Thebomber stream was asaturation attacktactic developed by theRoyal Air Force (RAF)Bomber Command to overwhelm the nighttimeGermanaerial defences of theKammhuber Line duringWorld War II.
The Kammhuber Line consisted of three layers of zones of about 32 km (17 nmi) long (north–south) and 20 km (11 nmi) wide (east–west). In each zone there were two Germannight fighter aircraft receivingground-directed guidance from theHimmelbett controller within their zone. While the Himmelbett control center could only handle two fighters, this was adequate for dealing with the RAF Bomber Command tactic of sending its night bombers individually, with each bomber plotting its own route to the target, to avoid flak concentrations.
At the urging of British scientific military strategistR. V. Jones, Bomber Command reorganized their attacks into streams carefully positioned to fly right down the middle of a cell.[1] The introduction of theGEE navigation system allowed the RAF bombers to fly a long, tight, formation in the dark—a 'stream of bombers' flying a common route at the same speed to and from the target, each aircraft being allotted aheight band and a time slot in a bomber stream to minimize the risk of formationcollision.
In one of the first applications of statisticaloperational research, the RAF estimated the number of bombers likely to be lost to enemy night fighters andflak, and how many would be lost through collisions. Minimizing the former demanded a densely packed stream, as the controllers of a night fighter flying a defensive 'box' could only direct a maximum of six potential interceptions per hour, and the flak gunners could not concentrate on all the available targets at once.
A typical bomber stream of 600 to 700 aircraft was on average 8 or 10 miles (13 or 16 km) broad, and 4,000 to 6,000 feet (1,200 to 1,800 m) deep.[2]
The bomber stream allowed a bombing raid to be completed in a shorter time, further overwhelming the defensive tactics of the German forces. The earlier RAF tactic of sending bombers on individual routes meant that it could take four hours before all its planes would pass over their target; the bomber stream reduced this window to 90 minutes.[3]
The first use of the bomber stream was the first 1,000 bomberraid against Cologne on the night of 30–31 May 1942.[3]
The tactic proved successful and was used until the last days of the war, when centrally-organised German air defences had ceased to exist.
