| Bodleian Library | |
|---|---|
 Bodleian Library | |
 | |
| 51°45′14″N1°15′16″W / 51.75389°N 1.25444°W /51.75389; -1.25444 | |
| Location | Broad Street,Oxford, United Kingdom |
| Type | Academic library |
| Established | 1602; 423 years ago (1602) |
| Collection | |
| Items collected | Books,journals,newspapers,magazines,sound and music recordings,maps,prints,drawings andmanuscripts |
| Size | 13M+[1] |
| Legal deposit | Included in theLegal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 |
| Access and use | |
| Access requirements | Old Schools Quadrangle,Divinity School, Exhibition Room and Bodleian Library Gift Shop open to the public |
| Members | Students and fellows ofUniversity of Oxford |
| Other information | |
| Director | Richard Ovenden |
| Website | bodleian.ox.ac.uk/bodley |
TheBodleian Library (/ˈbɒdliən,bɒdˈliːən/) is the mainresearch library of theUniversity of Oxford. Founded in 1602 by SirThomas Bodley, it is one of the oldest libraries inEurope. With over 13 million printed items,[1] it is the second-largest library in Britain after theBritish Library.[2] Under theLegal Deposit Libraries Act 2003, it is one of sixlegal deposit libraries for works published in the United Kingdom,[3][4] and under Irish law it is entitled to request a copy of each book published in the Republic of Ireland.[5] Known to Oxford scholars as "Bodley" or "the Bod", it operates principally as areference library and, in general, documents may not be removed from the reading rooms.
In 2000, a number of libraries within the University of Oxford were brought together for administrative purposes under the aegis of what was initially known as Oxford University Library Services (OULS), and since 2010 as theBodleian Libraries, of which the Bodleian Library is the largest component.
Allcolleges of the University of Oxford have their own libraries, which in a number of cases were established well before the foundation of the Bodleian, and all of which remain entirely independent of the Bodleian. They do, however, participate in SOLO (Search Oxford Libraries Online), the Bodleian Libraries' onlineunion catalogue, except forUniversity College, which has an independent catalogue. Much of the library's archives were digitized and put online for public access in 2015.[6]
The Bodleian Library occupies a group of five buildings nearBroad Street: the 15th-centuryDuke Humfrey's Library, the 17th-century Schools Quadrangle, the 18th-centuryClarendon Building andRadcliffe Camera, and the 20th- and 21st-centuryWeston Library. Since the 19th century, underground stores have been constructed, while the principal off-site storage area is located atSouth Marston on the edge ofSwindon.
Before being granted access to the library, new readers are required to agree to a formal declaration. This declaration was traditionally an oral oath, but is now usually made by signing a letter to a similar effect. Ceremonies in which readers recite the declaration are still performed for those who wish to take them; these occur primarily at the start of the university'sMichaelmas term. External readers (those not attached to the university) are still required to recite the declaration orally prior to admission. The Bodleian Admissions Office has amassed a large collection of translations of the declaration—covering over one hundred different languages as of spring 2017[7]—allowing those who are not native English speakers to recite it in their first language. The English text of the declaration is as follows:
I hereby undertake not to remove from the Library, nor to mark, deface, or injure in any way, any volume, document or other object belonging to it or in its custody; not to bring into the Library, or kindle therein, any fire or flame, and not to smoke in the Library; and I promise to obey all rules of the Library.
This is a translation of the traditional Latin oath (the original version of which did not forbid tobacco smoking, though libraries were then unheated because fires were so hazardous):
Do fidem me nullum librum vel instrumentum aliamve quam rem ad bibliothecam pertinentem, vel ibi custodiae causa depositam, aut e bibliotheca sublaturum esse, aut foedaturum deformaturum aliove quo modo laesurum; item neque ignem nec flammam in bibliothecam inlaturum vel in ea accensurum, neque fumo nicotiano aliove quovis ibi usurum; item promitto me omnes leges ad bibliothecam Bodleianam attinentes semper observaturum esse.
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Whilst the Bodleian Library, in its current incarnation, has a continuous history dating back to 1602, its roots date back even further. The first purpose-built library known to have existed in Oxford was founded in the 14th century under the will ofThomas Cobham,Bishop of Worcester (d. 1327). This small collection ofchained books was situated above the north side of theUniversity Church of St Mary the Virgin on the High Street.[9][10] This collection continued to grow steadily, but whenHumphrey, Duke of Gloucester (brother ofHenry V of England) donated a great collection of manuscripts between 1435 and 1437, the space was deemed insufficient and a larger building was required. A suitable room was finally built above theDivinity School, and completed in 1488. This room continues to be known asDuke Humfrey's Library.[11] After 1488, the university stopped spending money on the library's upkeep and acquisitions, and manuscripts began to go unreturned to the library.[12]
The library went through a period of decline in the late 16th century: the library's furniture was sold, and only three of the original books belonging to Duke Humphrey remained in the collection.[11] During the reign ofEdward VI, there was a purge of "superstitious" (Catholic-related) manuscripts.[12]
It was not until 1598 that the library began to thrive once more,[13] whenThomas Bodley wrote to the Vice Chancellor of the university offering to support the development of the library: "where there hath bin hertofore a publike library in Oxford: which you know is apparent by the rome it self remayning, and by your statute records I will take the charge and cost upon me, to reduce it again to his former use."[13]
Bodley was a former fellow ofMerton College, who had recently married a wealthy widow,[14] and the son of John Bodley (d. 15 Oct. 1591) aProtestant merchant who chose foreign exile rather than staying in England under theRoman Catholic government of QueenMary, and was thereby involved inRowland Hill's publication of theGeneva Bible.[15]
Six of the Oxford University dons were tasked with helping Bodley in refitting the library in March 1598.[16] Duke Humfrey's Library was refitted, and Bodley donated some of his own books to furnish it. The library was formally re-opened on 8 November 1602 under the name "Bodleian Library" (officially Bodley's Library).[11] There were around 2,000 books in the library at this time, with an ornate Benefactor's Register displayed prominently, to encourage donations. Early benefactors were motivated by the recent memory of theReformation to donate books in the hopes that they would be kept safe.[17]
Bodley's collecting interests were varied; according to the library's historian Ian Philip, as early as June 1603 he was attempting to source manuscripts from Turkey, and it was during "the same year that the first Chinese book was acquired",[18] despite no-one at Oxford being able to understand them at that time.[19] In 1605,Francis Bacon gave the library a copy ofThe Advancement of Learning and described the Bodleian as "an Ark to save learning from deluge".[20] At this time, there were few books written in English held in the library, partially because academic work was not done in English.[19]Thomas James suggested that Bodley should ask theStationers' Company to provide a copy of all books printed to the Bodleian[21] and in 1610 Bodley made an agreement with the company to put a copy of every book registered with them in the library.[22] The Bodleian collection grew so fast that the building was expanded between 1610 and 1612 (known as the Arts End),[22] and again in 1634–1637. WhenJohn Selden died in 1654, he left the Bodleian his large collection of books and manuscripts. The later addition to Duke Humfrey's Library continues to be known as the "Selden End".
By 1620, 16,000 items were in the Bodleian's collection.[23] Anyone who wanted to use the Bodleian had to buy a copy of the 1620 library catalogue at a cost of 2 shillings and 8 pence.[22]
By the time of Bodley's death in 1613, his planned further expansion to the library was just starting.[24] The Schools Quadrangle (sometimes referred to as the "Old Schools Quadrangle", or the "Old Library") was built between 1613 and 1619 by adding three wings to the Proscholium and Arts End. Its tower forms the main entrance to the library, and is known as theTower of the Five Orders. The Tower is so named because it is ornamented, in ascending order, with the columns of each of the five orders ofclassical architecture:Tuscan,Doric,Ionic,Corinthian andComposite.[25]
The three wings of the quadrangle have three floors: rooms on the ground and upper floors of the quadrangle (excludingDuke Humfrey's Library, above theDivinity School) were originally used as lecture space and an art gallery. The lecture rooms are still indicated by the inscriptions over the doors (see illustration). As the library's collections expanded, these rooms were gradually taken over, the university lectures and examinations were moved into the newly created University Schools building.[24] The art collection was transferred to theAshmolean. One of the schools was used to host exhibitions of the library's treasures, now moved to the renovated Weston Library, whilst the others are used as offices and meeting rooms for the library administrators, a readers' common room, and a small gift shop.
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The agreement with the Stationers' Company meant that the growth of stock was constant and there were also a number of large bequests and acquisitions for other reasons. Until the establishment of theBritish Museum in 1753, the Bodleian was effectively the national library of England. By then the Bodleian,Cambridge University Library and the Royal Library were the most extensive book collections in England and Wales.
The astronomerThomas Hornsby observed thetransit of Venus from the Tower of the Five Orders in 1769.[26]
The library was significantly supplied by the Strasbourg companyTreuttel & Würtz [de].[27] A large collection of medieval Italian manuscripts was bought from Matteo Luigi Canonici in 1817.[28] In 1829, the library bought the collection of RabbiDavid Oppenheim, adding to its Hebrew collection.[29]
By the late 19th century, further growth of the library demanded more expansion space. In 1860, the library was allowed to take over the adjacent building, theRadcliffe Camera. In 1861, the library's medical and scientific collections were transferred to theRadcliffe Science Library, which had been built farther north next to theUniversity Museum.
TheClarendon Building was designed byNicholas Hawksmoor and built between 1711 and 1715, originally to house the printing presses of theOxford University Press. It was vacated by the Press in the early 19th century, and used by the university for administrative purposes. In 1975, it was handed over to the Bodleian Library, and now provides office and meeting space for senior members of staff.[30]
In 1907, the head librarian, Nicholson, had begun a project to revise the catalogue of printed books.[31] In 1909, the prime minister of Nepal,Chandra Shum Shere, donated a large collection ofSanskrit literature to the library.[32]
In 1911, theCopyright Act[33] (now superseded by theLegal Deposit Libraries Act 2003) continued the Stationers' agreement by making the Bodleian one of the six (at that time) libraries coveringlegal deposit in theUnited Kingdom where a copy of each published book must be deposited.
Between 1909 and 1912, an undergroundbookstack was constructed beneath theRadcliffe Camera andRadcliffe Square, known since 2011 as theGladstone Link.[34][35] In 1914, the total number of books in the library's collections exceeded 1 million.[34] By 1915, only one quarter of the revised catalogue had been completed, a task made more difficult by library staff going into thewar effort, either serving in the armed forces or volunteering to serve in the hospitals. In July 1915, the most valuable books had been moved into a secret location due to a fear that Oxford would be bombed, and a volunteer fire brigade was trained and ready, but Oxford escaped theFirst World War without being bombed.[36] By the 1920s, the Library needed further expansion space, and in 1937 building work began on the New Bodleian building, opposite theClarendon Building on the northeast corner ofBroad Street.
The New Bodleian was designed by architectSir Giles Gilbert Scott. Construction was completed in 1940. The building was of an innovativeziggurat design, with 60% of the bookstack below ground level.[37][38] A tunnel under Broad Street connects the Old and New Bodleian buildings, and contains a pedestrian walkway, a mechanical book conveyor and a pneumaticLamson tube system which was used for book orders until an electronic automated stack request system was introduced in 2002.[39] TheLamson tube system continued to be used by readers requesting manuscripts to be delivered to Duke Humfrey's Library until it was turned off in July 2009. In 2010, it was announced that the conveyor, which had been transporting books under Broad Street since the 1940s, would be shut down and dismantled on 20 August 2010.[35][40] The New Bodleian closed on 29 July 2011 prior to rebuilding.[41]
The New Bodleian building was rebuilt behind its original façade to provide improved storage facilities for rare and fragile material, as well as better facilities for readers and visitors.[42][43] The new building concept was designed byWilkinsonEyre and the MEP[clarification needed] design was undertaken by engineering consultancyHurley Palmer Flatt.[44] It reopened to readers as theWeston Library on 21 March 2015.[45] In March 2010, the group of libraries known collectively as "Oxford University Library Services" was renamed "The Bodleian Libraries", thus allowing those Oxford members outside the Bodleian to acquire the gloss of the Bodleian brand.[clarification needed][46] The building was nominated for the 2016Sterling Prize.[47]
In November 2015, its collections topped 12 million items with the acquisition ofShelley's "Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things". Thought lost from shortly after its publication in 1811 until a copy was rediscovered in a private collection in 2006, the Bodleian has digitised the 20-page pamphlet for online access. The controversial poem and accompanying essay are believed to have contributed to the poet being sent down fromOxford University.[48][49][50]
The library operates a strict policy on copying of material. Until fairly recently, personal photocopying of library material was not permitted, as there was concern that copying and excessive handling would result in damage. However, individuals may now copy most material produced after 1900, and a staff-mediated service is provided for certain types of material dated between 1801 and 1900. Handheld scanners and digital cameras are also permitted for use on most post-1900 publications and digital cameras may also be used, with permission, with older material.[51] The Library will supply digital scans of most pre-1801 material.Microform copies have been made of many of the most fragile items in the library's collection, and these are substituted for the originals whenever possible. The library publishes digital images of objects in its collection through itsDigital Bodleian[52] service.
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The head of the Bodleian Library is known as "Bodley's Librarian". The first librarian,Thomas James, was selected by Bodley in 1599, and the university confirmed James in his post in 1602.[59][60] Bodley wanted his librarian to be "some one that is noted and known for a diligent Student, and in all his conversation to be trusty, active, and discreet, a graduate also and a Linguist, not encumbered with marriage, nor with a benefice of Cure",[61] although James was able to persuade Bodley to let him get married and to become Rector ofSt Aldate's Church, Oxford.[60] James said of the Bodleian's collections, "The like Librarie is no where to be found."[62]
In all, 25 have served as Bodley's Librarian; their levels of diligence have varied over the years.Thomas Lockey (1660–1665) was regarded as not fit for the post,[63]John Hudson (1701–1719) has been described as "negligent if not incapable",[64] andJohn Price (1768–1813) was accused by a contemporary scholar of "a regular and constant neglect of his duty".[65]
Sarah Thomas, who served from 2007 to 2013, was the first woman to hold the position, and the second librarian (after her predecessor,Reginald Carr) also to be director of Oxford University Library Services (now Bodleian Libraries). Thomas, an American, was also the first foreign librarian to run the Bodleian.[66] Her successor from January 2014 isRichard Ovenden, who was deputy librarian under Thomas.
The Bodleian is one of the libraries consulted by Christine Greenaway (one of Bodley's librarians) inColin Dexter'sInspector Morse novelThe Wench Is Dead (1989).[67] The denouement ofMichael Innes'sOperation Pax (1951) is set in an imaginary version of the underground bookstack, reached at night by sliding down the "Mendip cleft", a chute concealed inRadcliffe Square.[68]
SinceJ. R. R. Tolkien had studied philology at Oxford and eventually became a professor, many of Tolkien's manuscripts are now at the library.[69][70]
Historian and novelistDeborah Harkness, set much of the early part of her 2011 novel,A Discovery of Witches, in the Bodleian, particularly the Selden End. The novel also features one of the library'sAshmole manuscripts (Ashmole 782) as a central element of the book.[71][72]
Medieval historianDominic Selwood set part of his 2013 crypto-thrillerThe Sword of Moses inDuke Humfrey's Library, and the novel hinges on the library's copy of a magical medieval Hebrew manuscript known as "The Sword of Moses".[73][74]
The Library's architecture has made it a popular location for filmmakers, representing either Oxford University or other locations.[75] It can be seen in the opening scene ofThe Golden Compass (2007),Brideshead Revisited (1981 TV serial),Wonka (2023),Another Country (1984),The Madness of King George III (1994), and the first two, as well as the fourth,Harry Potter films, in which theDivinity School doubles as theHogwarts hospital wing and the room in which Professor McGonagall teaches the students to dance, as well asDuke Humfrey's Library as theHogwarts library.[76]
Notes
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