| C-135 Stratolifter | |
|---|---|
 C-135CSpeckled Trout | |
| General information | |
| Type | Military transport aircraft |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Boeing |
| Status | Active service |
| Primary user | United States Air Force |
| Number built | 45[1] |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1960–1963 |
| Introduction date | August 1961 |
| First flight | 23 June 1961[2] |
| Developed from | KC-135 Stratotanker |
| Variants | Boeing EC-135 Boeing NC-135 Boeing RC-135 WC-135 Constant Phoenix |
TheBoeing C-135 Stratolifter is atransport aircraft developed from theBoeing KC-135 Stratotanker.[3] The aircraft eventually served as a basis for a number of variants performing various different roles. Since the first one was built in August 1956, the C-135 and its variants have been a fixture of theUnited States Air Force.
In the early 1960s, theMilitary Air Transport Service operated a fleet consisting almost entirely of propeller-driven aircraft such as the piston-poweredDouglas C-124 Globemaster II andC-133 Cargomaster turboprop.[4][5] While capable of carrying large, outsized payloads, they were becoming increasingly obsolescent and lacked the global reach required of the rapidly-modernizing Air Force. In May 1960, Congress approved the purchase of 50 C-135 aircraft; it was selected in part because of its low development cost, being a straightforward derivative of the KC-135 tanker already in production.[6] Ultimately, only 15 C-135As would be produced (in addition to three converted from KC-135s while still on the assembly line), with 30 additional aircraft being delivered as C-135Bs with the improvedPratt & Whitney TF33 turbofan engine.
The C-135 was largely intended as an interim measure pending the development of more specialized jet transports such as theLockheed C-141 Starlifter, and as such it incorporated numerous compromises in its strategic airlift capability. The aircraft's load floor was some 10 feet (3.0 m) off the ground, which required ground-handling equipment, its single side-loading cargo door was limited in what could fit through it, and its useful range was approximately 6,000 miles (9,700 km), insufficient to reach many of the Air Force's operating locations in Asia and the Pacific Rim. While range was greatly improved over earlier transports, it could not be augmented by aerial refueling, as C-135s were not configured with refueling receptacles. Additionally, its takeoff and landing performance required long runways available only at the largest military bases or commercial airports, which were not necessarily located in close proximity to potential combat areas.[6]
The Lockheed C-141 entered front-line service in April 1965, which finally gave MATS and its successor,Military Airlift Command, the strategic airlift capability it needed. By the early 1970s, the C-135 fleet had been modified and relegated to other duties, which included staff/VIP transport, systems testing, and strategic reconnaissance.
The large majority of the 820 airframes of this type built wereKC-135A Stratotankers, equipped to provide mid-air refueling to other aircraft. Forty-five base-model aircraft were built as C-135A or C-135B transports with the tanking equipment excluded; three more aircraft originally ordered as KC-135A were factory converted to C-135A. The C-135/KC-135 type was also known internally at Boeing as theModel 717,[7] a name later assigned to acompletely different aircraft.
EighteenC-135As (Boeing model number717-157),[8] powered byPratt & Whitney J57turbojets, were built. In later years, almost all were upgraded withPratt & Whitney TF33turbofan engines and wide-span horizontal stabilizers, and were re-designatedC-135E. Most were converted to various special roles, including airborne command posts, missile-tracking platforms, and VIP transports, and were withdrawn throughout the 1990s.[9] The C-135E designation was also applied to EC-135Ns that were used in the combat support role.[10]
ThirtyC-135Bs (Boeing model number717-158)[8] were built new with the TF33 turbofan and improved wide-span horizontal stabilizers. Ten were modified for a weather reconnaissance (flying through radioactive clouds from nuclear tests or other agents) role and designatedWC-135B Stratolifter (Constant Phoenix in later versions). Additional airframes were converted to RC-135s from the 1970s to 2006, and remain in service with further equipment upgrades installed.
TheC-135C designation applies to three WC-135B (originally converted from C-135B) weather reconnaissance aircraft, which were de-modified to transport status. Most of the other C-135Bs were converted to various special mission variants following their service with theMilitary Airlift Command. C-135Cs also retained their air refueling receptacle, added during modifications to WC-135 standard[citation needed].
Although most of the remaining C-135 aircraft are used for transporting senior military leaders and other high-ranking dignitaries, the C-135C communications aircraft serves as an aerial test-bed for emerging technologies. Developmental tests using this aircraft have demonstrated the capability to fly precision approaches using a local area differentialGPS system. This modified C-135 has been fitted with amillimeter wave camera and aradome to test the camera's generation of video images of the forward scene in low-visibility conditions. The aircraft, which in theVIP/Distinguished Visitor (DV) transport role seats 14 passengers, also gives a Joint Forces Air Component Commander (JFACC) a limited ability to plan and control the simulated battle while in the air en route to the crisis area.
Speckled Trout is the official name of a combined SAF/CSAF support mission and concurrent test mission. It was also the official nickname given to a modified C-135C, serial number 61–2669, that was used by theSecretary and theChief of Staff of the Air Force for executive transport requirements. Fully equipped with an array of communications equipment, data links and cryptographic sets, the aircraft served a secondary role as a testbed for proposed command and control systems and was also used to evaluate future transport aircraft design. The 412th Flight Test Squadron (412 FLTS) of theAir Force Materiel Command (AFMC) atEdwards AFB, California operated the C-135 Speckled Trout airframe and managed its test mission.
The nameSpeckled Trout applies to both the organization and the aircraft. The name was chosen in honor of an early program monitor, Faye Trout, who assisted in numerous phases of the project.[11] Trout reportedly had many freckles, hence the addition of "Speckled."
Speckled Trout acquired the C-135C, serial number 61–2669, in 1974 and retired the aircraft on 13 January 2006. An interim aircraft was in use for the Speckled Trout mission until the 2008 delivery of the current aircraft, a modifiedKC-135R Stratotanker serial number 63–7980 with a more modern communications architecture testbed. The current KC-135R Speckled Trout also supports additional tests and air refueling requirements that the C-135C could not.[12]
C-135F (Boeing model number717-165)[8] was new-built variant forFrance as a dual-role tanker/cargo and troop carrier aircraft.[13] 12 were built for theFrench Air Force with the addition of a drogue adapter on the refueling boom. 11 surviving C-135Fs upgraded to C-135FRs with CFM International F108 turbofans between 1985 and 1988. Later modified with MPRS wing pods.[6]
One former EC-135K modified for VIP use forCINCPAC.[10]
General characteristics
Performance
Related development
