The nameMumbai (Marathi:मुंबई) originated fromMumbā orMahā-Ambā—the name of the patron Hindu goddess (Kula Devata)Mumbadevi of the nativeKoli community[40]—and fromā'ī, meaning "mother" in theMarathi language, which is the mother tongue of the Koli people and the official language of Maharashtra.[25][41] According to certain accounts, the Koli community, which hails fromKathiawar andCentral Gujarat, is believed to have introduced their deity Mumba from Kathiawar (Gujarat), where her worship continues to this day.[26][27] However, other sources disagree that Mumbai's name was derived from the goddess Mumba.[27]
TheMumba Devi Temple, from whom the city of Mumbai may derive its name.
The oldest known names for the city areKakamuchee andGalajunkja; these are sometimes still used.[42][43] Portuguese writerGaspar Correia recorded the name "Bombaim" after 1512 in hisLendas da Índia (Legends of India).[44][45] While someAnglophone authors have suggested this name possibly originated as an allegedGalician-Portuguese phrasebom baim, meaning "good little bay",[46] such suggestions lack any scientific basis.[47] Portuguese linguistJosé Pedro Machado attributes that interpretation to a deficient knowledge of the Portuguese language of these authors, mixing up the Portuguese word "bom" with the English "bay", from the English version of the name.[47] In 1516, Portuguese explorerDuarte Barbosa used the nameTana-Maiambu:Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town ofThane andMaiambu toMumbadevi.[48] The formBombaim is still commonly used in Portuguese.[49]
Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include:Mombayn (1525),Bombay (1538),Bombain (1552),Bombaym (1552),Monbaym (1554),Mombaim (1563),Mombaym (1644),Bambaye (1666),Bombaiim (1666),Bombeye (1676),Boon Bay (1690)[49][50] andBon Bahia.[51] After theEnglish gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name wasanglicised asBombay.[52] Ali Muhammad Khan, imperialdewan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in theMirat-i Ahmedi (1762) referred to the city asManbai.[53]
The French travellerLouis Rousselet, who visited in 1863 and 1868, states in his bookL'Inde des Rajahs, which was first published in 1877: "Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese Bôa Bahia, or (French: "bonne baie", English: "good bay"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, orMumba Devi, and that she still ... possesses a temple".[54] British officer and scholarJohn Briggs stated that the name Bombay was a corruption of "Mumby", which was ascribed to a portion of the island where a temple to Mumba Devi was located.[55]
By the late 20th century, the city was referred to asMumbai orMambai in Marathi,Konkani,Gujarati,Kannada andSindhi, and asBambai inHindi.[56] The Government of India officially changed the English name toMumbai in November 1995.[57] This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalistShiv Sena party, which had just won the Maharashtra state elections, and mirroredsimilar name changes across the country and particularly in Maharashtra.[58] According toSlate magazine, "they argued that 'Bombay' was a corrupted English version of 'Mumbai' and an unwanted legacy of British colonial rule."[59]Slate also said "The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region."[60] While Mumbai is still referred to as Bombay by some of its residents and by some Indians from other regions,[61][62] mention of the city by a name other thanMumbai has been controversial.[63][64]
People from Mumbai
A resident of Mumbai is calledMumbaikar (pronounced[ˈmumbəikəɾ]) inMarathi, in which the suffix-kar means a 'resident of'. The term had been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai.[65] Older terms such asBombayite are also used infrequently.[66][67]
In the 3rd century BCE, the islands formed part of theMaurya Empire, during its expansion in the south, ruled by the Buddhist emperorAshoka ofMagadha.[72] TheKanheri Caves inBorivali were excavated from basalt rock in the first century CE,[73] and served as an important centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient Times.[74] The city then was known asHeptanesia (Ancient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographerPtolemy in 150 CE.[75] TheMahakali Caves inAndheri were cut out between the 1st century BCE and the 6th century CE.[76][77]
King Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century and established his capital inMahikawati (present dayMahim).[86] ThePathare Prabhus, among the earliest known settlers of the city, were brought toMahikawati fromSaurashtra in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev.[87] TheDelhi Sultanate annexed the islands in 1347–48 and controlled it until 1407. During this time, the islands were administered by the Muslim Governors ofGujarat, who were appointed by theDelhi Sultanate.[88][89]
The islands were later governed by the independentGujarat Sultanate, which was established in 1407. As a result of the Sultanate's support, numerous mosques were built, with one notable example being theHaji Ali Dargah inWorli. Erected in 1431, this magnificent structure pays homage to the revered Muslim saint, Haji Ali.[90] From 1429 to 1431, the islands were a source of contention between the Gujarat Sultanate and theBahmani Sultanate of Deccan.[91][92] In 1493,Bahadur Khan Gilani of the Bahmani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands but was defeated.[93]
In 1687, the English East India Company transferred its headquarters fromSurat to Mumbai. The city eventually became the headquarters of theBombay Presidency.[111] Following the transfer, Mumbai was placed at the head of all the company's establishments in India.[112] Towards the end of the 17th century, the islands again suffered incursions fromYakut Khan in 1689–90.[113] The Portuguese presence ended in Mumbai when theMarathas underPeshwaBaji Rao I capturedSalsette in 1737, andBassein in 1739.[114]By the middle of the 18th century, Mumbai began to grow into a major trading town, and received a huge influx of migrants from across India.[115] Later, the British occupied Salsette on 28 December 1774. With theTreaty of Surat (1775), the British formally gained control ofSalsette and Bassein, resulting in theFirst Anglo-Maratha War.[116] The British were able to secure Salsette from the Marathas without violence through theTreaty of Purandar (1776),[117] and later through theTreaty of Salbai (1782), signed to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War.[118]
Ships inMumbai Harbour (c. 1731). Mumbai emerged as a significant trading town during the mid-18th century.
From 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped with large-scale civil engineering projects aimed at merging all theseven islands of Bombay into a single amalgamated mass by way of acauseway called theHornby Vellard, which was completed by 1784.[29][119] In 1817, the British East India Company underMountstuart Elphinstone defeatedBaji Rao II, the last of the MarathaPeshwa in theBattle of Khadki.[120] Following his defeat, almost the whole of theDeccan Plateau came under British suzerainty, and was incorporated into the Bombay Presidency. The success of the British campaign in the Deccan marked the end of all attacks by native powers.[121]
By 1845, the seven islands coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard project via large scaleland reclamation.[30][122] On 16 April 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Mumbai to the neighbouring town ofThana (now Thane).[123] During theAmerican Civil War (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief cotton-trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy that subsequently enhanced the city's stature.[124]
After India's independence in 1947, the territory of theBombay Presidency was restructured intoBombay State. The area ofBombay State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay State.[130] In April 1950, municipal limits of Mumbai were expanded by merging theMumbai Suburban District andMumbai City to form the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation.[131]
TheSamyukta Maharashtra movement to create a separate Maharashtra state including Mumbai was at its height in the 1950s. In theLok Sabha discussions in 1955, theCongress party demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state.[132] TheStates Reorganisation Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra–Gujarat with Mumbai as its capital in its 1955 report.Bombay Citizens' Committee, an advocacy group of leadingGujarati industrialists, lobbied for Mumbai's independent status.[133]
Following protests in which 105 people died in clashes with the police,Bombay State was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.[134]Gujarati-speaking areas ofBombay State were partitioned into the state of Gujarat.[135] Maharashtra State with Mumbai as its capital was formed with the merger ofMarathi-speaking areas ofBombay State, eight districts fromCentral Provinces and Berar, five districts fromHyderabad State, and numerous princely states enclosed between them.[136] As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed asHutatma Chowk (Martyr's Square) and a memorial was erected.[137]
TheJawaharlal Nehru Port, which handles 55–60% of India's containerised cargo, was commissioned on 26 May 1989 across the creek atNhava Sheva with a view to de-congestMumbai Harbour and to serve as a hub port for the city.[144] The geographical limits of Greater Mumbai were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Mumbai. On 1 October 1990, the Greater Mumbai district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely,Mumbai City andMumbai Suburban, though they continued to be administered by same Municipal Administration.[145]
Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub.[151] For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services companies and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment.[152] From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry.[153]
Mumbai is on a narrow peninsula on the southwest ofSalsette Island, which lies between theArabian Sea to the west,Thane Creek to the east, andVasai Creek to the north. Mumbai's suburban district occupies most of the island.Navi Mumbai is east of Thane Creek, andThane is north ofVasai Creek. Mumbai consists of two distinct regions:Mumbai City district andMumbai Suburban district, which form two separate revenue districts of Maharashtra.[154] The city district-region is also commonly referred to as the "Island City" orSouth Mumbai.[36] The total area of Mumbai is 603.4 square kilometres (233.0 sq mi).[155] Of this, the island city spans 67.79 square kilometres (26.17 sq mi), while the suburban district spans 370 square kilometres (140 sq mi), together accounting for 437.71 square kilometres (169.00 sq mi) under the administration ofMunicipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM). The remaining areas belong to various defence establishments, theMumbai Port Trust, theAtomic Energy Commission, and theBorivali National Park, which are out of the jurisdiction of the MCGM.[156] TheMumbai Metropolitan Region which includes portions ofThane,Palghar andRaigad districts in addition to Greater Mumbai, covers an area of 4,355 square kilometres (1,681 sq mi).[9]
Mumbai lies at the mouth of theUlhas River on the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as theKonkan. It sits onSalsette Island (Sashti Island), which it partially shares with theThane district.[157] Mumbai is bounded by theArabian Sea to the west.[158] Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 to 15 metres (33 to 49 ft).[159] The city has an average elevation of 14 metres (46 ft).[160] Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly,[161] and the highest point in the city is 450 metres (1,480 ft) at Salsette in thePowai–Kanheri ranges.[162] TheSanjay Gandhi National Park (Borivali National Park) is situated partly in theMumbai suburban district and partly in the Thane district, covering an area of 103.09 square kilometres (39.80 sq mi).[163]
Apart from theBhatsa Dam, six major lakes supply water to the city:Vihar Lake,Lower Vaitarna,Upper Vaitarna,Tulsi Lake,Tansa, andPowai Lake. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located within the city's limits in Borivali National Park. The supply from Powai Lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes.[164] Three small rivers, theDahisar River,Poisar River (or Poinsar River), andOshiwara River (or Ohiwara River) originate within the park, while theMithi River originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes.[165] The coastline of the city is indented with numerouscreeks and bays, stretching from theThane creek in the east to Madh Marve on the western front.[166] The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with largemangroveswamps, rich inbiodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.[167]
Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy.[168] The underlying rock of the region is composed of blackDeccan basalt flows, and their acidic andbasic variants date back to the lateCretaceous and earlyEocene eras.[169] Mumbai sits on aseismically active zone owing to the presence of 23fault lines in the vicinity.[170] The area is classified as aSeismic Zone III region,[171] which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on theRichter magnitude scale could occur.[172]
Average temperature and precipitation in MumbaiMumbai during amonsoon
Mumbai has an extremetropical wet and dry climate (Aw) under theKöppen climate classification. However, the central and northern suburbs experience atropical monsoon climate (Am) with even heavier rainfall during the wet season. Mumbai generally has a nearly rainless stretch from October to May, with its most intense rainfall occurring during the peak wet period in July.[173] A cooler season from December to February is followed by a hotter season from March to May. The period from June to the end of September constitutes thesouthwest monsoon season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season.[174]
Between June and September, the southwest monsoon rains occur in Mumbai. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 mm (136 in) for 1954.[175] Themost rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37 in) on26 July 2005.[176] The average total annual rainfall is 2,213.4 mm (87 in) for the Island City and 2,502.3 mm (99 in) for the suburbs.[175]
The average annual temperature is 27 °C (81 °F), and the average annualprecipitation is 2,213 mm (87 in).[177] In the Island City, the average maximum temperature is 31 °C (88 °F), while the average minimum temperature is 24 °C (75 °F). In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature range from 29 °C (84 °F) to 33 °C (91 °F), while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from 16 °C (61 °F) to 26 °C (79 °F).[175] The record high is 42.2 °C (108 °F) set on 14 April 1952,[178] and the record low was 7.4 °C (45 °F), set on 27 January 1962.[178][179]
Tropical cyclones are rare in the city. The worstcyclone to strike the city occurred on 23 November 1948, with gusts reaching 151 km/h (94 mph) inJuhu, resulting in 38 deaths and 47 people missing. The storm reportedly affected Mumbai for 20 hours and left the city devastated.[180][181][182]
Mumbai is prone to monsoon floods,[183][184] exacerbated byclimate change, which affects heavy rains andhigh tides from the sea. According to theWorld Bank, unplanned drainage systems andinformal settlements are key drivers of Mumbai's frequent floods.[185] Among other causes of flooding in Mumbai are its geographic features: Mumbai's urban area is peninsular—comprising land-filled regions connecting seven islands—and is lower in elevation compared to its surrounding suburbs, which sit on higher ground. Over the past few decades, new informal settlements have emerged in the suburbs, leading to a rapid population increase, inadequate waste management, and drainage congestion. Rainwater from these areas flows heavily toward the low-lying urban zones, which include some slums and high-rise buildings. As a result, slums are either flooded, washed away, or collapse, causing heavy casualties. Floodwaters often linger for extended periods, causing blockages of railway lines—the most commonly used public transport in Mumbai—along with traffic jams, flooded roads, and submerged lanes. Flooding in Mumbai occurs frequently, with the2005 Mumbai floods causing 500-1000 deaths, widespread household displacements, damage to infrastructure—including heritage sites—and resulting in significant financial losses ofUS$ 1.2 billion.[185][186] To reduce flooding in Mumbai, theMaharashtra government adopted a flood mitigation plan that included restructuring the drainage system, restoring theMithi River, and re-establishing informal settlements. Local civic authorities were tasked with forecasting and issuing eviction notices, whileBrihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), along withNGOs, would prepare to evacuate residents from vulnerable areas to temporary safe camps.[185][186][187]
Mumbai has been ranked 24th-best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities[further explanation needed]) in India according to "Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results".[needs context][205]
Mumbai, sometimes described as the "New York City of India",[34] is the country's most populous city and its financial and commercial capital, generating 6.16% of the total GDP.[36][151][206] It generates 19.8% of the GDP of Maharashtra (34.4% if theThane district is included).[207] It serves as an economic hub of India: as of 2006, Mumbai contributed 10% of the nation's factory employment, 25% of industrial output, 33% ofincome tax collections, 60% ofcustoms duty collections, 20% of centralexcise tax collections, 40% offoreign trade, and₹40billion (equivalent to₹130 billion or US$1.5 billion in 2023) incorporate taxes.[208] Along with the rest of India, Mumbai has witnessed an economic boom since theliberalisation of 1991, the finance boom in the mid-nineties, and theinformation technology, export, services, and outsourcing boom in the 2000s.[209]
Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and theseaport, but the local economy has since then diversified to includefinance,engineering, diamond-polishing,healthcare, and information technology.[214]The key sectors contributing to the city's economy are: finance, gems & jewellery, leather processing, IT andITES, textiles, petrochemical, electronics manufacturing, automobiles, and entertainment.Nariman Point andBandra Kurla Complex (BKC) are Mumbai's major financial centres.[215]
State and central government employees comprise a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics, and other suchblue collar professions. The port and shipping industry is well established, withMumbai Port being one of India's oldest and most significant ports.[216]Dharavi, in central Mumbai, has an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the district has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories.[217]
Despite having the largest concentration of billionaires out of any city in Asia, Mumbai is one of the most unequal cities in the world.[223] 41.8% of the city's population live in urban slums, though slums occupy just around 7% of the city's total land area.[224][225]
Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast-growing cities indeveloping countries: poverty and unemployment. With available land at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore require long commutes on crowded mass transit or clogged roadways. Many live close to bus or train stations, although suburban residents spend significant time travelling southward to the central commercial district.[226] Mumbai's overall per capita residential area is 8.3 square metres, and in the city's slums, it is 2.73 square metres.[225]
According to a paper published in 2010 by theWorld Bank, the median income was ₹20,000 while the average was ₹40,000.[227] By 2019, the overall average salary in Mumbai was ₹45,000. Meanwhile, the median rental cost of a one-bedroom apartment in Mumbai proper is around ₹30,000. Much of the city's population lives paycheck to paycheck.[228]
Greater Mumbai (or Brihanmumbai), an area of 603 km2 (233 sq mi),[229] consisting of theMumbai City andMumbai Suburban districts, extends fromColaba in the south, toMulund andDahisar in the north, andMankhurd in the east. Its population as per the 2011 census was 12,442,373.[230]
The municipal commissioner is the chief executive officer and head of the executive arm of the municipal corporation. All executive powers are vested in themunicipal commissioner who is anIndian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by thestate government. Although the municipal corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city, it is the commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies. The commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute. The powers of the commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the corporation or the standing committee.[233]
The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.5 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.[234]
The two revenue districts of Mumbai come under the jurisdiction of aDistrict Collector. The collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for thecentral government, and oversee the national elections held in the city.
Mumbai had been a traditional stronghold and birthplace of theIndian National Congress, also known as the Congress Party.[240] The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Mumbai from 28 to 31 December 1885.[241] The city played host to the Indian National Congress six times during its first 50 years, and became a strong base for theIndian independence movement during the 20th century.[242]
The 1960s saw the rise of regionalist politics in Mumbai, with the formation of theShiv Sena on 19 June 1966, under the leadership ofBalasaheb Thackeray out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalisation of the nativeMarathi people in Mumbai.[243] Shiv Sena switched from 'Marathi Cause' to larger 'Hindutva Cause' in 1985 and joined hands withBhartiya Janata Party (BJP) in the same year.[244] The Congress had dominated the politics of Mumbai from independence until the early 1980s, when the Shiv Sena won the 1985 Mumbai Municipal Corporation elections.[245]
In theMaharashtra state assembly elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by 36 assembly constituencies.[250][251] Amember of the legislative assembly (MLA) to the MaharashtraVidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) is elected from each of the assembly constituencies. In the2019 state assembly election, out of the 36 assembly constituencies, 16 were won by the BJP, 11 by the Shiv Sena, 6 by the Congress, 2 by the NCP and one by independent candidate.[252]
Elections are also held every five years to elect corporators to power in the MCGM.[253] The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the24 municipal wards, five nominated Councillors having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration, and amayor whose role is mostly ceremonial.[254][255][256] In the2012 municipal corporation elections, out of the 227 seats, the Shiv Sena-BJP alliance secured 107 seats, holding power with the support of independent candidates in the MCGM, while the Congress-NCP alliance bagged 64 seats.[257] The tenure of themayor, deputy mayor, andmunicipal commissioner is2+1⁄2 years.[258]
Public transport systems in Mumbai include theMumbai Suburban Railway,Monorail,Metro,Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) buses, black-and-yellow metertaxis,auto rickshaws andferries. Suburban railway and BEST bus services together accounted for about 88% of the passenger traffic in 2008.[259] Auto rickshaws are allowed to operate only in the suburban areas of Mumbai, while taxis are allowed to operate throughout Mumbai, but generally operate inSouth Mumbai.[260] Taxis and Auto rickshaws in Mumbai are required by law to run oncompressed natural gas (CNG),[261] and are a convenient, economical, and easily available means of transport.[260]
Railway
TheMumbai Suburban Railway, colloquially referred to as "Locals", forms the backbone of the city's transport system.[262] It is operated by the Central Railway and Western Railway zones of theIndian Railways.[263] Mumbai's suburban rail systems carried a total of 63 lakh (6.3 million) passengers every day in 2007.[264] Trains are overcrowded during peak hours, with twelve-car trains of rated capacity 1,700 passengers, actually carrying around 4,500 passengers at peak hours.[265] The Mumbai rail network is spread at an expanse of 319 route kilometres (198 mi). 191 rakes (train-sets) of 12 car and 15 car composition are utilised to run a total of 2,226 train services in the city.[266]
TheMumbai Monorail andMumbai Metro have been built and are being extended in phases to relieve the overcrowding on the existing network. The Monorail opened in early February 2014.[267] Thefirst line of the Mumbai Metro opened in early June 2014.[268]
TheMumbai Suburban Railway system carries more than 69.9 lakh (6.99 million) commuters on a daily basis. It has the highest passenger density of any urban railway system in the world.
TheMumbai Metro provides connectivity with eastern, western and northern part of the city.
BEST buses carry a total of 3.3 million passengers daily.
Mumbai's bus services carried over 5.5 million passengers per day in 2008,[259] which dropped to 2.8 million in 2015.[271] Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts ofNavi Mumbai,Mira-Bhayandar and Thane.[272] The BEST operates a total of 4,608 buses[273] with CCTV cameras installed, ferrying 4.5 million passengers daily[259] over 390 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned andEuro III compliant diesel,compressed natural gas, andelectric buses.[274][275] BEST introduced air-conditioned buses in 1998.[276] BEST buses are red in colour, based originally on theRoutemaster buses of London.[277]Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC, also known as ST)[278] buses provide intercity transport connecting Mumbai with other towns and cities of Maharashtra and nearby states.[279][280] TheNavi Mumbai Municipal Transport (NMMT) andThane Municipal Transport (TMT) also operate their buses in Mumbai, connecting various nodes of Navi Mumbai and Thane to parts of Mumbai.[281][282]
Buses are generally favoured for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for longer distance commutes.[283]
TheMumbai Darshan is a tourist bus service which explores numeroustourist attractions in Mumbai.[284] Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai.[285] Though 88% of the city's commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai still continues to struggle withtraffic congestion.[286] Mumbai's transport system has been categorised as one of the most congested in the world.[287]
Mumbai had about 721,000 private vehicles as of March 2014,[297] 56,459 black and yellow taxis as of 2005[update],[298] and 106,000 auto rickshaws, as of May 2013.[299]
Mumbai currently has one operational expressway – the Mumbai–Pune Expressway – which directly connects Mumbai withPune. In the coming years, the great metropolis will be connected with more expressways. They are as follows:
The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport.
TheChhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in the city and the second busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic.[309] It handled 52.8 million passengers in the Financial Year 2024, an increase of 16 per cent in passenger traffic over the previous Financial Year.[310] An upgrade plan was initiated in 2006, targeted at increasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to 40 million passengers annually[311] and the new terminal T2 was opened in February 2014.[312]
The Navi Mumbai International Airport was inaugurated on 8 October 2025 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, although flights have not begun immediately. Following testing, the service is aimed to commence operations by the end of the year.[314]
Mumbai is served by two major ports,Mumbai Port Trust andJawaharlal Nehru Port Trust, which lies just across the creek inNavi Mumbai.[316] Mumbai Port has one of the best natural harbours in the world, and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation facilities.[317] Jawaharlal Nehru Port, commissioned on 26 May 1989, is the busiest and most modern major port in India.[318] It handles 55–60% of the country's total containerised cargo.[citation needed] Ferries fromFerry Wharf inMazagaon allow access to islands near the city.[319]
Under colonial rule, tanks were the only source of water in Mumbai, with many localities having been named after them. TheMCGM supplies potable water to the city from six lakes,[320][321] most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes. The Tansa lake supplies water to the western suburbs and parts of the island city along the Western Railway.[322] The water is filtered atBhandup,[322] which is Asia's largest water filtration plant.[323][324][325] India's first underground water tunnel was completed in Mumbai to supply water to the Bhandup filtration plant.[326][327]
About 700 million (70 crore) litres of water, out of a daily supply of 3.5 billion (350 crore) litres, is lost by way of water thefts, illegal connections and leakages, per day in Mumbai.[328] Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 tonnes (7,700 long tons; 8,600 short tons), of which 40 tonnes (39 long tons; 44 short tons) isplastic waste,[329] is transported to dumping grounds inGorai in the northwest,Mulund in the northeast, and to theDeonar dumping ground in the east.[330] Sewage treatment is carried out atWorli andBandra, and disposed of by two independent marine outfalls of 3.4 km (2.1 mi) and 3.7 km (2.3 mi) at Bandra and Worli respectively.[331]
The largest telephone service provider is the state-ownedMTNL, which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobileWLL services.[338] Mobile phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers areVodafone India,Bharti Airtel, MTNL, andReliance Jio. BothGSM andCDMA services are available in the city.[339] Mumbai, along with the area served bytelephone exchanges inNavi Mumbai andKalyan is classified as aMetro telecom circle.[340] Many of the above service providers also provide broadband internet and wireless internet access in Mumbai. As of 2014[update], Mumbai had the highest number of internet users in India with 16.4 million (1.64 crore) users.[341]
According to the2011 census, the population of Mumbai city was 12,479,608. The population density is estimated to be about 20,482 inhabitants per square kilometre (53,050/sq mi). The living space is 4.5 square metres (48 sq ft) per person.[343]Mumbai Metropolitan Region was home to 20,748,395 people by 2011.[11] Greater Mumbai, the area under the administration of theMCGM, has a literacy rate of 94.7%, higher than the national average of 86.7%. The number of slum-dwellers in theMumbai Metropolitan Region is estimated to be 90 lakh (9 million), up from 60 lakh (6 million) in 2001 which constitutes approximately 38.5% of the region.[344][345]
Thesex ratio in 2011 was 838 females per 1,000 males in the island city, 857 in the suburbs, and 848 as a whole in Greater Mumbai, all numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males. The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work.[346]
Dharavi, Asia's second largestslum (ifKarachi'sOrangi Town is counted as a single slum)[347] is located in central Mumbai and houses between 800,000 and 10 lakh (one million) people[348] in 2.39 km2 (0.92 sq mi), making it one of the most densely populated areas on Earth[349] with a population density of at least 334,728 inhabitants per square kilometre (866,940/sq mi).[350]
The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991–2001 decade was 11.2 lakh (1.12 million), which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.[351]
The number of households in Mumbai is forecast to rise from 42 lakh (4.2 million) in 2008 to 66 lakh (6.6 million) in 2020. The number of households with annual incomes of 20 lakh (2 million) rupees will increase from 4% to 10% by 2020, amounting to 660,000 families. The number of households with incomes from 10 to 20 lakh (1–2 million) rupees is also estimated to increase from 4% to 15% by 2020.[352] According to the 2016 report of theCentral Pollution Control Board, Mumbai is the noisiest city in India, ahead ofLucknow,Hyderabad andDelhi.[353]
The religious groups represented in Greater Mumbai as of 2011 includeHindus (65.99%),Muslims (20.65%),Buddhists (4.85%),Jains (4.10%),Christians (3.27%) andSikhs (0.49%).[355][356][357] The linguistic/ethnic demographics in the Greater Mumbai Area are:Maharashtrians (32%),Gujaratis (20%), with the rest hailing from other parts of India.[358]
Marathi is the official and working language of the bureaucracy along withEnglish. Mumbai has a large polyglot population like all othermetropolitan cities of India. Sixteen majorlanguages of India are spoken in Mumbai, with the most common beingMarathi and its dialectEast Indian. Marathi, and its dialect, as a single language is spoken by 35.30% of the population around 4,396,870 people.[382] Hindi is spoken by 25.90% of the population around 3,582,719 people, making it the second largest dominant language in Mumbai. Many Hindi speakers are workers from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar who migrate seasonally to Mumbai to work as labourers.Urdu andGujarati are spoken by 11.73% and 11.45% respectively.[378][383][384]
English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city'swhite collar workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known asBambaiya – a blend of Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati,Konkani,Urdu,Indian English and some invented words – is spoken on the streets.[385]
In the Suburbs, Marathi is spoken by 36.78% of the population andGujarati by 31.21%.[386]
Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by theMCGM) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government.[387] The schools are affiliated with either of the following boards:
The primary education system of the MCGM is the largest urban primary education system in Asia. The MCGM operates 1,188 primary schools imparting primary education to 485,531 students in eight languages (Marathi,Hindi,Gujarati,Urdu,English,Tamil,Telugu andKannada). The MCGM also imparts secondary education to 55,576 students through its 49 secondary schools.[390]
Higher education
Under the10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling and then enroll for two years injunior college, where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science.[391] This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering and medicine.[392] Most colleges in the city are affiliated with theUniversity of Mumbai, one of the largest universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates.[393]
TheUniversity of Mumbai is one of the premier[394] universities in India. It was ranked 41 among the Top 50 Engineering Schools of the world by America's news broadcasting firmBusiness Insider in 2012 and was the only university in the list from the five emergingBRICS nations vizBrazil,Russia, India,China andSouth Africa.[395] Moreover, the University of Mumbai was ranked 5th in the list of best universities in India byIndia Today in 2013[396] and ranked at 62 in the QS BRICS University rankings for 2013, a ranking of leading universities in the five BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa).[397] Its strongest scores in theQS University Rankings: BRICS are for papers per faculty (8th), employer reputation (20th) and citations per paper (28th).[398] It was ranked 10th among the top Universities of India by QS in 2013.[398] With 7 of the top ten Indian Universities being purely science and technology universities, it was India's 3rd bestMulti Disciplinary University in the QS University ranking.[398]
Mumbai's culture offers a blend of traditional and cosmopolitan festivals, food, entertainment, and night life. The city's cosmopolitan and urban-centric modern cultural offerings are comparable to other world capitals. Mumbai bears the distinction of being the most cosmopolitan city of India. Its history as a major trading centre and the expansion of an educated middle class has led to a diverse range of cultures, religions, and cuisines coexisting in the city. The variety and abundance of restaurants, cinemas, theatres, sports events and museums are a product of Mumbai's unique cosmopolitan culture.[412]
Mumbai is the birthplace ofIndian cinema[413]—Dadasaheb Phalke laid the foundations with silent movies followed byMarathi talkies—and the oldest film broadcast took place in the early 20th century.[414] Mumbai also has a large number of cinema halls that feature Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. TheMumbai International Film Festival[415] and the award ceremony of theFilmfare Awards, the oldest and prominent film awards given for Hindi film industry in India, are held in Mumbai.[416] Despite most of the professional theatre groups that formed during theBritish Raj having disbanded by the 1950s, Mumbai has developed a thriving "theatre movement" tradition in Marathi, Hindi, English, and other regional languages.[417][418]
The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January, which is organised by theMaharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) at the historicBanganga Tank in Mumbai.[423][424] The Elephanta Festival—celebrated every February on theElephanta Islands—is dedicated to classical Indian dance and music and attracts performers from across the country.[423][425] Public holidays specific to the city and the state includeMaharashtra Day on 1 May, to celebrate the formation of Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960,[426][427] andGudi Padwa which is the New Year's Day forMarathi people.
Beaches are a major tourist attraction in the city. The major beaches in Mumbai areGirgaum Chowpatty,Juhu Beach, Dadar Chowpatty, Gorai Beach,Marve Beach, Versova Beach, Madh Beach,Aksa Beach andManori Beach.[428] Most of the beaches are unfit for swimming, except Girgaum Chowpatty and Juhu Beach.[429] Essel World is a theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach,[430] and includes Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom.[431]Adlabs Imagica opened in April 2013 is located near the city of Khopoli off theMumbai-Pune Expressway.[432]
The architecture of the city is a blend ofGothic Revival,Indo-Saracenic,Art Deco, and other contemporary styles. Most of the buildings during the British period, such as theVictoria Terminus andUniversity of Mumbai, were built in Gothic Revival style.[433] Their architectural features include a variety of European influences such as German gables, Dutch roofs, Swiss timbering, Romance arches, Tudor casements, and traditional Indian features.[434] There are also a few Indo-Saracenic styled buildings such as theGateway of India.[435] Art Deco styled landmarks can be found alongMarine Drive and west of theOval Maidan. Mumbai has the second highest number of Art Deco buildings in the world afterMiami. In the newer suburbs, modern buildings dominate the landscape. Mumbai has by far the highest number ofskyscrapers in India, with 956 existingskyscrapers and 272 under construction as of 2009[update].The Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee (MHCC), established in 1995, formulates special regulations and by-laws to assist in the conservation of the city's heritage structures. Mumbai has threeUNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, theElephanta Caves and theVictorian and Art Deco Ensemble.[436] In the south of Mumbai, there are colonial-era buildings and Soviet-style offices.[437] In the east are factories and some slums. On the West coast are former-textile mills being demolished and skyscrapers built on top. There are 237 buildings taller than 100 m (330 ft), compared with 327 in Shanghai and 855 in New York.[438][437]
Mumbai's cityscape consists of a variety of tall buildings and structures, most of which have been built in the last two decades. There was a significant lull in construction projects since the mid-1990s after which construction projects began taking the skyline upwards, with a major acceleration in the pace of development since 2000, when theLower Parel area began developing.[439] Mumbai with a commanding 77% share of tall buildings in India, is poised to maintain its position as the frontrunner in tall building construction due to its ability to command premium prices compared to other cities, thereby ensuring the economic viability of such developments within the city.[440]Mumbai has more residential tall buildings rather than commercial, unlike the trend globally. Limited land resources and an exponential increase in urban population were the primary reasons for Mumbai's vertical growth compared to other Tier 1 Indian cities.[441] As of June 2023, Mumbai has a total of around 250 tall buildings out of which more than 100 are completed with more than 90 under construction.[442]
Street food of Mumbai is the food sold by hawkers from portable market stalls in Mumbai. It is one of the characteristics of the city.[443] The city is known for its distinctivestreet foods.[444] Although street food is common all over India, street food in Mumbai is noted because people from alleconomic classes eat on the roadside almost round the clock and it is sometimes felt that the taste of street food is better than restaurants in the city.[445][446][447] Many Mumbaikars like a small snack on the road in the evening.[448] People of Mumbai cutting across barriers of class, religion, gender and ethnicity are passionate about street food.[449] Street food vendors are credited by some for developing the city'sfood culture.[450] Street food in Mumbai is relatively inexpensive as compared to restaurants and vendors tend to be clustered around crowded areas such as colleges and railway stations.[445]
Bollywood, the Hindi film industry based in Mumbai, produces around 150–200 films every year.[451] The name Bollywood is a blend of Bombay andHollywood.[452] The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood's popularity overseas. This led filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical advances such as special effects and animation.[453] Studios in Goregaon, includingFilm City, are the location for most movie sets.[454] The city also hosts theMarathi film industry which has seen increased popularity in recent years, and TV production companies. Mumbai is a hub of Indian film making. Several other Indian language films such asBengali,Bhojpuri,Gujarati,Malayalam,Tamil,Kannada,Telugu andUrdu are also occasionally shot in Mumbai.Slumdog Millionaire, anEnglish language British film, was shot entirely in Mumbai and has garnered 8 Oscar awards.
NumerousIndian and international television channels can be watched in Mumbai through one of thePay TV companies or the local cable television providers. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national television broadcaster,Doordarshan, provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households.[461]
U Mumba is the team representing Mumbai in the country's professionalKabaddi league,Pro Kabaddi. The Mumbai Leg ofPro Kabaddi is held at the NSCI, Worli.
Rugby is another growing sport in Mumbai with league matches being held at theBombay Gymkhana from June to November.[482]
^This statistic is based on an article fromThe Economic Times.[24] However, according to the Hurun Research Institute, Forbes says thatHong Kong has the most billionaires in Asia, while the World's Wealthiest Cities Report 2023 states that Beijing has the most number of Asian billionaires.
^1872-1881: Data for the entirety of the town of Bombay, which included the city and island of Bombay.[365]
1891-1921: Data for the entirety of the town of Bombay, which included Bombay Municipality.[366]
1931-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Bombay, which included Bombay Municipality and Bombay Suburbs.[367]
^abMunshi, Kanaiyalal M. (1954).Gujarāt and its literature, from early times to 1852.Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. xix.The next immigrants into the islands of Bombay were the Kolis, who on all authorities continued to be their original inhabitants till Aungier founded the city of Bombay. Kathiawad and Central Gujarāt was the home of the Kolis in pre-historic times.
^abcMehta, R. N. (1983). "Bombay – An analysis of the toponym".Journal of the Oriental Institute:138–140.The kolis who succeeded the stone-age men on the island brought with them from Gujarat their patron goddess Mummai whom their descendants still worship in Kathiawar. The name of Bombay is derived from this koli goddess.
^Rousselet, Louis (1877).L'Inde des Rajahs. Librairie Hachette et cie, Paris. p. 7. Retrieved11 October 2017.
^History of the Rise of Mahomedan Power in India- Vol 4 – John Briggs (1829)Pg. 17 Footnote 21. "Bombay. The island seems at the time to have consisted of two parts; the one denominated Mahim, from the village of that name in the N.E. corner and the other Mumby from an idol to which a temple is still dedicated, as is known by the appellation of Mumbydevy, or the Goddess Mumby, which by Europeans has been corrupted into Bombay. The separation of the two islands would be again complete, if the dam called Breach Candy were removed, which keeps out the sea on the west face of the island."
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^Kanth, S. T. G. Raghu; Iyenagar, R. N. (10 December 2006)."Seismic Hazard estimation for Mumbai City".Current Science.91 (11): 1486.Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved3 September 2009.This is used to compute the probability of ground motion that can be induced by each of thetwenty-three known faults that exist around the city.
^"Shiv Sena's Snehal Ambekar elected new Mumbai mayor".The Economic Times. Mumbai. 9 September 2014. Archived fromthe original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved5 July 2015.... as Sena's Sunil Prabhu completed his two-and-half-years term as the city mayor today. Ambekar, who secured 121 votes in the 226 member House,...
^"Mayor – the First Citizen of Mumbai".Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). Archived fromthe original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved12 May 2009.As the presiding authority at the Corporation Meetings, his/her role is confined to the four corners of the Corporation Hall. The decorative role, however, extends far beyond the city and the country to other parts of world
^abGhose, Anindita (24 August 2005)."What's Mumbai without the black beetles?".Daily News and Analysis (DNA).Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved29 August 2009.In Mumbai autos run only in the suburbs up to Mahim creek. This is probably the perfect arrangement because it is not economically viable for autos and taxis to solicit the same passengers. So autos monopolise the suburbs while taxis rule South Mumbai.
^"Terminal Facilities in Metropolitanc Cities"(PDF).Ministry of Railways. p. 14. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 29 May 2011. Retrieved28 August 2009.The port city of Mumbai is served by 5 passenger terminals namely Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminal (CST), Mumbai Central, Dadar, Bandra and Lokmanya Tilak Terminal.
^Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR, p. 2-1: "The 137% increase in cars, a 306% increase in two wheelers, the 420% increase in autos and 128% increase in taxis during 1991–2005 has created a lethal dose of traffic congestion which has categorised Mumbai as one of the congested cities in the world."
^Chittar 1973, p. 65: "The Port is endowed with one of the best natural harbours in the world and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation to meet the normal needs of the city."
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