Guo Dingsheng | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Native name | 郭定生 |
| Born | Guo Dingsheng (1920-03-07)7 March 1920 |
| Died | 29 April 2008(2008-04-29) (aged 88) |
| Pen name | Boyang |
| Occupation | Historian, novelist, philosopher, poet |
| Language | Chinese |
| Citizenship | Republic of China |
| Alma mater | Northeastern University |
| Period | 1950–2008 |
Bo Yang (simplified Chinese:柏杨;traditional Chinese:柏楊;pinyin:Bó Yáng;[note 1] 7 March 1920 – 29 April 2008[3]), sometimes also erroneously calledBai Yang, was aChinese historian, novelist, philosopher, poet based in Taiwan.[4] He is also regarded as a social critic.[5] His best-known work isThe Ugly Chinaman, a controversial book that was banned in mainland China until the year 2000; in it he harshly criticized Chinese culture and thenational character of Chinese people.[6] According to his own memoir, the exact date of his birthday was unknown even to himself. He later adopted 7 March, the date of his 1968 imprisonment, as his birthday.
Boyang was born asGuō Dìngshēng (郭定生) inKaifeng,Henan Province, China, with family origins inHuixian.[7] Boyang's father changed his son's name toGuō Lìbāng (郭立邦) to facilitate a transfer to another school. Bo Yang later changed his name toGuo Yìdòng, also spelledKuo I-tung (郭衣洞). In high school, Boyang participated in youth organisations of theKuomintang, the then-ruling party of theRepublic of China, and joined the Kuomintang itself in 1938. He graduated from theNational Northeastern University, and moved to Taiwan after the Kuomintang lost the civil war in 1949.[8]
In 1950, he was imprisoned for six months for listening toCommunist Chinese radio broadcasts. He had various jobs during his life, including that of a teacher. During this time, he began to write novels. In 1960, he began using the pen name Boyang when he started to write a political commentary column in theIndependent Evening News. The name was derived from a place name in the mountains of Taiwan; he adopted it because he liked the sound of it. In 1961, he achieved acclaim with his novelThe Alien Realm (異域Yìyù), which told the story of a Kuomintang force which fought on in the borderlands ofsouthwestern China long after the government had retreated toTaiwan. He became director of the Pingyuan Publishing House in 1966, and also edited the cartoon page ofChina Daily (中華日報).[4]
Boyang was arrested again in 1967 because of his sarcastic "unwitting" criticism of Taiwan's dictatorChiang Kai-shek and in particular a translation of a comic strip of Popeye.[9] In the strip,Popeye andSwee'Pea have just landed on an uninhabited island. Popeye says: "You can be crown prince," to which Swee'Pea responds, "I want to be president." In the next panel, Popeye says, "Why, you little..." In the final panel, Popeye's words are too faint to be made out. Chiang was displeased because he saw this as a parody of his arrival (with a defeated army) in Taiwan, his brutal usurpation of the presidency (a KMT competitor favored as head of government by the Truman administration was executed[citation needed]) and his strategy of slowly installing his sonChiang Ching-kuo as heir apparent. Boyang translated the word "fellows" as "my fellow soldiers and countrymen," a phrase used by Chiang Kai-shek.[10] Having detained Bo Yang, the KMT's "military interrogators told him that he could be beaten to death at any time the authorities desired" when the writer refused to swallow their trumped-up charges.[11] "Several interrogators" including Liu Chan-hua and Kao Yi-rue "played cat and mouse with him, alternating promise of immediate release with threats" and torture.[12] In order to make him confess, they broke his leg.[13] Western allies of the regime were not unaware of this.[note 2] Shelley Rigger says that "Peng Ming-min, Bo Yang andLei Chen" were "high-profile White Terror cases" in the 1960s but in fact, many "(t)housands of Taiwanese and Mainlanders were swept up by the White Terror, suffering imprisonment, torture, (…) execution."[note 3] The prosecutor initially sought the death sentence but due to US pressure this was reduced to twelve years in the Green Island concentration camp. From 1969 Bo Yang was incarcerated as apolitical prisoner (for "being a Communist agent and attacking national leaders") onGreen Island for nine years. The original 12-year sentence was commuted to eight years after the death of Chiang Kai-shek in 1975. However, the government refused to release Bo Yang after his sentence expired, and released him only in 1977, giving in to pressure from international organizations such asAmnesty International. After his release, Bo Yang continued to campaign for human rights and democracy in Taiwan. Towards the end of his life Bo Yang stated in his memoirs that he did not have the slightest intention to insult Chiang Kai-shek with hisPopeye translation. This was due to the fact that in his view objective criticism mattered whereas personal insults were irrelevant.[16]
Lin Zi-yao notes that during his life "Bo Yang covered a wide range of subjects from culture, literature, politics and education to love, marriage, family planning, fashion and women."[17] Much of this is not fiction, although he also published a significant body of short stories, novels, and poetry. Howard Goldblatt says that "it is significant" that an anthology of his short stories entitledSecrets in English was "published in Chinese under the author's true name Kuo I-tung, for 'Bo Yang' is not essentially a writer of fiction." Goldblatt adds, "Yet like 'Bo Yang' [the writer of essays], Kuo I-tung [the novelist and short story writer] is a social critic; his fiction is written with an eye to the recording of events and to the social inequities that gave rise to them."[18]
Aside from hisGolden Triangle novelYiyu, (異域, 1961), Boyang is best known for his non-fiction works on Chinese history (collated and translated into modern colloquial Chinese from historical records in the prison library on Green Island) andThe Ugly Chinaman (醜陋的中國人Chǒulòu de Zhōngguórén, 1985; English translation, with the subtitle... and the Crisis of Chinese Culture, 1992). In the introduction to excerpts fromThe Ugly Chinaman, the editors of an anthology entitledSources of Chinese Tradition from 1600 through the Twentieth Century state that "(t)he sharply negative tone of the (…) essay reflects a sense of (…) despair (…) as well as a feeling that age-old weaknesses have persisted through revolutionary change."[19] Also referring toThe Ugly Chinaman, Rana Mitter says that Bo Yang's position as a critical observer and analyst of the world is similar toLu Xun's. Both were skeptical, yet committed writers and less naive than younger 'romanticists'.
Lu Xun regarded his mission as being to try and wake up a few of the sleepers in an 'iron house' in which they were burning to death, and from which there was still no guarantee to escape. The message mixed bleakness with hope, with perhaps more emphasis on bleakness. In contrast, the impatience of the romanticists was for a better world which they felt they could almost touch; they just had to motivate the nation and the people to reach it. A similar division can be seen in the treatment of modern China in (…) more contemporary works. Bo Yang's account of the Chinese people is dark and suggests that a long, painful process will be necessary before China will be saved. (…) Bo Yang (like Lu Xun) made his criticism while declining to join a political party. Again, like Lu Xun, Bo Yang was of an older generation when his essay [The Ugly Chinaman] was finally published (65 years old)...[20]
Edward M. Gunn agrees, saying that "(t)he fact that Bo Yang is a prolific author of satirical essays (zawen) inevitably recalls the work of Lu Xun."[21] Gunn also emphasizes Bo Yang's "particular interest in history" and the "acerbic wit in defense of democracy and social welfare" (or social rights of the common people).[22][note 4]
Bo Yang gained attention internationally when a volume of poetry entitledPoems of a Period was published in Hong Kong in 1986. These poems recall his arrest and imprisonment.
Bo Yang lived inTaipei in his later years. He became the founding president of the Taiwan chapter ofAmnesty International. In 1994, Boyang underwent heart surgery, and his health never fully recovered. He carried the honorary title of national policy advisor to the administration of PresidentChen Shui-bian. In 2006, Boyang retired from writing, and donated the bulk of his manuscripts to the Chinese Modern Literature Museum inBeijing. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by theNational Tainan University, to which he also donated many memorabilia and some manuscripts.
Boyang died ofpneumonia in a hospital near hisXindian residence on 29 April 2008.[3] He was married five times, and is survived by his last wife, Chang Hsiang-hua, and five children born by his former wives. On 17 May 2008, his ashes were scattered along the seashore of Green Island, where he was once imprisoned.
Taiwanese interrogators broke his leg to elicit a confession...
