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Ablueprint is a reproduction of atechnical drawing orengineering drawing using acontact print process on light-sensitive sheets introduced by SirJohn Herschel in 1842.[1] The traditional white-on-blue appearance of blueprints is a result of thecyanotype process, which allowed rapid and accurate production of an unlimited number of copies of an original reference. It was widely used for over a century for the reproduction of specification drawings used inconstruction and industry. Blueprints were characterized by white lines on a blue background, anegative of the original. Color or shades of grey could not be reproduced.
The process is obsolete, initially superseded by thediazo-basedwhiteprint process, and later by large-formatxerographic photocopiers. It has since almost entirely been superseded by digital computer-aided construction drawings.
The termblueprint continues to be used informally to refer to anyfloor plan[2] (and by analogy,any type of plan).[3][4] Practising engineers, architects, and drafters often call themdrawings,prints, orplans.[5]
The blueprint process is based on aphotosensitive ferric compound. The best known is a process usingammonium ferric citrate andpotassium ferricyanide.[6][7] The paper is impregnated with a solution of ammonium ferric citrate and dried. When the paper is illuminated, a photoreaction turns the trivalent ferric iron into divalent ferrous iron. The image is then developed using a solution of potassium ferricyanide forming insoluble ferroferricyanide (Prussian blue or Turnbull's blue) with the divalent iron. Excess ammonium ferric citrate and potassium ferricyanide are then washed away.[8] The process is also known ascyanotype.
This is a simple process for the reproduction of any light transmitting document.Engineers andarchitects drew their designs oncartridge paper; these were then traced on totracing paper usingIndia ink for reproduction whenever needed. The tracing paper drawing is placed on top of the sensitized paper, and both are clamped under glass, in a daylight exposure frame, which is similar to a picture frame. The frame is put out into daylight, requiring a minute or two under a bright sun, or about thirty minutes under an overcast sky to complete the exposure. Whereultra-violet light is transmitted through the tracing paper, the light-sensitive coating converts to a stable blue or black dye. Where the India ink blocks the ultra-violet light the coating does not convert and remains soluble. The image can be seen forming. When a strong image is seen the frame is brought indoors to stop the process. The unconverted coating is washed away, and the paper is then dried. The result is a copy of the original image with the clear background area rendered dark blue and the image reproduced as a white line.
This process has several features:[9]
Introduction of the blueprint process eliminated the expense of photolithographic reproduction or of hand-tracing of original drawings. By the later 1890s in American architectural offices, a blueprint was one-tenth the cost of a hand-traced reproduction.[10] The blueprint process is still used for special artistic and photographic effects, on paper and fabrics.[11][self-published source?]
Various base materials have been used for blueprints. Paper was a common choice; for more durable printslinen was sometimes used, but with time, the linen prints would shrink slightly. To combat this problem, printing onimitation vellum and, later, polyester film (Mylar) was implemented.
Traditional blueprints became obsolete when less expensive printing methods and digital displays became available.
In the early 1940s, cyanotype blueprint began to be supplanted bydiazo prints, also known aswhiteprints. This technique produces blue lines on a white background. The drawings are also calledblue-lines orbluelines.[12][13] Other comparable dye-based prints were known as blacklines. Diazo prints remained in use until they were replaced byxerographic print processes.
Xerography is standard copy machine technology usingtoner oncopy paper. When large size xerography machines became available,c. 1975, they replaced the older printing methods. Ascomputer-aided design techniques came into use, the designs were printed directly using acomputer printer orplotter.
In most computer-aided design of parts to be machined, paper is avoided altogether, and the finished design is an image on the computer display. The computer-aided design program generates acomputer numerical control sequence from the approved design. The sequence is a computer file which will control the operation of themachine tools used to make the part.
In the case of construction plans, such as road work or erecting a building, the supervising workers may view the "blueprints" directly on displays, rather than using printed paper sheets. These displays include mobile devices, such assmartphones ortablets.[14] Software allows users to view and annotate electronic drawing files. Construction crews use software in the field to edit, share, and view blueprint documents in real-time.[15]
Many of the original paper blueprints are archived since they are still in use. In many situations their conversion to digital form is prohibitively expensive. Most buildings and roads constructed beforec. 1990 will only have paper blueprints, not digital. These originals have significant importance to the repair and alteration of constructions still in use, e.g. bridges, buildings, sewer systems, roads, railroads, etc., and sometimes in legal matters concerning the determination of, for example, property boundaries, or who owns or is responsible for a boundary wall.
The dictionary definition ofblueprint at Wiktionary
Media related toBlueprints at Wikimedia Commons