Bob Hawke | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, 1983 | |
| 23rd Prime Minister of Australia | |
| In office 11 March 1983 – 20 December 1991 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Governors-General | |
| Deputy |
|
| Preceded by | Malcolm Fraser |
| Succeeded by | Paul Keating |
| 13thLeader of the Labor Party | |
| In office 8 February 1983 – 19 December 1991 | |
| Deputy |
|
| Preceded by | Bill Hayden |
| Succeeded by | Paul Keating |
| Leader of the Opposition | |
| In office 8 February 1983 – 11 March 1983 | |
| Prime Minister | Malcolm Fraser |
| Deputy | Lionel Bowen |
| Preceded by | Bill Hayden |
| Succeeded by | Andrew Peacock |
| Member of theAustralian Parliament forWills | |
| In office 18 October 1980 – 20 February 1992 | |
| Preceded by | Gordon Bryant |
| Succeeded by | Phil Cleary |
| National President of the Labor Party | |
| In office 7 June 1973 – 2 August 1978 | |
| Preceded by | Tom Burns |
| Succeeded by | Neil Batt |
| National President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions | |
| In office 10 September 1969 – 1 September 1980 | |
| Preceded by | Albert Monk |
| Succeeded by | Cliff Dolan |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Robert James Lee Hawke (1929-12-09)9 December 1929 Border Town, South Australia, Australia |
| Died | 16 May 2019(2019-05-16) (aged 89) Northbridge, New South Wales, Australia |
| Resting place | Macquarie Park |
| Political party | Labor |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 4 |
| Parents |
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| Relatives | Bert Hawke (uncle) |
| Education |
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| Signature |  |
| Website | Prime Ministerial Library |
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|---|---|---|
Member forWills (1980–1992)
Term of government (1983–1991)
Ministries Elections | ||
Robert James Lee Hawke (9 December 1929 – 16 May 2019) was an Australian politician and trade unionist who served as the 23rdprime minister of Australia from 1983 to 1991. He held office as theleader of the Labor Party (ALP), having previously served as president of theAustralian Council of Trade Unions from 1969 to 1980 and president of theLabor Party national executive from 1973 to 1978.
Hawke was born inBorder Town,South Australia.[a] He attended theUniversity of Western Australia and went on to study atUniversity College, Oxford as aRhodes Scholar. In 1956, Hawke joined theAustralian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) as a research officer. Having risen to become responsible for national wage case arbitration, he was elected as president of the ACTU in 1969, where he achieved a high public profile. In 1973, he was appointed as president of the Labor Party.
In 1980, Hawke stood down from his roles as ACTU and Labor Party president to announce his intention to enter parliamentary politics, and was subsequently elected to theAustralian House of Representatives as amember of parliament (MP) for thedivision of Wills at the1980 federal election. Three years later, he was elected unopposed to replaceBill Hayden asleader of the Australian Labor Party, and within five weeks led Labor to alandslide victory at the1983 election, and was sworn in as prime minister.[2] He led Labor to victory a further three times, with successful outcomes in1984,1987 and1990 elections, making him the most electorally successful prime minister in the history of the Labor Party.
TheHawke government oversaw one of the largest overhauls of Australia's political economy in its history.[3][4][5][6][7] A defining feature of the Hawke term was the close co-operation between business, the government and trade unions via conferences such as the national economic summit, the tax summit and the accord.[8][9][10][11]
Key reforms implemented by the Hawke government included widespreadderegulation, dramatic cuts to tariffs as well as business subsidies, the introduction ofuniversal healthcare underMedicare, increased federal expenditure oneducation, creatingAPEC, floating theAustralian dollar, enacting theSex Discrimination Act to prevent discrimination in the workplace, declaring "Advance Australia Fair" as the country's national anthem, initiatingsuperannuation pension schemes for all workers, negotiating aban on mining in Antarctica and overseeing passage of theAustralia Act that removed all remaining jurisdiction by theUnited Kingdom from Australia.[12]
Instead of supporting the public ownership of government industries, the Hawke government sought to redistribute money from the wealthy to the poor via direct fiscal transfers and training programs to help people find employment. Measures implemented by the Hawke government towards this end included the creation of programs such as Newstart, commonwealth rent assistance and thefamily tax benefit as well as increased progressiveness in taxation. The Hawke governmentprivatised state-owned enterprises such as Qantas.
In June 1991, Hawke faced aleadership challenge by theTreasurer,Paul Keating, but Hawke managed to retain power; however, Keating mounted asecond challenge six months later, and won narrowly, replacing Hawke as prime minister. Hawke subsequently retired from parliament, pursuing both a business career and a number of charitable causes, until his death in 2019, aged 89. Hawke remains his party's longest-serving prime minister, and Australia'sthird-longest-serving prime minister behindRobert Menzies andJohn Howard. He is also the only prime minister to be born in South Australia and the only one raised and educated in Western Australia. Hawke holds the highest-everapproval rating for an Australian prime minister, reaching 75% approval in 1984.[13][14] Hawke is frequentlyranked within the upper tier of Australian prime ministers by historians.[15][16][17][18]
Bob Hawke was born on 9 December 1929 inBorder Town,South Australia,[19] the second child ofArthur "Clem" Hawke (1898–1989), aCongregationalist minister, and his wife Edith Emily (Lee) (1897–1979)[20][21] (known as Ellie), a schoolteacher.[22] His uncle,Bert, was the Laborpremier of Western Australia between 1953 and 1959.[23]
Hawke's brother Neil, who was seven years his senior, died at the age of seventeen after contractingmeningitis, for which there was no cure at the time.[23] Ellie Hawke subsequently developed an almost messianic belief in her son's destiny, and this contributed to Hawke's supreme self-confidence throughout his career.[24] At the age of fifteen, he presciently boasted to friends that he would one day become theprime minister of Australia.[25]
At the age of seventeen, Hawke had a serious crash while riding hisPanther motorcycle that left him in a critical condition for several days. This near-death experience acted as his catalyst, driving him to make the most of his talents and not let his abilities go to waste.[26][27] He joined theLabor Party in 1947 at the age of eighteen.[28][29]
Hawke was educated at West Leederville State School,Perth Modern School and theUniversity of Western Australia, graduating in 1952 with Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws degrees. He was also president of the university's guild during the same year.[30] The following year, Hawke won aRhodes Scholarship to attendUniversity College, Oxford, where he began a Bachelor of Arts course inphilosophy, politics and economics (PPE).[31] He soon found he was covering much the same ground as he had in his education at the University of Western Australia, and transferred to aBachelor of Letters course. He wrote his thesis on wage-fixing in Australia and successfully presented it in January 1956.[32]
In 1956, Hawke accepted a scholarship to undertake doctoral studies in the area of arbitration law in the law department at theAustralian National University inCanberra.[32][33] Soon after his arrival at ANU, he became the students' representative on the University Council.[33] A year later, he was recommended to the President of theACTU to become a research officer, replacing Harold Souter who had become ACTU Secretary. The recommendation was made by Hawke's mentor at ANU, H. P. Brown, who for a number of years had assisted the ACTU in national wage cases. Hawke decided to abandon his doctoral studies and accept the offer, moving toMelbourne with his wifeHazel.[34]
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Not long after Hawke began work at the ACTU, he became responsible for the presentation of its annual case for higher wages to the national wages tribunal, theCommonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission. He was first appointed as an ACTU advocate in 1959. The 1958 case, under previous advocate R.L. Eggleston, had yielded only a five-shilling increase.[35] The 1959 case found for a fifteen-shilling increase, and was regarded as a personal triumph for Hawke.[36] He went on to attain such success and prominence in his role as an ACTU advocate that, in 1969, he was encouraged to run for the position of ACTU President, despite the fact that he had never held elected office in a trade union.[37]
He was elected ACTU President in 1969 on a modernising platform by the narrow margin of 399 to 350, with the support of the left of the union movement, including some associated with theCommunist Party of Australia.[38] He later creditedRay Gietzelt, General Secretary of theFMWU, as the single most significant union figure in helping him achieve this outcome.[39] Questioned after his election on his political stance, Hawke stated that "socialist is not a word I would use to describe myself", saying instead his approach to politics waspragmatic.[40] His commitment to the cause of JewishRefuseniks purportedly led to a planned assassination attempt on Hawke by thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and its Australian operativeMunif Mohammed Abou Rish.[41]
In 1971, Hawke along with other members of the ACTU requested that South Africa send a non-racially biased team for therugby union tour, with the intention of unions agreeing not to serve the team in Australia. Prior to arrival, the Western Australian branch of theTransport Workers' Union, and the Barmaids' and Barmens' Union, announced that they would serve the team, which allowed theSpringboks to land in Perth. The tour commenced on 26 June and riots occurred as anti-apartheid protesters disrupted games. Hawke and his family started to receive malicious mail and phone calls from people who thought that sport and politics should not mix. Hawke remained committed to the ban on apartheid teams and later that year, the South African cricket team was successfully denied and no apartheid team was to ever come to Australia again. It was this ongoing dedication to racial equality in South Africa that would later earn Hawke the respect and friendship ofNelson Mandela.[42][43][44]
In industrial matters, Hawke continued to demonstrate a preference for, and considerable skill at, negotiation, and was generally liked and respected by employers as well as the unions he advocated for. As early as 1972, speculation began that he would seek to enter theParliament of Australia and eventually run to become theLeader of the Australian Labor Party. But while his professional career continued successfully, his heavy drinking and womanising placed considerable strains on his family life.[45]
In June 1973, Hawke was elected as theFederal President of the Labor Party. Two years later, when theWhitlam government was controversiallydismissed by the Governor-General, Hawke showed an initial keenness to enter Parliament at theensuing election.Harry Jenkins, the MP forScullin, came under pressure to step down to allow Hawke to stand in his place, but he strongly resisted this push.[46] Hawke eventually decided not to attempt to enter Parliament at that time, a decision he soon regretted. After Labor was defeated at the election, Whitlam initially offered the leadership to Hawke, although it was not within Whitlam's power to decide who would succeed him.[47] Despite not taking on the offer, Hawke remained influential, playing a key role in averting national strike action.[48]
During the1977 federal election, he emerged as a strident opponent of acceptingVietnamese boat people as refugees into Australia, stating that they should be subject to normal immigration requirements and should otherwise be deported. He further stated only refugees selected off-shore should be accepted.[49]
Hawke resigned as President of the Labor Party in August 1978.Neil Batt was elected in his place.[50] The strain of this period took its toll on Hawke and in 1979 he suffered a physical collapse. This shock led Hawke to publicly announce his alcoholism in a television interview, and that he would make a concerted—and ultimately successful—effort to overcome it. He was helped through this period by the relationship that he had established with writerBlanche d'Alpuget, who, in 1982, published a biography of Hawke. His popularity with the public was, if anything, enhanced by this period of rehabilitation, and opinion polling suggested that he was a more popular public figure than either Labor LeaderBill Hayden orLiberal Prime MinisterMalcolm Fraser.
During the period of 1973 to 1979, Hawke acted as aninformant for the United States government. According to Coventry, Hawke as concurrent leader of the ACTU and ALP informed the US of details surrounding labour disputes, especially those relating to American companies and individuals, such as union disputes withFord Motor Company and theblack ban ofFrank Sinatra.[51] The major industrial action taken against Sinatra came about because Sinatra had made sexist comments against female journalists. The dispute was the subject of the 2003 filmThe Night We Called It a Day.
In retaliation, unions grounded Sinatra's private jet in Melbourne, demanding he apologise. The popular view was that Mr Hawke engaged in protracted, boozy negotiations with Ol' Blue Eyes to reach a settlement. The [diplomatic] cables say the US embassy reached a deal with Mr Hawke to end the standoff, no apology was sought from Sinatra and that most of Mr Hawke's time was spent with the singer's lawyer.[52]
Hawke was described by US diplomats as "a bulwark against anti-American sentiment and resurgent communism during the economic turmoil of the 1970s", and often disputed with theWhitlam government over issues of foreign policy and industrial relations. US diplomats played a major role in shaping Hawke's consensus politics and economics.[51] Although Hawke spoke regularly to United States diplomats in the 1970s, there were many other prominent people from trade unions, party organisations and also politicians at that time who secretly gave information.[53] Biographer Troy Bramston rejects the view that Hawke's discussions with diplomats at the US Embassy amounted to Hawke being a "spy" given it was so common for unionists and politicians to share and trade information.[54]
Hawke's first attempt to enter Parliament came during the1963 federal election. He stood in the seat ofCorio inGeelong and managed to achieve a 3.1% swing against the national trend, although he fell short of ousting longtime Liberal incumbentHubert Opperman.[55] Hawke rejected several opportunities to enter Parliament throughout the 1970s, something he later wrote that he "regretted". He eventually stood for election to theHouse of Representatives at the1980 election for the safeMelbourne seat ofWills, winning it comfortably. Immediately upon his election to Parliament, Hawke was appointed to theShadow Cabinet by Labor LeaderBill Hayden as Shadow Minister for Industrial Relations.[56]
Hayden, after having led the Labor Party to narrowly lose the 1980 election, was increasingly subject to criticism from Labor MPs over his leadership style. To quell speculation over his position, Hayden called a leadership spill on 16 July 1982, believing that if he won he would be guaranteed to lead Labor through to the next election.[57] Hawke decided to challenge Hayden in the spill, but Hayden defeated him by five votes; the margin of victory, however, was too slim to dispel doubts that he could lead the Labor Party to victory at an election.[58] Despite his defeat, Hawke began to agitate more seriously behind the scenes for a change in leadership, with opinion polls continuing to show that Hawke was a far more popular public figure than both Hayden and Prime MinisterMalcolm Fraser. Hayden was further weakened after Labor's unexpectedly poor performance at aby-election in December 1982 for the Victorian seat ofFlinders, following the resignation of the sitting member, former deputy Liberal leaderPhillip Lynch. Labor needed a swing of 5.5% to win the seat and had been predicted by the media to win, but could only achieve 3%.[59]
Labor Party power-brokers, such asGraham Richardson andBarrie Unsworth, now openly switched their allegiance from Hayden to Hawke.[59] More significantly, Hayden's staunch friend and political ally, Labor'sSenate LeaderJohn Button, had become convinced that Hawke's chances of victory at an election were greater than Hayden's. Initially, Hayden believed that he could remain in his job, but Button's defection proved to be the final straw in convincing Hayden that he would have to resign as Labor Leader.[60] Less than two months after the Flinders by-election result, Hayden announced his resignation as Leader of the Labor Party on 3 February 1983. Hawke was subsequently elected as Leader unopposed on 8 February,[2] and becameLeader of the Opposition in the process.[60] Having learned that morning about the possible leadership change, on the same that Hawke assumed the leadership of the Labor Party, Malcolm Fraser called asnap election for 5 March 1983, unsuccessfully attempting to prevent Labor from making the leadership change.[61] However, he was unable to have theGovernor-General confirm the election before Labor announced the change.
At the 1983 election, Hawke led Labor to a landslide victory, achieving a 24-seat swing and ending seven years ofLiberal Party rule.
With the election called at the same time that Hawke became Labor leader this meant that Hawke never sat in Parliament as Leader of the Opposition having spent the entirety of his short Opposition leadership in the election campaign which he won.[62]
After Labor's landslide victory, Hawke was sworn in as the Prime Minister by the Governor-GeneralNinian Stephen on 11 March 1983. The style of theHawke government was deliberately distinct from theWhitlam government, the Labor government that preceded it. Rather than immediately initiating multiple extensive reform programs as Whitlam had, Hawke announced thatMalcolm Fraser's pre-election concealment of the budget deficit meant that many of Labor's election commitments would have to be deferred.[63] As part of his internal reforms package, Hawke divided the government into two tiers, with only the most senior ministers sitting in theCabinet of Australia. The Labor caucus was still given the authority to determine who would make up the Ministry, but this move gave Hawke unprecedented powers to empower individual ministers.[64]
After Australia won theAmerica's Cup in 1983 Hawke said "any boss who sacks anyone for not turning up today is a bum", effectively declaring an impromptu national public holiday.[65][66][67]
In particular, the political partnership that developed between Hawke and hisTreasurer,Paul Keating, proved to be essential to Labor's success in government, with multiple Labor figures in years since citing the partnership as the party's greatest ever.[68] The two men proved a study in contrasts: Hawke was aRhodes Scholar; Keating left high school early.[69] Hawke's enthusiasms were cigars, betting and most forms of sport; Keating preferredclassical architecture,Mahler symphonies and collectingBritish Regency andFrench Empire antiques.[70] Despite not knowing one another before Hawke assumed the leadership in 1983, the two formed a personal as well as political relationship which enabled the Government to pursue a significant number of reforms, although there were occasional points of tension between the two.[71]
The Labor Caucus under Hawke also developed a more formalised system of parliamentaryfactions, which significantly altered the dynamics of caucus operations.[64] Unlike many of his predecessor leaders, Hawke's authority within the Labor Party was absolute. This enabled him to persuade MPs to support a substantial set of policy changes which had not been considered achievable by Labor governments in the past. Individual accounts from ministers indicate that while Hawke was not often the driving force behind individual reforms, outside of broader economic changes, he took on the role of providing political guidance on what was electorally feasible and how best to sell it to the public, tasks at which he proved highly successful. Hawke took on a very public role as prime minister, campaigning frequently even outside of election periods, and for much of his time in office proved to be incredibly popular with the Australian electorate; to this date he still holds the highest everAC Nielsen approval rating of 75%.[13]
The Hawke government oversaw significant economic reforms, and is often cited by economic historians as being a "turning point" from a protectionist, agricultural model to a more globalised and services-oriented economy. According to the journalistPaul Kelly, "the most influential economic decisions of the 1980s were the floating of the Australian dollar and the deregulation of the financial system".[72] Although theFraser government had played a part in the process of financial deregulation by commissioning the 1981 Campbell Report, opposition from Fraser himself had stalled this process.[73] Shortly after its election in 1983, the Hawke government took the opportunity to implement a comprehensive program of economic reform, in the process "transform(ing) economics and politics in Australia".[72]
Hawke and Keating together led the process for overseeing the economic changes by launching a "National Economic Summit" one month after their election in 1983, which brought together business and industrial leaders together with politicians and trade union leaders; the three-day summit led to a unanimous adoption of a national economic strategy, generating sufficient political capital for widespread reform to follow.[74] Among other reforms, the Hawke governmentfloated the Australian dollar, repealed rules that prohibited foreign-owned banks to operate in Australia, dismantled the protectionist tariff system, privatised several state sector industries, ended the subsidisation of loss-making industries, and sold off part of the state-ownedCommonwealth Bank.[75]
The taxation system was also significantly reformed, with income tax rates reduced and the introduction of a fringe benefits tax and a capital gains tax; the latter two reforms were strongly opposed by the Liberal Party at the time, but were never reversed by them when they eventually returned to office in 1996.[76] Partially offsetting these imposts upon the business community—the "main loser" from the 1985 Tax Summit according to Paul Kelly—was the introduction of fulldividend imputation, a reform insisted upon by Keating.[77] Funding for schools was also considerably increased as part of this package, while financial assistance was provided for students to enable them to stay at school longer; the number of Australian children completing school rose from 3 in 10 at the beginning of the Hawke government to 7 in 10 by its conclusion in 1991. Considerable progress was also made in directing assistance "to the most disadvantaged recipients over the whole range of welfare benefits."[78]
Although criticisms were leveled against the Hawke government that it did not achieve all it said it would do on social policy, it nevertheless enacted a series of reforms which remain in place to the present day.[79][80] From 1983 to 1989, the Government oversaw the permanent establishment ofuniversal health care in Australia with the creation ofMedicare, doubled the number of subsidised childcare places, began theintroduction of occupational superannuation, oversaw a significant increase in school retention rates, created subsidised homecare services, oversaw the elimination of poverty traps in the welfare system, increased the real value of the old-age pension, reintroduced the six-monthly indexation of single-person unemployment benefits, and established a wide-ranging programme for paid family support, known as the Family Income Supplement.[81][82]
A number of other new social security benefits were introduced under the Hawke-Keating Government. In 1984, for instance, a remote area allowance was introduced for pensioners and beneficiaries residing in special areas of Tax Zone A, and in 1985 a special addition to family allowances was made payable (as noted by one study) “to certain families with multiple births (three children or more) until the children reach six years of age.” The following year, rent assistance was extended to unemployment beneficiaries, together with a young homeless allowance for sickness and unemployment beneficiaries under the age of 18 who were homeless and didn't have parental or custodial support. However, the payment of family allowances for student children reaching the age of 18 was discontinued except in the case of certain families on low incomes.[83]
During the 1980s, the proportion of total government outlays allocated to families, the sick, single parents, widows, the handicapped, and veterans was significantly higher than under the previous Fraser and Whitlam governments.[81]
In 1984, the Hawke government enacted the landmarkSex Discrimination Act 1984, which eliminated discrimination on the grounds of sex within the workplace.[84] In 1989, Hawke oversaw the gradual re-introduction of some tuition fees for university study, setting up theHigher Education Contributions Scheme (HECS).[85] Under the original HECS, a fee ofA$1,800, equivalent toA$4,281 in 2022, was charged to all university students, and the Commonwealth paid the balance. A student could defer payment of this HECS amount and repay the debt through the tax system, when the student's income exceeds a threshold level. As part of the reforms, Colleges of Advanced Education entered the university sector by various means. By doing so, university places were able to be expanded. Further notable policy decisions taken during the Government's time in office included thepublic health campaign regarding HIV/AIDS, and Indigenous land rights reform, with an investigation of the idea of a treaty between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and the Government being launched, although the latter would be overtaken by events, notably theMabo court decision.[86][87]
The Hawke government also drew attention for a series of notable environmental decisions, particularly in its second and third terms. In 1983, Hawke personally vetoed the construction of theFranklin Dam inTasmania, responding to a groundswell of protest around the issue.[88] Hawke also secured the nomination of theWet Tropics of Queensland as aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site in 1987, preventing the forests there from being logged. Hawke would later appointGraham Richardson as Environment Minister, tasking him with winning the second-preference support from environmental parties, something which Richardson later claimed was the major factor in the government's narrow re-election at the1990 election.[89] In the Government's fourth term, Hawke personally led the Australian delegation to secure changes to theProtocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, ultimately winning a guarantee that drilling for minerals withinAntarctica would be totally prohibited until 2048 at the earliest.[90] Hawke later claimed that the Antarctic drilling ban was his "proudest achievement".[91]
As a former ACTU President, Hawke was well-placed to engage in reform of the industrial relations system in Australia, taking a lead on this policy area as in few others. Working closely with ministerial colleagues and the ACTU Secretary,Bill Kelty, Hawke negotiated with trade unions to establish thePrices and Incomes Accord in 1983, an agreement whereby unions agreed to restrict their demands for wage increases, and in turn the Government guaranteed to both minimise inflation and promote an increased social wage, including by establishing new social programmes such as Medicare.[92]
Inflation had been a significant issue for the previous decade prior to the election of the Hawke government, regularly running into double-digits. The process of the Accord, by which the Government and trade unions would arbitrate and agree upon wage increases in many sectors, led to a decrease in both inflation and unemployment through to 1990. Criticisms of the Accord would come from both the right and the left of politics. Left-wing critics claimed that it kept real wages stagnant, and that the Accord was a policy ofclass collaboration andcorporatism. By contrast, right-wing critics claimed that the Accord reduced the flexibility of the wages system. Supporters of the Accord, however, pointed to the improvements in the social security system that occurred, including the introduction of rental assistance for social security recipients, the creation of labour market schemes such as NewStart, and the introduction of the Family Income Supplement.[93] In 1986, the Hawke government passed a bill to de-register theBuilders Labourers Federation federally due to the union not following the Accord agreements.[94][95]
Despite a percentage fall in real money wages from 1983 to 1991, the social wage of Australian workers was argued by the Government to have improved drastically as a result of these reforms, and the ensuing decline in inflation.[96] The Accord was revisited six further times during the Hawke government, each time in response to new economic developments. The seventh and final revisiting would ultimately lead to the establishment of theenterprise bargaining system, although this would be finalised shortly after Hawke left office in 1991.
Arguably the most significant foreign policy achievement of the Government took place in 1989, after Hawke proposed a south-east Asian region-wide forum for leaders and economic ministers to discuss issues of common concern. After winning the support of key countries in the region, this led to the creation of theAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).[97][98] Thefirst APEC meeting duly took place inCanberra in November 1989; the economic ministers of Australia,Brunei, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the United States all attended. APEC would subsequently grow to become one of the most pre-eminent high-level international forums in the world, particularly after the later inclusions of China and Russia, and theKeating government's later establishment of the APEC Leaders' Forum.[97][98]
Elsewhere in Asia, the Hawke government played a significant role in the build-up to theUnited Nationspeace process forCambodia, culminating in the Transitional Authority; Hawke'sForeign MinisterGareth Evans was nominated for theNobel Peace Prize for his role in negotiations.[99] Hawke also took a major public stand after the1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre; despite having spent years trying to get closer relations with China, Hawke gave a tearful address on national television describing the massacre in graphic detail, and unilaterally offeredasylum to over 42,000 Chinese students who were living in Australia at the time, many of whom had publicly supported the Tiananmen protesters. Hawke did so without even consulting his Cabinet, stating later that he felt he simply had to act.[100]
The Hawke government pursued a close relationship with the United States, assisted by Hawke's close friendship withUS Secretary of StateGeorge Shultz; this led to a degree of controversy when the Government supported the US's plans to test ballistic missiles off the coast of Tasmania in 1985, as well as seeking to overturn Australia's long-standing ban onuranium exports. Although the US ultimately withdrew the plans to test the missiles, the furore led to a fall in Hawke's approval ratings.[101] Shortly after the1990 election, Hawke would lead Australia into its first overseas military campaign since theVietnam War, forming a close alliance withUS PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush to join thecoalition in theGulf War. TheRoyal Australian Navy contributed severaldestroyers andfrigates to the war effort, which successfully concluded in February 1991, with the expulsion ofIraqi forces fromKuwait. The success of the campaign, and the lack of any Australian casualties, led to a brief increase in the popularity of the Government.
Through his role on theCommonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, Hawke played a leading role in ensuring the Commonwealth initiated an international boycott on foreign investment intoSouth Africa, building on work undertaken by his predecessor Malcolm Fraser, and in the process clashing publicly withPrime Minister of the United KingdomMargaret Thatcher, who initially favoured a more cautious approach. The resulting boycott, led by the Commonwealth, was widely credited with helping bring about the collapse ofapartheid, and resulted in a high-profile visit byNelson Mandela in October 1990, months after the latter's release from a 27-year stint in prison. During the visit, Mandela publicly thanked the Hawke government for the role it played in the boycott.[102]
Hawke benefited greatly from the disarray into which the Liberal Party fell after the resignation of Fraser following the 1983 election. The Liberals were torn between supporters of the more conservativeJohn Howard and the more liberalAndrew Peacock, with the pair frequently contesting the leadership.[103] Hawke and Keating were also able to use the concealment of the size of the budget deficit by Fraser before the 1983 election to great effect, damaging the Liberal Party's economic credibility as a result.[104][105]
However, Hawke's time as prime minister also saw friction develop between himself and the grassroots of the Labor Party, many of whom were unhappy at what they viewed as Hawke's iconoclasm and willingness to cooperate with business interests. Hawke regularly and publicly expressed his willingness to cull Labor's "sacred cows". TheLabor Left faction, as well as prominent Labor backbencherBarry Jones, offered repeated criticisms of a number of government decisions. Hawke was also subject to challenges from some former colleagues in the trade union movement over his "confrontationalist style" in siding with the airline companies in the1989 Australian pilots' strike.[106]
Nevertheless, Hawke was able to comfortably maintain a lead as preferred prime minister in the vast majority of opinion polls carried out throughout his time in office. He recorded the highest popularity rating ever measured by an Australian opinion poll, reaching 75% approval in 1984.[107] After leading Labor to a comfortable victory in the snap1984 election,[108] called to bring the mandate of theHouse of Representatives back in line with theSenate, Hawke was able to secure an unprecedented third consecutive term for Labor with a comfortable victory in thedouble dissolution election of1987. Hawke was subsequently able to lead the nation in thebicentennial celebrations of 1988, culminating with him welcomingQueen Elizabeth II to open the newly constructedParliament House.[109]
Thelate-1980s recession, and the accompanying high interest rates, saw the Government fall in opinion polls, with many doubting that Hawke could win a fourth election.[110] Keating, who had long understood that he would eventually succeed Hawke as prime minister,[111] began to plan a leadership change; at the end of 1988, Keating put pressure on Hawke to retire in the new year. Hawke rejected this suggestion but reached a secret agreement with Keating, the so-called "Kirribilli Agreement", stating that he would step down in Keating's favour at some point after the1990 election.[112] Hawke subsequently won that election, in the process leading Labor to a record fourth consecutive electoral victory, albeit by a slim margin.[113] Hawke appointed Keating asdeputy prime minister to replace the retiringLionel Bowen.[114]
By the end of 1990, frustrated by the lack of any indication from Hawke as to when he might retire, Keating made a provocative speech to theFederal Parliamentary Press Gallery. Hawke considered the speech disloyal, and told Keating he would renege on the Kirribilli Agreement as a result.[115] After attempting to force a resolution privately, Keating finally resigned from the Government in June 1991 tochallenge Hawke for the leadership.[116] His resignation came soon after Hawke vetoed in Cabinet a proposal backed by Keating and other ministers for mining to take place atCoronation Hill inKakadu National Park.[117] Hawke won the leadership spill, and in a press conference after the result, Keating declared that he had fired his "one shot" on the leadership. Hawke appointedJohn Kerin to replace Keating as treasurer.[118]
Despite his victory in the June spill, Hawke quickly began to be regarded by many of his colleagues as a "wounded" leader; he had now lost his long-term political partner, his ratings in opinion polls were beginning to fall significantly, and after nearly nine years as prime minister, there was speculation that it would soon be time for a new leader.[119] Hawke's leadership was ultimately irrevocably damaged at the end of 1991; afterLiberal LeaderJohn Hewson released 'Fightback!', a detailed proposal for sweeping economic change, including the introduction of agoods and services tax, Hawke was forced to sack Kerin as treasurer after the latter made a public gaffe attempting to attack the policy.[118][120] Keating dulychallenged for the leadership a second time on 19 December, arguing that he would be better placed to defeat Hewson; this time, Keating succeeded, narrowly defeating Hawke by 56 votes to 51.[121][122]
In a speech to theHouse of Representatives following the vote, Hawke declared that his nine years as prime minister had left Australia a better and wealthier country, and he was given a standing ovation by those present. He subsequently tendered his resignation to the Governor-General and pledged support to his successor. Hawke briefly returned to the backbench, before resigning from Parliament on 20 February 1992, sparking aby-election which was won by the independent candidatePhil Cleary from among a record field of 22 candidates.[123] Keating would go on to lead Labor to a fifth victory at the1993 election, although he was defeated by the Liberal Party at the1996 election.
Hawke wrote that he had very few regrets over his time in office, although stated he wished he had been able to advance the cause ofIndigenous land rights further. His bitterness towards Keating over the leadership challenges surfaced in his earlier memoirs, although by the 2000s Hawke stated he and Keating had buried their differences, and that they regularly dined together and considered each other friends.[124] The publication of the bookHawke: The Prime Minister, by Hawke's second wife,Blanche d'Alpuget, in 2010, reignited conflict between the two, with Keating accusing Hawke and d'Alpuget of spreading falsehoods about his role in the Hawke government.[125] Despite this, the two campaigned together for Labor several times, including at the2019 election, where they released their first joint article for nearly three decades;Craig Emerson, who worked for both men, said they had reconciled in later years after Hawke grew ill.[126]
After leaving Parliament, Hawke entered the business world, taking on a number of directorships and consultancy positions which enabled him to achieve considerable financial success. He avoided public involvement with the Labor Party during Keating's tenure as prime minister, not wanting to be seen as attempting to overshadow his successor.[127] After Keating's defeat and the election of theHoward government at the1996 election, he returned to public campaigning with Labor and regularly appearing at election launches. Despite his personal affection for Queen Elizabeth II, boasting that he had been her "favourite Prime Minister", Hawke was an enthusiastic republican and joined the campaign for a Yes vote in the1999 republic referendum.[128][129]
In 2002, Hawke was named to South Australia'sEconomic Development Board during theRann government.[130][131] In the lead up to the2007 election, Hawke made a considerable personal effort to supportKevin Rudd, making speeches at a large number of campaign office openings across Australia, and appearing in multiple campaign advertisements. As well as campaigning againstWorkChoices, Hawke also attackedJohn Howard's record as treasurer, stating "it was the judgement of every economist and international financial institution that it was the restructuring reforms undertaken by my government, with the full cooperation of the trade union movement, which created the strength of the Australian economy today".[132] In February 2008, after Rudd's victory, Hawke joined former prime ministersGough Whitlam,Malcolm Fraser andPaul Keating inParliament House to witness the long anticipated apology to theStolen Generations.[133]
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In 2009, Hawke helped establish the Centre for Muslim and Non-Muslim Understanding at theUniversity of South Australia. Interfaith dialogue was an important issue for Hawke, who toldThe Adelaide Review that he was "convinced that one of the great potential dangers confronting the world is the lack of understanding in regard to the Muslim world. Fanatics have misrepresented what Islam is. They give a false impression of the essential nature of Islam."[134]
In 2016, after taking part inAndrew Denton's Better Off Dead podcast, Hawke added his voice to calls for voluntary euthanasia to be legalised.[135] Hawke labelled as 'absurd' the lack of political will to fix the problem. He revealed that he had such an arrangement with his wife Blanche should such a devastating medical situation occur.[136] He also publicly advocated fornuclear power and the importation of internationalspent nuclear fuel to Australia for storage and disposal, stating that this could lead to considerable economic benefits for Australia.[137][138]
In late December 2018, Hawke revealed that he was in "terrible health". While predicting a Labor win in the upcoming2019 federal election, Hawke said he "may not witness the party's success".[139] In May 2019, the month of the election, he issued a joint statement with Paul Keating endorsing Labor's economic plan and condemning the Liberal Party for "completely [giving] up the economic reform agenda". They stated that "Shorten's Labor is the only party of government focused on the need to modernise the economy to deal with the major challenge of our time: human induced climate change". It was the first joint press statement released by the two since 1991.[140]
In March 2022, Troy Bramston, a journalist forThe Australian and a political historian, wrote an unauthorised biography of Hawke titledBob Hawke: Demons and Destiny. Hawke gave Bramston full access to his previously unavailable personal papers and granted a series of interviews for the book. Bramston was the last person to interview Hawke before his death. The book, drawing on extensive Australian and international archives, and interviews with more than 100 people, is regarded as "definitive" and was shortlisted for theAustralian Political Book of the Year Award.[141]
On 16 May 2019, two days before the election, Hawke died at his home in Northbridge at the age of 89, following a short illness.[142][143] His family held a private cremation on 27 May atMacquarie Park Cemetery and Crematorium where he was subsequently interred.[144] Astate memorial was held at theSydney Opera House on 14 June; speakers includedCraig Emerson asmaster of ceremonies andKim Beazley reading the eulogy, as well asPaul Keating,Julia Gillard,Bill Kelty,Ross Garnaut, and incumbent Prime MinisterScott Morrison and Opposition LeaderAnthony Albanese.[145]
Hawke marriedHazel Masterson in 1956 at Perth Trinity Church.[33] They had three children: Susan (born 1957), Stephen (born 1959) and Roslyn (born 1961). Their fourth child, Robert Jr, died in early infancy in 1963. Hawke was named Victorian Father of the Year in 1971, an honour which his wife disputed due to his heavy drinking and womanising.[146][147] The couple divorced in 1994, after he left her for the writerBlanche d'Alpuget, and the two lived together inNorthbridge, a suburb on theNorth Shore of Sydney.[148][147] The divorce estranged Hawke from some of his family for a period, although they had reconciled by the 2010s.[149]Hawke was a supporter ofNational Rugby League club theCanberra Raiders.[150]
Throughout his life before politics, Hawke was a heavy drinker.[32] Hawke eventually suffered fromalcohol poisoning following the death of his and Hazel's infant son in 1963. He publicly announced in 1980 that he wouldabstain from alcohol to seek election toParliament, in a move which garnered significant public attention and support.[32] It is popularly stated that Hawke began to drink again following his retirement from politics, although to a more manageable extent; on several occasions, in his later years, videos of Hawke downing beer atcricket matches would frequently goviral.[151] There is evidence that Hawke did drink alcohol while in office, provided by then vice-president of the United States of America,George H. W. Bush, who later recalled shared drunken behaviour during Hawke's 1983 first official visit to the United States.[152]
On the subject ofreligion, Hawke wrote, while attending the 1952 World Christian Youth Conference in India, that "there were all these poverty stricken kids at the gate of this palatial place where we were feeding our face and I just (was) struck by this enormous sense of irrelevance of religion to the needs of people". He subsequently abandoned his Christian beliefs.[153] By the time he entered politics he was a self-describedagnostic.[154] Hawke toldAndrew Denton in 2008 that his father's Christian faith had continued to influence his outlook, saying "My father said if you believe in the fatherhood of God you must necessarily believe in the brotherhood of man, it follows necessarily, and even though I left the church and was not religious, that truth remained with me."[155]
A biographical television film,Hawke, premiered on theTen Network in Australia on 18 July 2010, withRichard Roxburgh playing the title character.Rachael Blake andFelix Williamson portrayedHazel Hawke andPaul Keating, respectively.[156][157] Roxburgh reprised his role as Hawke in the 2020 episode "Terra Nullius" of the Netflix seriesThe Crown.[158]
The Bob Hawke Gallery in Bordertown, which contains memorabilia from his life, was opened by Hawke in 2002.[159] Hawke House, the house in Bordertown where Hawke spent his early childhood, was purchased by the Australian Government in 2021 and opened as an accommodation and function space in May 2024.[159][160] A bronze bust of Hawke is located at the town's civic centre.[159]
In December 2020, theWestern Australian Government announced that it had purchased Hawke's childhood home inWest Leederville and would maintain it as a state asset. The property will also be assessed for entry onto theState Register of Heritage Places.[161]
The Australian Government pledged $5 million in July 2019 to establish a new annual scholarship—the Bob Hawke John Monash Scholarship—through the General Sir John Monash Foundation.[160]Bob Hawke College, a high school inSubiaco, Western Australia named after Hawke, was opened in February 2020.[162]
In March 2020, theAustralian Electoral Commission announced that it would create a newAustralian electoral division in theHouse of Representatives named in honour of Hawke. TheDivision of Hawke was first contested at the2022 federal election, and is located in the state ofVictoria, near the seat ofWills, which Hawke represented from 1980 to 1992.[163]
Orders
1979:Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), "For services to trade unionism and industrial relations"[164]Foreign honours
1989:Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Elephant[165]
1999:Freedom of the City of London[166]
2008Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu[167]
2012Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun[168]August 1978:Rostrum Award of Merit, for "excellence in the art of public speaking over a considerable period and his demonstration of an effective contribution to society through the spoken word"[169]August 2009:Australian Labor Party Life membership, Bob Hawke became only the third person to be awarded life membership of the Australian Labor Party, afterGough andMargaret Whitlam. During the conferring, Prime MinisterKevin Rudd referred to Hawke as "the heart and soul of the Labor Party".[170]
March 2014:University of Western Australia Student Guild Life membership[171]Fellowships
Honorary degrees
Nanjing University, Honorary doctorate[172][173]University of Oxford, Honorary Doctor of Civil Law[174]
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Honorary doctorate[172][175]Rikkyo University, Honorary Doctor of Humanities[172]
Macquarie University, Honorary Doctor of Letters[172][176]University of New South Wales, Honorary doctorate[172][175]
University of South Australia, Honorary doctorate[172][175]University of Western Australia, Honorary Doctor of Letters[172][175]University of Sydney, Honorary Doctor of Letters[168]University of South Australia, theHawke Centre[177] and the Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Library[175][178]
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Socialism portalthe Geographical Names Board has recommended that the names "Blanche Town", "Border Town", "Farina Town", "Gambier Town", "George-Town" and "Rose Town" be changed to "Blanchetown", "Bordertown", "Farina", "Gambiertown", "Georgetown" and "Rosetown
"I'LL TELL YOU what: any boss who sacks a worker for not turning up today is a bum." Australians tend to remember these words fondly coming from the mouth of then prime minister Bob Hawke after Australia II won the America's Cup yacht race, breaking a 132-year winning streak for the USA.
Many, including the Prime Minister, Mr Hawke, kept an all-night vigil. Mr Hawke, showered in champagne at the Royal Perth Yacht Club in the early hours, laughingly declared a national holiday. We'd be a nation of zombies anyway, he said.
Any boss who sacks anyone for not turning up today is a bum.
{{cite web}}:Missing or empty|title= (help)The idea of APEC was firstly publicly broached by former Prime Minister of Australia Bob Hawke during a speech in Seoul, Korea, on 30 January 1969. Ten months later, 12 Asia-Pacific economies met in Canberra, Australia, to establish APEC.
| Trade union offices | ||
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| Preceded by | President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions 1969–1980 | Succeeded by |
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| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forWills 1980–1992 | Succeeded by |
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| Preceded by | Leader of the Opposition 1983 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Australia 1983–1991 | Succeeded by |
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| Preceded by | President of the Labor Party 1973–1980 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Leader of the Labor Party 1983–1991 | Succeeded by |
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