The company initially tried a number of ideas for content, including being a directory of information aboutChicago.[20] The site subsequently focused on content geared to a male audience, including information on sporting activities, automobiles, and women.[21][22][23] Bomis became successful after focusing on pornography.[24] "Bomis Babes" was devoted toerotic images;[6] the "Bomis Babe Report" featured adult pictures.[8][13] Bomis Premium, available for an additional fee, providedexplicit material.[5][24][25] "The Babe Engine" helped users find erotic content through aweb search engine.[4][9][26] The advertising director for Bomis noted that 99 percent of queries on the site were for nude women.[27]
Bomis created Nupedia as a free onlineencyclopedia (with content submitted by experts) but it had a tedious, slow review process.[28][29] Wikipedia was initially launched by Bomis to provide content for Nupedia,[12][30][31] and was afor-profit venture (a Bomis subsidiary) through the end of 2002.[32] As the costs of Wikipedia rose with its popularity, Bomis' revenues declined; these losses were compounded by thedot-com crash.[33] Since Wikipedia was a drain on Bomis' resources, Wales and philosophy graduate studentLarry Sanger decided to fund the project as anonprofit.[33] Sanger was laid off from Bomis in 2002.[34] Nupedia content was merged into Wikipedia,[35] and it ceased in 2003.[11]
The non-profit Wikimedia Foundation began in 2003 with aboard of trustees composed of Bomis' three founders (Wales, Davis, and Shell)[18] and was first headquartered inSt. Petersburg, Florida,[19] Bomis' location.[36] Wales used aboutUS$100,000 of revenue from Bomis to fund Wikipedia before the decision to shift the encyclopedia to non-profit status.[37] Wales stepped down from his role asCEO of Bomis in 2004.[38] Shell was CEO of the company in 2005, while on the Wikimedia Foundation board of trustees.[2] Wales edited Wikipedia in 2005 to remove the characterizations of Bomis as providingsoftcore pornography,[30][39] which attracted media attention;[25][40][41] Wales expressed regret for his actions.[30][39]The Atlantic gave Bomis the nickname "Playboy of the Internet",[42] and the term caught on in other media outlets.[33][43][44] Scholars have described Bomis as a provider of softcore pornography.[31][45]
The staff at Bomis was originally about five employees.[17][27] Its 2000 staff included programmer Toan Vo, Andrew McCague andsystem administrator Jason Richey;[17] Wales employed his high-school friend andbest man in his second wedding, Terry Foote,[47][48] as advertising director.[27] In June 2000, Bomis was one of five network partners ofAsk Jeeves.[59] The majority of the revenue that came in to Bomis was generated through advertising.[60] The most successful time for Bomis was during its venture as a member of theNBC web portal NBCi; this collapsed at the end of thedot-com bubble.[60]
Although Bomis is not an acronym, the name stemmed from "Bitter Old Men in Suits"[14] (as Wales and Shell called themselves in Chicago).[18][32][61] The site began as aweb portal,[24][19] trying a number of ideas (including serving as an access point for information about Chicago).[20][14] It later focused on male-oriented content, including information on sporting activities, automobiles, and women.[21][22][23]
Bomis became successful after it focused onX-rated and erotic media.[24][75] Advertising generated revenue which enabled the company to fund other websites,[5][76][77] and the site published suggestive pictures ofprofessional models.[78] In addition to Bomis the company maintained nekkid.com[40] and nekkid.info,[4] which featured pictures of nude women.[4][79] About ten percent of Bomis' revenue was derived from pornographic films and blogs.[4][57]
The website included a segment devoted to erotic images, "Bomis Babes",[6][7] and a feature enabled users to submit recommended links to other sites appealing to a male audience.[46]Peer-to-peer services provided by the site helped users find other websites about female celebrities, includingAnna Kournikova andPamela Anderson.[44] In the Bomis Babes section was the Bomis Babe Report, begun in 2000, with pictures of porn stars[8][13][1][61] in a blog format.[1][47][48] The Bomis Babe Report produced original erotic material,[2][1] including reports onpornographic film actors and celebrities who had posed nude.[1] It was referred to asThe Babe Report for short.[40]
Wales referred to the site'ssoftcore pornography as "glamour photography",[36][43][45][80][81] and Bomis became familiar to Internet users for its erotic images.[82][83][84] During this period Wales was photographed steering ayacht with apeaked cap, posing as asea captain with a female professional model on either side of him. In the photograph, the women were wearingpanties andT-shirts advertising Bomis.[1][60][85]
A subscription section, Bomis Premium,[4] provided access to adult content anderotic material;[5][24][25] A three-day trial was US$2.95.[60]While Bomis Babes provided nude images of females to subscribers,[25] Bomis Premium featuredlesbian sexual practices and female anatomy.[1] Bomis created the Babe Engine,[4] which helped users find erotic material online through aweb search engine.[9][26] According to Bomis advertising director Terry Foote, 99 percent of searches on the site related to nude women.[27]
Nupedia and Wikipedia
Bomis staff, summer 2000. From left to right standing: Tim Shell, Christine Wales, Jimmy Wales, Terry Foote, Jared Pappas-Kelley, Liz Campeau (Nupedia employee standing almost completely behind Rita Sanger), Rita Sanger, Jason Richey, Toan Vo and Andrew McCague. Seated: Jeremy Rosenfeld, Larry Sanger.
Bomis is best known for supporting the creation of free-content online-encyclopedia projectsNupedia and Wikipedia.[9][76] Tim Shell and Michael Davis continued their partnership with Wales during the 2000 Nupedia venture.[16]Larry Sanger met Jimmy Wales through an e-mail communication group about philosophy and objectivism,[12][20][58] and joined Bomis in May, 1999.[86] Sanger was a graduate student working towards a PhD degree in philosophy, with research focused onepistemology;[20][23][87] he received his degree fromOhio State University,[88] moving to San Diego to help Bomis with its encyclopedia venture.[86][89] At the time Sanger joined Bomis the company had a total workforce of two employees with help from programmers.[86]
Sanger and Wales began Nupedia with resources from Bomis;[9] at the beginning of 2000, the company agreed to provide early financing for Nupedia from its profits.[23][45][90] Nupedia went live in March,[8][13] when Wales was CEO of Bomis;[91] Sanger was Nupedia's editor-in-chief.[28][92] Nupedia's reading comprehension was intended for high-school graduates,[93] and Bomis set its goal: "To set a new standard for breadth, depth, timeliness and lack of bias, and in the fullness of time to become the most comprehensive encyclopedia in the history of humankind."[86][93]
Although Bomis began a search for experts to vet Nupedia articles, this proved tedious.[31] In August 2000 Nupedia had more than 60 academics contributing to the peer-review process on the site, most with doctorates in philosophy or medicine.[94] Scholars wishing to contribute to Nupedia were required to submit their credentials via fax for verification.[95] At that time, Bomis was attempting to obtain advertising revenue for Nupedia[94] and the company was optimistic that it could fund the project with ad space on Nupedia.com.[86]
Wikipedia began as a feature of Nupedia.com on January 15, 2001,[52][96] later known asWikipedia Day.[47][91]Someone working from the office.bomis.com server created thefirst edit to the website,[97] the creation ofHomePage with the text "This is the new WikiPedia!"[98][a] It was originally intended only to generate draft articles for Nupedia,[12][30][31] with finished articles moved to the latter.[99] Wikipedia became a separate site days after the Nupedia advisory board opposed combining the two.[91][96] In September 2001, Wales was simultaneously CEO of Bomis and co-founder of Wikipedia;[100] Sanger was chief organizer of Wikipedia and editor-in-chief of Nupedia.[34][101]
Nupedia was encumbered by its peer-review system,[28][29] a seven-step process[91][99] of review and copyediting,[12] and Wikipedia grew at a faster rate.[19][102] In November 2000, Nupedia had 115 potential articles awaiting its peer-review process.[86][99] By September 2001, after a total investment of US$250,000 from Bomis, Nupedia produced 12 articles;[2][95][99] from 2000 through 2003, Nupedia contributors produced a total of 24 finalized articles.[30][19][91] Wikipedia had about 20,000 articles and versions in 18 languages by the end of 2001.[103]
Bomis originally planned to make Wikipedia profitable,[104] providing staffing and hardware for its initial structure;[19] Wikipedia would not have survived without this early support.[8][13] Bomis providedweb servers andbandwidth for the projects, owning key items such as domain names.[33] Wales used money from Bomis to maintain the Wikipedia servers inTampa, Florida.[4][47][48]
As the cost of Wikipedia rose with its popularity, Bomis' revenues declined as a result of thedot-com crash.[33][52] In late 2000 Bomis had a staff of about 11 employees, but by early 2002 layoffs reduced the staff to its original size of about five.[17] Sanger was laid off in February 2002;[34][61] from January 15, 2001, through March 1, 2002, he was the sole paid editor of Wikipedia.[34] Sanger stepped down from his dual roles as chief organizer of Wikipedia and editor-in-chief of Nupedia on March 1, 2002, feeling unable to commit to these areas on a volunteer basis[34] and a dearth of "the habit or tradition of respect for expertise" from high-ranking Wikipedia members.[11] He continued contributing to community discussions, optimistic about Wikipedia's future success.[61][105]
After Sanger's departure, Wikipedia was managed by Wales and a burgeoning online community.[88] Although Wales thought advertising was a possibility, the Wikipedia community was opposed to business development[17][42][104] and Internet marketing was difficult in 2002.[17] Wikipedia remained a for-profit venture (under the auspices of Bomis) through the end of 2002.[32] By then it had moved from a.com domain name to.org,[58][103] and Wales said that the site would not accept advertising.[103]
Material from Nupedia was folded into Wikipedia[35] and it was discontinued by 2003.[11][12]
Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees
Wikimedia Foundation Board beginnings
The first Wikimedia Foundation Board consisted of the three Bomis founders.
Board members in 2004
In 2004, community elections added two Wikipedia contributors to the board; Bomis' three founders retained their seats.[18]
By 2003 Wikipedia had grown to 100,000 articles in its English-language version, and it became difficult for Bomis to continue financially supporting the project.[106] With Wikipedia a drain on the company's resources, Wales and Sanger decided to fund the project on a non-profit basis.[33] Bomis laid off most of its employees to continue operating, since Wikipedia was not generating revenue.[32] The company owned Wikipedia from its creation through 2003,[8][13] and Wales used about $100,000 of Bomis' revenue to fund Wikipedia before the decision to shift the encyclopedia to non-profit status.[37]
In June 2003 Wikipedia was transferred to a nascent non-profit organization, theWikimedia Foundation,[8][13] which was formed as a charitable institution to supervise Wikipedia and its associated wiki-based sites.[107][108] When the foundation was established, its staff began to solicit public funding[107] and Bomis turned Wikipedia over to the non-profit.[61] All Bomis-owned hardware used to run Wikipedia-associated websites was donated to the Wikimedia Foundation,[19] and Wales transferred Wikipedia-related copyrights from Bomis to the foundation.[19] It was first headquartered inSt. Petersburg, Florida,[19] where Bomis was located.[36] The foundation shifted Wikipedia's dependence away from Bomis, allowing it to purchase hardware for expansion.[109]
The Wikimedia Foundationboard of trustees was initially composed of Bomis' three founders: Jimmy Wales and his two business partners, Michael Davis and Tim Shell.[18][110] Shell and Davis were appointed to the board by Wales,[3] but after Wikipedia community members complained that the board was composed of appointed individuals,[18] the first elections were held in 2004.[19] Two community members,Florence Devouard and Angela Beesley, were elected to the board of trustees.[18]
In August 2004 Wales was chief executive officer of Bomis,[111] and on September 20 Wikipedia reached the million-article mark on an expenditure of $500,000 (most directly from Wales).[58][95] In November 2004 he told theSt. Petersburg Times he no longer controlled Bomis' day-to-day operations, but retained ownership as a shareholder.[38] In 2005, Tim Shell was CEO of Bomis and one of the board members overseeing Wikipedia.[2] Shell remained CEO of Bomis in 2006, becoming vice-president of the Wikimedia Foundation and continuing to sit on its board.[3] Bomis co-founder Michael Davis became treasurer of the Wikimedia Foundation that year.[3] Wales toldThe Sydney Morning Herald in 2007 that although he retained partial ownership of Bomis, "It's pretty much dead."[1] According to theInternet Archive, the Bomis website was last accessible with content in 2010;[112] when accessed in 2013 by the archive, it had a welcome message forPetaBox.[113] When accessed in 2014 by the archive, the website featured a blank white page with a line of text saying "Hello, world!".[114][115]
In 2005, Wales made 18 changes to his Wikipedia biography.[25][57][116] He removed references to Bomis Babes assoftcore pornography anderotica,[25] and Larry Sanger as co-founder of Wikipedia.[30][39] Wales' actions were publicized by authorRogers Cadenhead,[6][116] attracting attention from US and UK media.[b] In 2011,Time listed Wales' 2005 edits in its "Top 10 Wikipedia Moments".[116]
Wikipedia policy warned users not to edit their own biography pages,[6][41] with its rules on autobiographical editing quoting Wales: "It is a social faux pas to write about yourself."[8]Larry Sanger said, "It does seem that Jimmy is attempting to rewrite history",[6][25] and began a discussion on the talk page of Wales' biography abouthistorical revisionism.[6]
Wales called his actions fixing mistakes,[30] but after Cadenhead publicized the edits to his biography he expressed regret for his actions.[9][117] InThe Times Wales said that individuals should not edit their own Wikipedia biographies,[25] tellingThe New Yorker that the standard applied to himself as well.[57] Wales warned that the activity should be discouraged because of the potential for bias:[25] "I wish I hadn't done it. It's in poor taste."[30][39]
Bomis was called the "Playboy of the Internet" byThe Atlantic,[42] and the sobriquet was subsequently used by publications includingThe Sunday Times,[43]The Daily Telegraph,[33]MSN Money,[118]Wired,[119]The Torch Magazine,[99] and the 2007 bookThe Cult of the Amateur byAndrew Keen.[44] Wales considered the "Playboy of the Internet" nickname inappropriate,[119] although he was asked in interviews if his time at Bomis made him a "porn king".[26][120][121] The 2010 documentary film about Wikipedia,Truth in Numbers? Everything, According to Wikipedia, discussed this characterization of Wales by journalists.[120][122] Wales, interviewed in the film, called the characterization inaccurate and explained that his company responded to content demand from customers.[c] In later interviews, he responded to "porn king" questions by telling journalists to look at a page onYahoo! about pornography related todwarfism.[26] According to a 2007 article inReason, "If he was a porn king, he suggests, so is the head of the biggest Web portal in the world."[26]
Description of site
The Chronicle of Philanthropy characterized Bomis as "an Internet marketing firm... which also traded in erotic photographs for a while."[31] Jeff Howe wrote in his 2008 book,Crowdsourcing: How the Power of the Crowd is Driving the Future of Business, about "one of Wales's less altruistic ventures, a Web portal called Bomis.com that featured, among other items, soft-core pornography."[45] In his 2008 book,The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It, legal scholarJonathan Zittrain wrote that "Bomis helped people find 'erotic photography', and earned money through advertising as well as subscription fees for premium content."[5]The Guardian described the site as on "the fringes of the adult entertainment industry",[80] andThe Edge called Bomis.com an "explicit-content search engine".[107]Business 2.0 Magazine described it as "a search portal... which created and hosted Web rings around popular search terms – including, not surprisingly, a lot of adult themes."[50]
Footnotes
^Wales would claim to have made the first edit to Wikipedia with "Hello, World!", but no such edit survives in archives and it has been speculated that it was made to a test wiki that was later deleted.
^Wales stated in the 2010 documentaryTruth in Numbers? Everything, According to Wikipedia: "You know the press has this idea that I am a porn king. I really wasn't a king of anything, frankly, you know? Because at the time, when we looked at it, we were just like, 'Okay, well, this is what our customers will want, let's follow this.'"[122]
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"Bomis T-shirt Gallery".Bomis Magazine. Archived fromthe original on March 1, 2000. RetrievedJanuary 22, 2014.Welcome to the Bomis.com T-shirt gallery! Please feel free to use any of these images on your own web site. All we ask is that you include a link back to Bomis.com. Thanks!
Chern, Kang Wan (December 1, 2008). "Net Value: Building the Wiki brand".The Edge. The Edge Communications Sdn. Bhd. – viaLexisNexis.
Chozick, Amy (June 29, 2013). "Jimmy Wales isn't a billionaire; He hasn't capitalized on Wikipedia, but still lives a jet-setter's life".International Herald Tribune. p. 9 – viaLexisNexis.
Doran, James (December 23, 2006). "Curiosity filled the biggest textbook in the world; Factbox".The Times. London, England: Times Newspapers Limited. p. 49 – viaLexisNexis.
Du Bois, Grant (June 12, 2000). "Ask Jeeves bids banner ads adieu, welcomes new method".eWeek.QuinStreet Enterprise. p. 33 – viaInfoTrac: General OneFile.In addition to 1,800 advertisers in the Ask Jeeves distribution system, 900 of which are active, the company has five network partners-Ask.com and DirectHit.com, both of which are part of Ask Jeeves; Microsoft Corp.'s MSN. com Search; Bomis Inc.'s Bomis.com; and Monetize Media's SuperCyber Search.
Duval, Jared (2010).Next Generation Democracy: What the Open-Source Revolution Means for Power, Politics, and Change. Bloomsbury. pp. 74–75,80–81.ISBN978-1-60819-066-9.
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Elliott, Tim (January 6, 2007). "The world according to Wiki; Digital Living".The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney: John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd. p. 22; Section: Spectrum – viaLexisNexis.before in 1996 starting a dot-com called Bomis, whose products included soft porn sites The Babe Report and nekkid.com. (According to The New Yorker, Wales has repeatedly tried to edit out references to pornography in his own Wikipedia entry.)
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Lewis, John P. (Fall 2013)."Wikipedia: Is it the Library of Babel?"(PDF).The Torch Magazine.87 (1). International Association of Torch Clubs; North Carolina Sociological Association.ISSN2330-9261. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on February 1, 2014. RetrievedJanuary 19, 2014.
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