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The aerialbombings of Hanover are a series of eighty-eightair raids byRoyal Air Force (RAF)Bomber Command and theUnited States Army Air Forces (USAAF) on the German city ofHanover duringWorld War II.[1][2] Collectively these air raids killed 6,782 persons, predominantly civilian residents.[3]: 142 Around 1,000aerial mines, 34,000high explosive bombs, 900,000incendiary bombs and 50,000fire bombs were dropped. The most destructive and deadly air raid on Hanover was conducted by the RAF on the night beginning 8 October 1943, killing 1,245 persons, and is an example ofcarpet bombing of suburban and residential civilian targets laid out in theArea Bombing Directive of 14 February 1942.[4]: 83
At the end of the war, 90% of the city centre was destroyed, with 52% of buildings heavily damaged or completely destroyed.[5]: 7 A total of 7.5 million cubic metres (260 million cubic feet) of rubble had to be removed. Of the 147,222 dwellings recorded at the end of 1939, 51.2% were heavily damaged or destroyed, 43.6% lightly or moderately damaged and only 7,489 dwellings (5.2%) completely undamaged.[3]: 142–143 TheAegidien Church andSt. Nicholas' Chapel were both destroyed and became memorials after the war rather than be reconstructed.
Before the war Hanover was the thirteenth largest city in Germany and Austria, with 471,000 inhabitants – on average this fell to 287,000 during the war (mainly due to evacuations) and in May 1945 was down to 217,000. It was the headquarters of19th Infantry Division,military district XI and a military training facility.[6]
Hanover was an important railway junction at the intersection of two major east-west and north-south routes. It was the fifth most active industrial centre in the Third Reich, producing tyres for military vehicles and aircraft and other rubber parts and products in threeContinental AG factories.[7]: i, 340–342 Its Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen Hannover andHanomag factories also produced guns and tracked-vehicles,[8] whilst an AFA (Accumulatoren Fabrik Aktiengesellschaft – laterVARTA) factory built in 1938 produced batteries for submarines and torpedoes from 1940 onwards.[9]
A new Vereinigten Leichtmetallwerke (VLW) factory had been built in 1935 on a site in the Linden-Süd district formerly used by the Hannoversche Waggonfabrik after the latter went bankrupt. The VLW also built a factory in Laatzen outside the city limits in 1936 which was not directly attacked. Two large refineries Deurag and Nerag in Misburg on the northeastern outskirts of the city produced aviation fuel and motor oils for the Luftwaffe, meaning they were targeted early and continued to be attacked, especially later on in the war.
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Raids on Hanover involved a relatively short flying-time from bases in the United Kingdom and the nearbySteinhuder Meer provided a useful navigational aid. The 78-hectare (190-acre)Maschsee on the southern edge of the city centre was partly covered with wooden boards and artificial islands to make it less recognizable from the air, but the geometrical patterns in the 50-hectare (120-acre)Great Garden (Großer Garten) in the Herrenhausen Gardens (Herrenhäuser Gärten) remained undisguised and were used by the RAF'sH2S radar from mid-1943 onwards.
The first raid was on 4 September 1939, the day after the British declaration of war – it involved just one RAFArmstrong Whitworth Whitley dropping leaflets. On 19 May 1940 the RAF bombed the Misburg refineries, killing nineteen people. 1 August the same year saw the first raid on Hannover itself, with a raid on the Seilerstraße in the south of the city. On 30 September 1940 six planes destroyed several buildings in Wülfel and Linden.
On 10 February 1941, the city was raided by 220 British planes, mainly hitting the eastern district and killing 101 people. Another British raid followed on the night between 15–16 April on the Vahrenwald and Hainholz areas and on 15–16 June on the VLW-Werk factory and the Misburg refineries. Although these raids damaged the factories' productivity, they were repeatedly able to resume production.
In the night beginning 8 October 1943, 504 RAF aircraft (comprising Lancasters, Halifaxes, Wellingtons and eight Mosquitos) attacked Hanover. Many German nightfighters arrived before the attack was over and 27 British aircraft were lost. Conditions over Hanover were clear and the Pathfinders marked the centre of the city accurately with all bombs landing within the built-up area.[10][11]
TheEbstorf Map, the largest medieval map of the world, was destroyed by the raid.[12]
In the last of the four big raids against Hanover, 360 Lancasters attacked Hannover but the target area was covered by cloud and the raid was inaccurate.[citation needed]
On the 28th of March 1945, the last major air raid on Hanover took place. The city was hit by multiple bombs from about 400 planes which hit the entire city. The epicenter of the bombing was the city center.[13]
