Bohol (Tagalog pronunciation:[buˈhol]), officially theProvince of Bohol (Cebuano:Probinsya sa Bohol;Tagalog:Lalawigan ng Bohol), is an island province of thePhilippines located in theCentral Visayasregion, consisting of the island itself and 75 minor surrounding islands.[5] It is home toBoholano people. Its capital isTagbilaran, the province's largest city. With a land area of 4,821 km2 (1,861 sq mi) and a coastline 261 km (162 mi) long, Bohol is thetenth largest island of the Philippines.[6]
The province is a popular tourist destination with its beaches and resorts.[9] TheChocolate Hills, numerous mounds of brown-coloredlimestone formations, are the most popular attraction. The formations can be seen by land (climbing the highest point) or by air via ultralight air tours.Panglao Island, located just southwest of Tagbilaran, is famous for its diving locations and is routinely listed as one of the top ten diving locations in the world. Numerous tourist resorts and dive centers dot the southern beaches. ThePhilippine tarsier, among the world's smallestprimates, is indigenous to the island.
On October 15, 2013, Bohol was devastated by a7.2 magnitude earthquake whose epicenter was 6 km (3.7 mi) south ofSagbayan. The earthquake, which also hit southernCebu, claimed 222 lives altogether and injured 374 people. It also destroyed or damaged a number ofBohol's heritage churches.[11][12]
The region of Southeastern Bohol, particularly Cogtong Bay in Candijay and the Anda Peninsula are known as the "cradle of civilization of Bohol" from archaeological findings of pre-colonial petroglyphs, and ancient bodies from burial sites which were housed in boat-shaped wooden-coffins. Boat coffin burial has been found prevalent in Mindanao, Palawan, Negros, Panay, Maranduque, and Masbate as well as throughout Southeast Asia in Borneo and Vietnam.[16] Today, local healers and shaman still practice pagdiwata rituals, or offerings to the spirits for good fortune, located in Lamanok Point in Anda.[16] The wooden boat coffins are estimated to date back 6,000 years ago from the Metal Age to the Protohistoric Period. TheNational Museum of the Philippines has excavated and recorded 9 local caves for preservation.[17] Human remains found in Southeastern Bohol also contained artificially modified crania or a form of head-binding, practiced by ancient communities throughout history.[16]
Unfortunately, theft and extraction of sacred burial sites of human remains by U.S. universities occurred during the American colonial area, particularly conducted by theUniversity of Michigan andBucknell University in the 1920s. The University of Michigan has up to 22 human remains taken from Carmen and Mabini, Bohol.[18][19]
A drawing from theBoxer Codex depicting the Pintados.
In the early 17th century, Father Ignacio Alcina, recorded that a certain Datung Sumanga ofLeyte wooed the princess, Bugbung Humasanum, of Bohol, and married her after raiding Imperial China and aftwards were the precursors of the people there.[20] In 1667, Father Francisco Combes, in hisHistoria de Mindanao, mentioned that at one time in their history, the people of thePanglao invaded Bohol and subsequently imposed their economic and political dominance in the area. They considered the previous inhabitants of the islands as their slaves by reason of war, as witnessed for example by how Datu Pagbuaya, one of the rulers of Panglao, consideredDatu Sikatuna as his vassal and relative.[21] The invasion of Bohol by the people of Panglao usheredBo-ol. Bo-ol prospered under the reign of the two brother rulers of Panglao - Datu Dailisan and Datu Pagbuaya, with trade links established with neighbouring Southeast Asian countries, particularly with theSultanate of Ternate. The flourishing of trade is owed to its strategic location along the busy trading channels ofCebu andButuan. For other countries such as Ternate to gain access to the busy trade ports of the Visayas, they need to first forge diplomatic ties with the Bohol "kingdom".
Relations between theSultanate of Ternate and Bo-ol soured when the Ternatan sultan learned the sad fate of his emissary and his men who were executed by the two ruling chieftains of Bo-ol as punishment for abusing one of the concubines. Thus, in 1563, the Ternatans attacked Bohol. Twentyjoangas deceitfully posing as traders were sent by the sultan of Ternate to attack Bohol.[22] Caught unaware, the inhabitants of Bohol could not defend themselves against the Ternatan raiders who were also equipped with sophisticated firearms like muskets and arquebuses provided by the Portuguese, still unknown to Boholanos. Thousands of Boholanos lost their lives in this conflict, including Pagbuaya's brother Datu Dailisan. After the raid, Datu Pagbuaya, who was left as the sole reigning chief of the island, decided to abandon Bohol together with the rest of the freemen as they considered Bohol island unfortunate and accursed. They settled in the northern coast of the island ofMindanao, where they established theDapitan settlement.[23]
Bohol is derived from the word Bo-ho or Bo-ol.[6] The island was the seat of the first international treaty of peace and unity between the native kingDatu Sikatuna and Spanish conquistadorMiguel López de Legazpi on 16 March 1565, through a blood compact alliance known today by many Filipinos as theSandugo.[24]
The earliest significant contact of the island withSpain occurred in 1565. On 16 March 1565, a Spanish explorer namedMiguel López de Legazpi arrived in Bohol seekingspices andgold. After convincing the native chieftains that they were notPortuguese (who raided the islands ofMactan in 1521), Legazpi made a peace pact withDatu Sikatuna. This pact was signified with asandugo (blood compact) between the two men.[25] This event, simply called theSandugo ("one blood"), is celebrated in Bohol every year during theSandugo Festival. TheSandugo or blood compact is also depicted on Bohol's provincial flag and the Bohol provincial seal.[26]
Two significant revolts occurred in Bohol during the Spanish Era. One was theTamblot Uprising in 1621, led byTamblot, ababaylan. This revolt met with reprisals from the Spanish forces in Cebu, who on 6 January 1635; under orders by Juan de Alcarazo the Alcalde-Mayor of Cebu, a force of 50 Spanish and 1,000 Visayan troops, battled the rebels and settled in Bohol.[27]
The other was the famousDagohoy Rebellion, considered the longest in Philippine history. This rebellion was led byFrancisco Dagohoy, also known as Francisco Sendrijas, from 1744 to 1829.[25]
Politically, Bohol was administered as part ofCebu Province. It was separated from Cebu on 22 July 1854, together withSiquijor. A census in 1879 found Bohol with a population of 253,103 distributed among 34 municipalities.[28]
The culture of the Boholanos was influenced bySpain andMexico during colonization. Many traditional dances, music, dishes and other aspects of the culture have considerable Hispanic influence.[29]
After theUnited States defeated Spain in theSpanish–American War, the U.S. bought the entire Philippine islands. However, under the newly proclaimed independent government established byGen. Emilio Aguinaldo, which was not recognized by the U.S., Bohol was governed as aGobierno de Canton.
During the resultingPhilippine–American War, American troops peacefully took over the island in March 1899.[30] However, in September 1900, Colonel Pedro Samson led 2,000 in rebellion, due to the harsh treatment imparted by these troops and the destruction they caused.[30][31] In response to the Samson uprising, the U.S. forces pursued a "Scorched-Earth" policy and burned down 20 out of the 35 towns of Bohol, especially Southeastern area of towns such as Duero, Jagna and Candijay where whole barangay villages were burned down in search of freedom fighters resisting U.S. invasion to the newly independent Philippines.[32] In Jagna, Philippine guerrillas led by Captain Gregorio "Guyo" Casenas planned to overtake an American garrison, unfortunately the local mayor had disclosed their plans to U.S. troops and this resulted in the Lonoy Massacre orBattle of Lonoy which U.S. troops ambushed and killed 406 Filipino soldiers while 3 Americans were killed. General Hughes led a campaign of repression in October 1901, destroying a number of towns, and threatening in December 1901 to burn Tagbilaran if the rebels did not surrender.[30] Pantaleon E. del Rosario then negotiated the rebel to surrender.[30] At about the same period, on 20 October 1901, Bohol was organized[33] as a province under the provisions ofthe Provincial Government Act of thePhilippine Commission. Two years later, some of its towns were consolidated reducing its 35 municipalities to 32.[34]
Japanese troops landed in Tagbilaran on 17 May 1942. Boholanos struggled in a guerrilla resistance against the Japanese forces. Bohol was later liberated by local guerrillas and the Filipino and American troops who landed on 11 April 1945.[35]
A plaque placed on the port of Tagbilaran commemorating the liberation reads:
One thousand one hundred seventy two officers and men of the 3rd Battalion of the164th Infantry Regiment of the Americal Division under the command of Lt. Col. William H. Considine landed at the Tagbilaran Insular Wharf at 7:00 o'clock in the morning of April 11, 1945.
The convoy taking the Filipino and American liberation forces to Bohol consisted of a flotilla of six Landing Ships, (Medium)-(LSM), six Landing Craft (Infantry)-(LCI), two Landing Craft,(Medium)-(LCM), and one Landing Ship, Medium (Rocket)-[LSM(R)]. Upon arrival, the reinforced battalion combat team advanced rapidly to the east and northeast with the mission of destroying all hostile forces in Bohol. Motor patrols were immediately dispatched by Col. Considine, Task Force Commander, and combed the area to the north and east, approximately halfway across the island, but no enemies were found during the reconnaissance. Finally, an enemy group of undetermined strength was located to the north of Ginopolan in Valencia, near the Sierra-Bullones boundary.
By April 17 the Task Force was poised to strike in Ginopolan. The bulk of the Japanese force was destroyed and beaten in the ten days of action. Bohol was officially declared liberated on 25 May 1945, byMajor General William H. Arnold, Commander of theAmerical Division. About this time, most officers and men of the Bohol Area Command had been processed by units of theEighth United States Army.
During theSecond Battle of Bohol from March to August 1945, Filipino troops of the 3rd, 8th, 83rd, 85th and 86th Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and 8th Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary captured and liberated the island province of Bohol and helped the Boholano guerrilla fighters and U.S. liberation forces defeat the Japanese Imperial forces under GeneralSōsaku Suzuki.[citation needed]
In 1965 after a number of attempts to convert Tagbilaran into a City, the three Congressmen of Bohol sponsored the Bill to which would become Republic ACt 4660, creating the City Charter of Tagbilaran on 18 June 1966.[37]
In Bohol, which had been marked by agricultural self-sufficiency[44] and "unusually egalitarian" set of social norms for landholding patterns[45] until then, these economic shocks were worsened by rapid population growth and declining rice yields. The introduction ofintensive rice agriculture in the uplands led to large-scale deforestation, which then led to the loss of water for rice fields in the lowlands.[44] Cases of land usurpation began rising, which then degraded the relationships between landowners and tenants.[45]
In 1972, one year before the expected end of his last constitutionally allowed term as president in 1973, Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines underMartial Law.[46] This allowed Marcos to remain in power for fourteen more years, during which Bohol went through many social and economic ups and downs.[46] The economic difficulties, paired withcrony capitalism, andpersonal expensive lifestyles of the Marcos Family resulted in disillusionment,[46] and when protests were met with warranteless detentions andhuman rights abuses, many oppositionists who had previously held "moderate" positions (i.e., calling for legislative reforms) became convinced that they had no choice but to call for more radical social change.[47][48] The activities of the Marcos administration had "mythologized" the CPP's New People Army (NPA), so many of the radicalized protesters reacted by joining the NPA.[41]: "43" By 1981, NPA activities had begun to be noted in the upland areas ofSevilla,Bilar,Batuan andBalilihan.[45]
During this time Camp Dagohoy in Tagbilaran functioned as one of manydetention centers during the Marcos dictatorship, under the ambit of Regional Command for Detainees III (RECAD III) atCamp Lapu-Lapu in Cebu City. Among those detainees ofCamp Dagohoy was the 19-year old brother of Judge Meinrado Paredes, who was beaten with firearms so that he eventually suffered permanent damage to his hearing.[49]
The immediate government response to the NPA presence was an integrated "social, economic, cultural and political" program which also saw the deployment of a "Special Action Force" to the island in 1985, but conflict continued and even intensified through the 1980s and 1990s.[45] The government was only able to declare Bohol "NPA free" in the 2010s, after the success of an effort termed the "Bohol Model", which saw military action play a secondary role while highlighting the civil government's provision of services which addressed local poverty and other root causes of community discontent.[50][51]
It was the deadliest earthquake in the Philippines since the 7.8 magnitude1990 Luzon earthquake.[54] Earlier that same year, Bohol was struck by anearthquake (on February 8, 1990) with an epicentre almost exactly the same as in 2013,[55] causing six fatalities and 200 injured. Several buildings were damaged and it caused atsunami.[56]
On 12 April 2017, 11Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) militants staged anattack on Bohol. Three soldiers, a police officer and at least four of the armed men, including their leader Abu Rami, were killed in the clashes that started at 5 am. Also killed were twoInabanga villagers, though it was not clear whether they were killed in the crossfire or executed by the cornered militants. Security officials hunted down the remainder of the ASG who landed in Bohol from the hinterlands to a neighboring island in the province which ultimately led to the neutralization of Abu Asis, the last of the remaining bandits, in May. He was gunned down by police Special Weapons and Tactics operatives in Barangay Lawis, Calape while fighting it out to the end along with Ubayda. All 11 ASG members killed in the intrusion were given proper burials under Muslim tradition.[57][58][59]
The tourism industry in Bohol was negatively affected by the ASG militants' incursion on the island,[60][61] though tour operators believe the industry can recover.[62][63]
TheUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on 24 May 2023, added Bohol as one of the 18 new sites, and thePhilippines country's first, in itsGlobal Geoparks network. The United Nations citesgeoparks as "single, unified geographical areas" where sites and landscapes have international geological significance and to also be "managed with a holistic concept of protection, education, and sustainable development," UNESCO said.[64] Bohol as aUNESCO Global Geopark covers 8,808 square kilometers of land surrounding lush marine protected areas. It features wondrous, not-yet-popular karstic geosites like caves, sinkholes, among others. UNESCO cited Bohol Island's "400 years of rich history and cultural traditions in harmony with its unique geological treasures."[65][66]
Some of the sites highlighted in UNESCO Global Geopark are the following: Danajon Bank Double Barrier Reef, Alicia Panoramic Park, Princess Manan-aw Cave, Can-umantad Falls, Loon Coastal Geomorphic Conservation Park, Maribojoc Uplifted Marine Terrace, Baclayon Marine Terraces, Hinagdanan Cave, Canawa Cold Spring, Cave pools of Anda, Lamanok Island and Batungay Cave.[64]
Satellite image of the island of BoholTheChocolate Hills of Bohol
To the west of Bohol isCebu, to the northeast is the island ofLeyte and to the south, across theBohol Sea, isMindanao. TheCebu Strait separates Bohol from Cebu, and both island provinces share a common language, butBoholano retains a conscious distinction fromCebuano. Bohol's climate is generally dry, with maximum rainfall between the months of June and October. The interior is cooler than the coast.[67]
With a land area of 4,821 km2 (1,861 sq mi) and a coastline 261 km (162 mi) long, Bohol is the tenth largest island of the Philippines. The main island is surrounded by about 70 smaller islands, the largest of which arePanglao Island, facingTagbilaran, in the southwest andLapinig Island in the northeast.
The terrain of Bohol is basically rolling and hilly, and about half the island is covered inlimestone. Near the outer areas of the island are low mountain ranges. The interior is a largeplateau with irregular landforms.
NearCarmen, theChocolate Hills are more than 1,200 uniformly cone-shaped hills named for the grass growing on the hills that turns brown in the summer, making the landscape look like chocolate mounds. They are hills made of limestone left over from coral reefs during theIce Age when the island was submerged. The Chocolate Hills are considered one of Philippine's natural wonders and Bohol is often referred to as theJewel of the Philippines. They appear on the provincial seal of Bohol.
Bohol has 114 springs, 172 creeks, and four main rivers that run through Bohol with a radial drainage pattern.[68] The largest river, theInabanga, runs in the northwestern part of the province; theLoboc River drains the center of the island to the mid-southern coast; theAbatan River runs in the southwest, and Ipil River in the north. The only natural lake in the province is Cabilao Island Lake, also called Lake Danao or Lanao, onCabilao Island.[69]
Numerous waterfalls and caves are scattered across the island, including Mag‑Aso Falls inAntequera. Mag‑Aso meanssmoke in the native tongue. The water is cool and often creates a mist in humid mornings which can hide the falls.
TheRajah Sikatuna Protected Landscape protects Bohol's largest remaining lowland forest and can be found in the island's southern portion near Bilar.
In 1996 thePhilippine Tarsier Foundation was established in Corella, Bohol in efforts to help conserve and protect tarsiers and their habitat. Forest and habitat sanctuaries have been created to ensure the safety of tarsiers while allowing visitors to roam and discover these miniature primates in their natural habitats.
Thetarsier is the smallest living primate and exists in several Southeast Asian countries today. ThePhilippine tarsier,Tarsius syrichta, locally known as "mamag" in Boholano isnear to threatened according to theIUCN Red List of Endangered Species.[70] Adaptation to their large bulging eyes allows them to catch prey clearly at night, and with elongated limbs and fingers, leaping from tree to tree gives no limitation to the tarsier.[71] Their brain is about the same size as their eyes. The connection between its eyes and brain serves a unique function to these animals which is important for their stability and balance.[72] Tarsiers have incredible hearing abilities. They can hear a frequency of up to 91 kHz (kilohertz) and send sounds of 70 kHz.[73]
From November to April, the northeast monsoon (amihan) prevails. Except for a rare shower, this is the mildest time of the year. Daytime temperatures average 28 °C (82 °F), cooling at night to around 25 °C (77 °F). The summer season from May to July brings higher temperatures and very humid days. From August to October is the southwest monsoon (habagat). The weather during this season is not very predictable, with weeks of calm weather alternating with rainy days. It can rain any day of the year, but a higher chance of heavy showers occurs from November to January.
The formation of the island of Bohol began during theLate Jurassic Period (about 160 to 145 million years ago). It was still submerged except for what is now Mt. Malibalibod inUbay and its adjacent area inAlicia, Bohol. Approximately66 million years ago, at the end of theCretaceous Period, the northern portion of the island began to rise gradually. Volcanic activity during the time caused the deposition of numerous layers of volcanic rock in the region. Land mass increased and grew at the beginning of thePaleogene Period (about 60 million years ago). During this period,diorite, a form of igneous rock, was introduced into theTalibon area. Between theEocene andOligocene epochs, the island's development was halted for millions of years. At the beginning of theMiocene epoch (about 23 million years ago), the island's geologic evolution continued. The combination of uplift andvolcanism resulted in the deposition oflimestone and the expulsion ofandesite, a form of volcanic rock. Only the eastern half of the island was above water during this time. Approximately 5 million years ago, the southeastern portion of the island began to emerge from the ocean. From the latePliocene to thePleistocene (approximately 3.6 to 1.8 million years ago), the rest of the once-submerged portion of the island of Bohol rose to the surface, giving the island its present form.
According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 1,394,329.[78]
Boholano people, a distinct ethnic subgroup ofCebuano, comprise the majority of Bohol with many residents inSouthern Leyte and northern parts ofMindanao.Eskayans, a distinct ethnic group also native in Bohol, are residents of the forest hinterland interior of the southeastern municipalities ofDuero,Guindulman,Pilar andSierra Bullones. Residing sizeably in the province are the non-natives that include Cebuanos (from the northeast),Butuanons,Surigaonon (both from the Caraga in Mindanao)Hiligaynons,Ilocanos (fromPanay,Negros Occidental andIlocandia respectively, either directly or via Mindanao where they also both significantly reside), andWarays (from Eastern Visayas).
Majority of Boholano residents speakBohol Cebuano, a dialect of Cebuano native to the province. It also has speakers inSouthern Leyte and in northern parts ofMindanao. Boholanos can also speak and understand standard Cebuano. Tagalog and English are mainly used for business, government affairs and in local academe. Eskayans has an artificiallanguage of their own of the same name withits own alphabet. It is considered endangered language, leading to efforts to preserve the language by volunteers within the Eskayan community to teach it to younger fellow Eskayans.Butuanon,Surigaonon,Hiligaynon,Ilocano andWaray are also spoken varyingly in the province.
TheLoboc River cruise is one of the popular tourist attractions in the island.
Tourism plays an increasing role in the island's economy. TheBohol-Panglao International Airport is active since 2018 for domestic flights and international flights since 2023. The airport houses the most-visited and accessible beaches in the province. Proponents of the scheme hope that the new airport will increase Bohol's reputation as an international tourist destination although the plan has been dogged by ongoing criticism.[84]
Scuba Diving and Free Diving are among Bohol's tourism industry driving forces. Panglao is the leader with more than 70Panglao scuba diving centers and free-diving operators due to its numerous dive sites, including Pamilacan. The municipality of Dauis is a second runner in the province with many diving facilities directed to Pamilacan and Napaling. Anda and Cabilao also show some prominence in growing the diving industry in Bohol. Due to rapid growth, private and public regulatory organizations are protecting the marine environment from manmade damages.[85]
Other than its growing tourism industry, Bohol has also been an emergingbusiness process outsourcing (BPO) hub, and has fostered over four BPO firms in the province, with worldwide BPO companies such as Sagility,Genpact,TaskUs, andIbex Global, most of which are sited inTagbilaran City, the province's capital and largest city.[86][87] In 2023, industries such as agriculture, forestry, and fishery surged with a 7.1 percent growth rate.[88] Other industries such as services, accommodation and food services, and transportation and storage also grew substantially.[89]
The province's main airport is theBohol–Panglao International Airport on Panglao Island. It replacedTagbilaran Airport in November 2018 and serves as the gateway to Panglao Island and the rest of mainland Bohol for domestic air travelers. The airport is officially classified as an international airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines. Direct Bohol -Seoul-Incheon flight was inaugurated on June 22, 2017.[92][93] It was previously servedChengdu - Bohol flights, but was halted in 2020 amid the pandemic.[94]
Port ofTubigon, the busiest among the smaller ports, offers more than ten daily round trips plying the Cebu-Bohol route, including fast-craft androll-on/roll-off. Catagbacan Port inLoon serves the roll-on roll-off services between toArgao andSibonga in Cebu. Port of Jagna offers service between Bohol toOpol,Cagayan de Oro,Camiguin (Balbagon andBenoni), andNasipit with (with roll-on/roll-off) routes.
The port of Ubay is the province's gateway toEastern Visayas which offers round trips toBato,Hilongos, andMaasin City. It also offers daily round trips to Cebu City. The second port of Ubay, the Tapal Wharf, located in barangay Tapal, caters for the dailyPresident Carlos P. Garcia-Bohol mainland routes.
The ports of Buenavista, Clarin, Getafe, and Talibon also offer daily round trips to Cebu. Other known commercial passenger seaports are located in Baclayon, Buen Unido, and Pres. Carlos P. Garcia.
Bohol has 2 major AM radio stations,DYRD andDYTR, both based inTagbilaran City. Another AM radio station, DYZD, based inUbay, is being operated by DYRD. Both DYRD and DYTR also operate FM stations with the same names. There are multiple weekly or twice weekly newspapers likeBohol Tribune (formerly Sunday Post),Bohol Times,Bohol Standard andBohol Bantay Balita. These days,Bohol Chronicle is now a daily paper. An online news website calledBohol News Daily aggregates news from various sources.
^abcTenazas, Rosa CP (1973). "The Boat-Coffin Burial Complex in the Philippines and ITS Relation to Similar Practices in Southeast Asia".Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society.1 (1):19–25.JSTOR29791037.
^Ronquillo, Wilfredo P. (1995). "Anthropological and Cultural Values of Caves".Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society.23 (2):138–150.JSTOR29792183.
^Catubig, Jonathan B. (2003)."Dapitan Kingdom: A Historical Study on the Bisayan Migration and Settlement in Mindanao, circa 1563".The Journal of History.49 (1–4): 143.Combes points out that, at one time in their history, the people of Panglao invaded mainland Bohol and subsequently imposed economic and political dominance in the area, such that they considered the old Boholanos their slaves by reason of war. A good example at hand was that Pagbuaya considered Si Catunao, the King of Bohol as his vassal and relative.
^Catubig, Jonathan B. (2003)."Dapitan Kingdom: A Historical Study on the Bisayan Migration and Settlement in Mindanao, circa 1563".The Journal of History.49 (1–4): 144.The Ternatan king planned a retaliatory attack against the Boholanos. He succeeded with his plans by covertly sending his twentyjoangas to Bohol one by one deceitfully saying that "they are traders attending only to the sale of their goods"
^Lach, Donald F.; Kley, Edwin J. Van (2018).Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 3: Southeast Asia. University of Chicago Press. p. 1535.ISBN978-0-226-46698-9.Led by their chief, named Pagbuaya, one thousand families of Bisayan freemen crossed to Mindanao and seized a small rugged hill on its north coast that could be easily defended and from which they could continue to participate in the inter-island trade.
^"Jesuits In The Philippines (1581-1768)" Page 325 "The alcalde mayor of Cebu, Juan de Alcarazo, hurried to the island with a force of 50 Spanish and 1,000 Visayan troops. On 6 January 1622 a pitched battle took place between part of this force and 1,500 of the rebels. As the Spanish muskets turned out to be as effective as ever, the rebels withdrew to the fortified enclosure which they had built, and which contained 1 ,000 houses around the temple of the diuata. Alcarazo invested and took it in two weeks, thus breaking the back of the rebellion. He returned to Cebu, but was compelled to come back six months later to complete the pacification of the island."
^Luspo, Marianito Jose (2003). "Bohol Through the Centuries".Tubod: The Heart of Bohol. Manila, Philippines: National Commission for Culture and the Arts.
^Peligrino, Hugo; Fernandez, Rustico (1950).History and Cultural Life of the Town and Barrios of Guindulman.
^Eufronio Alip, ed., The Philippine Presidents from Aguinaldo to Garcia (1958); Jesús V. Merritt, Our Presidents: Profiles in History (1962); and Pedro A. Gagelonia, Presidents All (1967). See also Hernando J. Abaya, The Untold Philippine Story (1967). Further information can be found in Ester G. Maring and Joel M. Maring, eds., Historical and Cultural Dictionary of the Philippines (1973).
^abClausen, Anne (2006). Disparities of poverty and wealth in the Philippines. An analysis of policy effect(iveness). PhD thesis, University of Cologne.
^abcdUrich, P. (2003). Land Tenure History, Insurgency, and Social Forestry in Bohol. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 31(3), 156–181.http://www.jstor.org/stable/29792524
^abcMagno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads".Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
^"Province: BOHOL".Philippine Standard Geographic Code (PSGC). Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Archived fromthe original on April 18, 2018. RetrievedFebruary 14, 2017.
^abc"Province: Bohol".PSGC Interactive. Makati City, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. RetrievedMarch 15, 2013.
Blair, Emma Helen;Robertson, James Alexander, eds. (1906).The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898. Vol. 40 of 55 (1690–1691). Historical introduction and additional notes byEdward Gaylord Bourne. Cleveland, Ohio:Arthur H. Clark Company.Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century.
Philippine Daily Inquirer, Benjie Talisic, Nestle L. Semilla, Victor Anthony V. Silva (May 16, 2017c)."Bohol tourism to go full swing".Archived from the original on May 17, 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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