Bob Zellner | |
|---|---|
 Zellner interviewed byGreen Left in 2021 | |
| Born | (1939-04-05)April 5, 1939 (age 86) Jay, Florida, U.S. |
| Education | Huntingdon College (B.A., 1961) Tulane University (PhD, 1993) |
| Known for | Civil rights activism |
| Spouses | |
John Robert Zellner (born April 5, 1939) is an American civil rights activist. He graduated fromHuntingdon College in 1961 and that year became a member of theStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) as its first whitefield secretary. Zellner was involved in numerous civil rights efforts, includingnonviolence workshops atTalladega College, protests for integration inDanville, Virginia, and organizingFreedom Schools inGreenwood, Mississippi, in 1964. He also investigated themurders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner that summer.
Zellner was arrested and severely beaten for his activism several times. He left SNCC in 1967 but continued his civil rights activism. He later taught the history of the civil rights movement atLong Island University and published a memoir of his activism that was adapted into the 2020 filmSon of the South, withLucas Till portraying him. Zellner was arrested as recently as 2013, for protesting a North Carolina voter ID law.
John Robert Zellner was born to James Abraham Zellner and Ruby Hardy Zellner on April 5, 1939, inJay, Florida.[1][2][a] He was named after his godfather and the officiant at his parents' wedding, Bob Jones Sr.[5] His relatives were involved in theKu Klux Klan (KKK) and his father and grandfather were members.[6] Zellner's father organized for thewhite supremacist group but eventually left the Klan after supportingJewish resistance in Nazi dominated eastern Europe during the 1930s, prior toWorld War II. A pivotal experience was traveling through Russia with a Black gospel group while evangelizing. After James left the KKK, Zellner's grandparents disowned their son. James then became a minister in theMethodist Church.[7][2][5] James was one of the few preachers in the South who supported the civil rights movement and many churches refused to allow him to preach over his views on integration.[5]
Zellner was educated atW. S. Neal High School inBrewton, Alabama,[1] andMurphy High School where he graduated in 1957.[6] He attendedHuntingdon College, which was at the time an all-white school.[6] While a senior there he researched "solutions to racial problems in the South" as asociology assignment.[6][7] For the paper Zellner and four others wanted to interview civil rights activistsMartin Luther King Jr. andRalph Abernathy. They told their professor they planned to visit King and Abernathy at theMontgomery Improvement Association (MIA). He responded by suggesting they visit the library or conduct field research through the KKK or white citizens' council, and told the five it "won't be necessary" to study multiple points of view in the issue of race.[8] The five disregarded his instructions and discussed civil rights with students at theAlabama State College for Negroes and visited the MIA's offices.[8][6] The group ended up interviewing King,Rosa Parks, andE. D. Nixon, catalyzing Zellner's interest in thecivil rights movement.[7][9] The white community did not approve, and Zellner hadcrosses burned outside his dorm by the KKK, the school suggested his expulsion, and theAttorney General of Alabama accused him ofcommunism.[8] Zellner's interest in the movement grew, and he helpedFreedom Riders who were under attack by white supremacists in May 1961.[7][9] Zellner graduated from Huntingdon with a degree in psychology and sociology later that year. Zellner later studied for a summer at theHighlander Folk School and two years atBrandeis University but did not graduate.[1][2]
Through his meetings over civil rights Zellner had been introduced to theStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), a student-led civil rights organization. He was contacted byAnne Braden and soon hired to "conduct outreach to whites",[6] becoming a formal volunteer on September 11, 1961.[7] He was SNCC's first and, for the first year he worked, only whitefield secretary.[1][2]
As a civil rights activist, Zellner was beaten unconscious several times, leading tobrain damage andpost-traumatic stress disorder. He was severely beaten by white men after protesting themurder of Herbert Lee, as well as the expulsion ofBrenda Travis and Ike Lewis fromBurglund High School. Police officers andFederal Bureau of Investigation agents watched the beating occur.[2][6][10] Zellner was briefly involved in running a high school for students who had dropped out of Burglund in protest.[11] He was arrested on December 10, 1961, during theAlbany Movement when he sat in an integrated group on a train. Hundreds protested the arrest, including almost three hundred who marched while they were on trial.[12]
In 1962 Zellner andChuck McDew visitedDion Diamond, an imprisoned Freedom Rider in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The two were arrested, held for a month, and charged withcriminal anarchy.[13] Zellner was arrested again in January 1963 at Huntingdon College on charges ofvagrancy, which was later changed tofalse pretenses. He was defended against a possible ten-year sentence byClifford Durr andCharles Morgan Jr., and acquitted.[14] After theChildren's March inBirmingham, Alabama, in 1963 turned violent, Zellner and other activists went to the city.[15] He attended theMarch on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. Zellner was involved in nonviolence workshops atTalladega College, protests for integration inDanville, Virginia, and organizingFreedom Schools inGreenwood, Mississippi, in 1964 during theFreedom Summer, when he became close friends withStokely Carmichael. He also investigated themurders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner withRita Schwerner.[1][2][6][9][16] Also that year he was the co-director of theSouthern Student Organizing Committee.[17] In about 1964, Zellner took a two-year break from his civil rights activism to study towards earning a Master's in sociology at Brandeis. He did not graduate and returned to SNCC, where he was one of just seven active white members.[18]
He left SNCC in 1966 after the group expelled all white members, and moved to theSouthern Conference Educational Fund.[1][2][6][9] Zellner appealed SNCC's decision in 1967 as he presented a project to organize white workers in Mississippi, but was denied re-entry.[19] He continued his project without their support, moving with his wife,Dorothy Zellner, to theGulf Coast and establishing the Grass-Roots Organizing Workers (GROW; also known as Get Rid of[George] Wallace). The couple also created the Deep South Education and Research Center. Their project consisted of organizingpulpwood workers to advocate for higher wages. A strike beginning in September 1971 was successful after three months.[20] During the civil rights movement, Zellner was arrested many times, with one source counting 25 arrests by the summer of 1963.[21] In the 1970s he lectured at the National Institute for Minorities in China (nowMinzu University of China).[9]
From 1991 to 1993 he worked to earn aPhD fromTulane University in history, writing a dissertation on the civil rights movement. That year he was hired to teach about the civil rights movement atLong Island University.[22][1] Zellner publishedWrong Side of Murder Creek: A White Southerner in the Freedom Movement in 2008.[7] After moving toWilson, North Carolina, Zellner was arrested in 2013 protesting a North Carolina voter ID law.[6]
An oral history based on interviews with Zellner is included in the 2006 bookGeneration on Fire: Voices of Protest from the 1960s by Jeff Kisseloff.[23] Zellner later described his involvement with SNCC as "the greatest thing that ever happened in my life."[19]
Zellner published a memoir,The Wrong Side of Murder Creek, in 2011. The memoir inspired the 2020 filmSon of the South, in which he was portrayed byLucas Till.[7][24]
Zellner has been married twice, first to Dorothy Zellner (from August 9, 1963) and later to Linda Miller.[1][9]
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