱67,000, including fines and surcharges.[263]
The estate tax deficiency assessment issued by the BIR has remained uncollected since the Supreme Court ruling on October 12, 1991. Since the ruling of the Supreme Court in 1997 which had junked the petition of Marcos to contest the estate tax deficiency assessment, under theRamos,Arroyo,Aquino, andDuterte administrations, the BIR has issued renewed written demands on the Marcos family to pay the estate tax liabilities, which has remained unpaid. As a result, the estate tax deficiency assessment, with penalties, is estimated to have ballooned to₱203,819,066,829 (₱203.819 billion) as of 2021.[264]
The unpaid estate tax return was used as grounds in one petition to cancel Marcos's certificate of candidacy for president in the 2022 elections. On March 1, 2022, presidential candidate and Manila mayorIsko Moreno said that he would implement the Supreme Court ruling ordering the Marcos family to pay their estate tax debts if elected, vowing to use the proceeds as relief aid (ayuda) for victims of theCOVID-19 pandemic.[254]Ernest Ramel, the secretary general of Aksyon Demokratiko, the party of Moreno continuously called out BIR about the issue.[265][266]
On March 28, 2022, SenatorAquilino Pimentel III filed Senate Resolution No. 998, stating an urgent and pressing need for the Senate to look into why the estate tax has remained uncollected for almost 25 years, which the amount has already been ruled to be due and demandable against the heirs of his father.[267]
On June 19, 2007,[268] Marcos Jr. filed a motion to intervene in, OCLP v. PCGG, Civil Case Number 0093 at the Sandiganbayan, the Philippines' anti-graft court.[268] The case had been filed by Ortigas & Company, Ltd. Partnership (OCLP) against the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG) over the 18-hectare (44-acre) former Payanig sa Pasig property borderingOrtigas Avenue,Julia Vargas Avenue, andMeralco Avenue inOrtigas Center,Pasig, which had been the site of the 'Payanig sa Pasig' theme park, but is now the location of various businesses, most notably theMetrowalk shopping and recreation complex.[269]
The PCGG considers the property the "crown jewel" among the properties sequestered from the Marcoses' ill-gotten wealth, estimating its minimum value to be about₱16.5billion in March 2015.[270] The property had been surrendered to the PCGG in 1986, as part of the settlement deal of Marcos cronyJose Yao Campos, who was holding the property under various companies on Marcos Sr.'s behalf.[271] Ortigas & Company countered that Marcos Sr. had coerced them to sell the property to him in 1968.[269] Marcos Jr.'s motion claimed that his father had bought the property legally, but the Sandiganbayan dismissed his motion on October 18, 2008, saying it had already dismissed a similar motion filed years earlier by his mother Imelda.[272]
2011 Hawaii contempt judgement
In 2011, the Hawaii District Court ruled Bongbong Marcos and his mother Imelda Marcos to be in contempt,[273] fining themUS$353.6million (₱17,414,799,999.93 in 2024) fine for not respecting an injunction from a 1992 judgement in a human rights victims case, which commanded them not to dissipate the assets of Ferdinand Marcos's estate.[274][275] The ruling was upheld by theUS Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on October 24, 2012, and is believed to be "the largest contempt award ever affirmed by an appellate court."[275] While the 1992 case was against Ferdinand Marcos, the 2011 judgment was against Imelda and Bongbong personally.[276] The judgement also effectively barred Imelda and Bongbong from entering any US territory.[273] However, on June 9, 2022,United States Deputy Secretary of StateWendy Sherman[277] clarified in a roundtable discussion with local reporters during a state visit, that as a head of state, Marcos enjoysdiplomatic immunity in all circumstances, stating that he is welcome to visit the United States under his official role.[278]
Marcos has described his political views as "conservative" and "Machiavellian".[279] He has also described the "spirit ofnationalism" as a force driving progress in the Philippines.[280] Before taking office, Marcos has been described in media reports as apopulist.[281][282] On social issues, he is in favor of legalizing abortion for rape and incest victims[283][284] as well as divorce and same-sex unions.[285][286] Marcos is also opposed to reinstating the death penalty for convicted heinous criminals[287] and lowering the minimum age of criminal responsibility to 12.[288] In terms of economic policy, analysts have speculated that Marcos would pursue liberal policies as opposed to protectionist rhetoric during his presidential campaign.[289]
Marcos with his predecessor,Rodrigo Duterte, at Malacañang in August 2023
Amid the feud of the Marcos and Duterte clans in late April 2023, House Speaker and Marcos's cousinMartin Romualdez said the House of Representatives will probe into an agreement former presidentRodrigo Duterte made duringhis presidency with Chinese leaderXi Jinping. Under the agreement, Duterte agreed to maintain the "status quo" in the South China Sea to avoid escalating a war. Political analyst Ronald Llamas said the probe was engineered by Marcos as a "political payback" to Duterte's verbal attacks and to reduce Duterte's political influence ahead of the 2025 midterm elections.[290] The2025 Philippine general election saw mixed to unfavorable results for Marcos.
In 2024, Duterte criticized the Marcos administration's curtailment of thefreedom of speech in violation of the 1987Bill of Rights. Duterte's nationwide "Hakbang ng Maisug (brave)prayer-rallies, which Duterte said the Marcos administration deliberately aimed to thwart, suffered setbacks and cancellations.[291][292] Duterte, however, said he prayed for Marcos to survive until the end of his term since Duterte does not want himself or his daughter Sara to become president.[291]
In June 2024, Sara Duterte resigned from the Marcos cabinet and became critical of Marcos.[293] In November 2024, Philippine authoritiessubpoenaed Vice President Sara Duterte after she threatened to have Marcos, his wife, and the House Speaker assassinated if she were killed. Marcos condemned her remarks as a criminal threat and increased his security, while National Security AdviserEduardo Año called the threats a national security concern. Duterte clarified that her comments were not threats but a concern for her safety, dismissing the government's actions as politically motivated. She was ordered to appear before theNational Bureau of Investigation, with such statements potentially leading to criminal charges.[293] Despite growing calls for Sara Duterte's impeachment,[294][295][296][297] Marcos has publicly voiced his opinion against impeaching her, calling it "a storm in a teacup" and considering the move inconsequential to the lives of Filipinos.[298]
As with other Marcos family members who have stayed in the public eye since their return to the Philippines,[300][301][302] Marcos has received significant criticism for instances ofhistorical denialism, and his trivialization of the human rights violations and economic plunder that took place during the Marcos administration, and of the role he played in the administration.[303][304][305] Specific criticisms have been leveled at Marcos for being unapologetic for human rights violations[303] and ill-gotten wealth[304] duringhis father's administration.[306][307][308][305] Of the human rights victims, Marcos Jr. said of them in 1999: "They don't want an apology, they want money."[309] He then proceeded to state that his family would apologize only if they had done something wrong.
When victims ofhuman rights abuses during his father's administration commemorated the 40th year of the proclamation of martial law in 2012, Marcos Jr. dismissed their calls for an apology for the atrocities as "self-serving statements by politicians, self-aggrandizement narratives, pompous declarations, and political posturing and propaganda."[310][311] In theSydney Morning Herald later that year, Bongbong cited the various court decisions against the Marcos family as a reason not to apologize for Martial Law abuses, saying "we have a judgment against us in the billions. What more would people want?"[27]
During his 2016 vice presidential campaign, Marcos responded to then-presidentBenigno Aquino III's criticism of the Marcos regime and call to oppose his election run. He dismissed the events, saying Filipinos should "leave history to the professors."[312][313][314] This prompted over 500 faculty, staff and history professors from theAteneo de Manila University to immediately issue a statement condemning his dismissive retort as part of "an ongoing willful distortion of our history," and a "shameless refusal to acknowledge the crimes of the Martial Law regime."[315][316][317][318][319] More than 1,400 Catholic schools, through the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP), later joined the call of the Ateneo faculty "against the attempt of [Marcos] to canonize the harrowing horrors of martial rule."[320][321] This was also followed by theUniversity of the Philippines Diliman's Department of History, which released a statement of its own, decrying what they called a "dangerous" effort for Marcos to create "myth and deception."[322][323][324]
On September 20, 2018, Marcos Jr. released a YouTube video showing atête-à-tête between him and former senate presidentJuan Ponce Enrile, who had been his father's defense minister before playing a key role in his ouster during the 1986 EDSA revolution.[325] The video made a number of claims, which were quickly refuted and denounced by martial law victims, including former senate presidentAquilino Pimentel Jr., formerDSWD secretaryJudy Taguiwalo, former Commission on Human Rights chairEtta Rosales, and writerBoni Ilagan, among others. Enrile later backpedaled from some of his claims, attributing them to "unlucid intervals."[326]
Online presence
According to research byVera Files, Marcos benefited the most from fake news from the Philippines in 2017, along with President Rodrigo Duterte.[327] Most viral news were driven by shares on networks of Facebook pages.[327] Also, most Philippine audience Facebook pages and groups spreading online disinformation bore "Duterte", "Marcos" or "News" in their names and are pro-Duterte.[328]
In July 2020,Brittany Kaiser alleged in an interview that Marcos had approached the controversial firmCambridge Analytica in order to "rebrand" the Marcos family image on social media.[329] Marcos's spokesperson Vic Rodriguez denied these allegations and stated that Marcos is considering filing libel charges againstRappler, which published Kaiser's interview.[330]
Impostor urban legend
Between the late 70s and early 80s, an urban legend became popular claiming that Marcos Jr. was stabbed and died during a scuffle while studying abroad. The Marcos family allegedly looked for Bongbong's look-alike to replace him. This was later debunked by Marcos in one of his vlogs. The origins of this urban legend remain unknown.[331]
In 1990, during a coverage of Imelda Marcos's trial in New York,Inquirer journalist Kristina Luz interviewed then-33-year-old exiled Bongbong Marcos and asked where the Marcos wealth came from. Marcos responded "only I know where the gold is and how to get it". This was corroborated in a 1992 report by theAssociated Press that quoted Imelda Marcos saying that her husband's wealth came "from the Japanese and other gold he found afterWorld War II, and not from the Philippine coffers." In 2007, Marcos informed the anti-graft courtSandiganbayan that hisfather's wealth came from trading "precious metals more specifically gold from the years 1946 to 1954" when he tried to win back theOrtigas Payanig property in Pasig from the national government.[332]
The myth surrounding the gold allegedly owned by the Marcos family has been the subject of various misinformation, as in 2011, a Facebook post claimed that a certain "Tallano clan" had paid Ferdinand Marcos Sr. in gold for his legal services. Several years later, supporters of the Marcos family in a Facebook page called "Marcos Cyber Warriors" also claimed that Marcos Sr.'s wealth came from his former law client, the "Maharlikan Tallano family".[333]
This has resulted in a long-running belief that should Bongbong Marcos win as president, he will give Filipinos a share of this gold. However during hisPhilippine presidential election campaign in the 2022 elections, when asked overOne News to verify the mythical "Tallano gold" or the long-believed tale that they got a share of the JapaneseYamashita gold, Marcos denied knowledge of it, even joking that "people should let him know if they see any of that gold". The urban myth had allegedly been suggested or carried by various social media pages being run by Marcos supporters in order to engage more people to support his presidential bid.[333]
Aside from his common nickname "Bongbong", Marcos is known by his peers as "Bonggets".[43] Marcos is an avid listener ofrock and roll,rhythm and blues, andjazz music. He once held arecord collection in Malacañang Palace that he described as "the best record collection in the Philippines" but left it when his family was exiled from the country in 1986. He is a fan ofthe Beatles, citingSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band as his favorite album of theirs, and often collectsthe band's memorabilia. Marcos can also play the saxophone.[340]
Marcos exercises regularly and claims to abstain from consuming confections and soft drinks,[43] and also enjoys cooking.[341] Marcos is also an avid reader, acinephile, and a gun enthusiast, where he holds a competition under his name.[43][49][342] Marcos also followsFormula One racing as a supporter ofScuderia Ferrari; during his presidency, he attended the2022 and2023 Singapore Grand Prix with Prime MinisterLee Hsien Loong and other foreign dignitaries.[343][344]
On March 31, 2020, Marcos's spokesperson confirmed that Marcos had tested positive forCOVID-19.[345] Prior to getting tested, Marcos was reportedly experiencing chest pains after coming home from a trip to Spain. He has since recovered from the disease after testing negative on aRT-PCR test on May 5, 2020, a month after testing positive for COVID-19.[346] On July 8, 2022, Marcos's press secretary confirmed that Marcos had tested positive again for COVID-19 after experiencing slight fever.[347]
Alleged cocaine usage
On November 18, 2021, PresidentRodrigo Duterte claimed in a televised speech that a certain candidate for the2022 Philippine presidential election is allegedly usingcocaine, hinting at the candidate using male pronouns on several instances. Furthermore, Duterte alleged that the candidate eluded law enforcement authorities by doing drugs on a private yacht and a plane.[348] Although he did not name the candidate, it was alluded that Duterte was referring to Marcos after he continued on his speech that the male candidate is a "weak leader" and has been "capitalizing onhis father's accomplishments".[349] Prior to that, Duterte previously named Marcos a "weak leader who had done nothing" and a "spoiled child for being an only son".[350]
Days after Duterte's allegation, Marcos took a cocainedrug test through a urine sample atSt. Luke's Medical Center – Global City and submitted the negative result to law enforcement authorities with a follow-up online memo by the medical institution confirming the legitimacy of the test.[351]
Marcos responded that he did not feel that he was the one alluded to by President Duterte. According tohealth care providerAmerican Addiction Centers, after the last use, cocaine or its metabolites can show up on a blood or saliva test for up to two days, a urine test for up to three days, and a hair test for months to years.[352] In an interview withCNN Philippines in April 2022, Marcos responded to Duterte's remarks on him being a "spoiled" and "weak leader", saying that the president was "playing politics" and was "always making sure everybody's thinking hard about what they're doing".[353]
In an interview withANC in May 2022, former senatorNikki Coseteng, who claimed to personally know Marcos, alleged that Marcos was a "lazy individual" who frequenteddiscos and got high on illegal substances along with his socialite friends during his youth.[354] Marcos has neither denied nor confirmed Coseteng's allegations.[355]
In late January 2024, Marcos's alleged cocaine use was brought anew by Duterte, during a prayer rally againstCharter change inDavao City.[356] Duterte alleged that Marcos had once been included in thePhilippine Drug Enforcement Agency's (PDEA) drug watchlist (which the agency denied) and had been spotted using cocaine with his cohorts at a giant banana firm's plantation inDavao del Norte when Duterte was Mayor. Duterte said that these companions of Marcos were already working for his administration, and cited this as the reason why he did not vote for him in the 2022 general election. When asked by Marcos to prove the allegations, Duterte retorted that it is incumbent upon him to prove the allegations by taking a drug test, since he is the one holding public office.[356] Marcos maintained he had never used illegal narcotics, let alone cocaine, and blamed Duterte's use offentanyl as a response. In Duterte's defense, he had used fentanyl because it was prescribed to him by a "Dr. Javier", his alleged physician atSt. Luke's Medical Center – Quezon City, to alleviate pain from injuries sustained in a motorbike accident a few years ago.[356]
PDEA leaks
In April 2023, leaked documents from thePhilippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) circulated online, linking Marcos and actressMaricel Soriano to illegal drugs. The Senate Committee on Public Order and Dangerous Drugs, headed by SenatorRonald dela Rosa, later conducted a hearing on the matter and invited vlogger Maharlika to explain her involvement in the online circulation of the documents. Former PDEA investigation agent Jonathan Morales declared that the documents were authentic; PDEA Director General Moro Virgilio Lazo, on the other hand, claimed the documents were fake.[357]
^abcdefManapat, Ricardo (2020).Some are smarter than others : the history of Marcos' crony capitalism (Annotated ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo University Press.ISBN978-971-550-926-8.OCLC1226800054.
^Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (April 1983)."Marcos Lantik Puteranya Jadi Gubernur" [Marcos Installs His Son as Governor].Mimbar Kekaryaan (in Indonesian). No. 148. p. 70.Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. RetrievedApril 14, 2022.Presiden Filipina Ferdinand Marcos tgl 23 Maret melantik puteranya yang berusia 24 tahun Ferdinand R Marcos Jr sebagai Gubernur provinsi Ilocos Norie [sic] di Filipina bagian utara. Marcos muda itu menggantikan bibinya Ny. Elizabeth M. Rocka yang karena kesehatannya mengundurkan diri sebagai Gubernur. Marcos muda terpilih sebagai wakil gubernur dalam pemilihan umum 1980. Dalam pemilu itu pula bibinya memenangkan jabatan gubernur. [Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos on March 23 inaugurated his 24-year-old son, Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr., as governor of the northern Philippine province of Ilocos Norie [sic]. The younger Marcos succeeded his aunt, Mrs. Elizabeth M. Rocka, who resigned as governor due to health reasons. The younger Marcos was elected vice governor in the 1980 general election, in which his aunt also won the governorship.]
^Jovito, Salonga (2000).Presidential plunder: the quest for the Marcos ill-gotten wealth. [Quezon City]: U.P. Center for Leadership, Citizenship and Democracy.ISBN9718567283.OCLC44927743.
^Richburg, Keith B.; Branigin, William (September 29, 1989)."Ferdinand Marcos Dies in Hawaii at 72".The Washington Post.Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. RetrievedAugust 16, 2018.
^Aruiza, Arturo C. (1991).Ferdinand E. Marcos : Malacañang to Makiki. Quezon City, Philippines: ACA Enterprises.ISBN9718820000.OCLC27428517.
^"Imee Marcos is home".Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corp. December 19, 1991. p. 7.Archived from the original on January 26, 2025. RetrievedNovember 29, 2024.The first member of the Marcos family to make a dramatic comeback was only son Bongbong. He arrived last October 31.
^Maragay, Fel V. (December 26, 1994)."Wanted: Senatorial candidates for NPC".Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corp. p. 24.Archived from the original on November 10, 2022. RetrievedNovember 10, 2022.Rep. Marcos was recently installed as president of the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, a move which puzzled even the NPC leaders.
^Did 'Ant-Man' inspire Bongbong Marcos to run for president?. March 15, 2022.Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. RetrievedApril 23, 2022.I'll tell you the truth. I didn't remember that. Because my thoughts were far away. It wasn't just when we were watching in theaters that I was pondering [things].... Actually, when the Boy Abunda interview came out, she mentionedAnt-Man, when we saw each other again, I asked her 'Is that true?'
^"Philippines, China trade blame for collision in disputed waters".France24. December 10, 2023.Archived from the original on December 10, 2023.Relations between Manila and Beijing have deteriorated under President Ferdinand Marcos, who has sought to improve ties with traditional ally Washington and push back against Chinese actions in the South China Sea.
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