| Blood pheasant | |
|---|---|
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| A flock inPhrumsengla National Park,Bhutan | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Galliformes |
| Family: | Phasianidae |
| Subfamily: | Phasianinae |
| Genus: | Ithaginis Wagler, 1832 |
| Species: | I. cruentus |
| Binomial name | |
| Ithaginis cruentus (Hardwicke, 1821) | |
| Synonyms | |
Ithaginis cruentatus | |
Theblood pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus) orblood partridge is agalliforme bird in thepheasant family Phasianidae and theonly species in thegenusIthaginis. It is a relatively small, short-tailed pheasant that is widespread in the lowerHimalayas ranging acrossNorth andEast India,Nepal,Bhutan,South China and northernMyanmar. It has been classified asLeast Concern on theIUCN Red List since 2009, and the global blood pheasant population is thought to be stable.[1]
The blood pheasant is thestate bird ofSikkim, India.[2]
The blood pheasant has the size of a smallfowl, about 17 in (43 cm) in length with a short, convex, very strong black bill, feathered between bill and eye, and a small crest of variously colouredfeathers. The colour of the plumage above is dark ash, with white shafts, thecoverts of the wings various tinged with green, with broad strokes of white through the length of each feather, the feathers of the chin deep crimson; on the breast, belly, and sides, feathers are lance-shaped, of various length, the tips green with crimson margins, collectively resembling dashes ofblood scattered on the breast and belly. The tail consists of 12 subequal feathers, shafts white, rounded, the ends whitish, the coverts a rich crimson red.[3]
Both males and females have red feet and a distinct ring of bare skin around the eye that typically is crimson colored, but is orange in a few subspecies. Females are more uniformly colored, being overall dull brown and often with some gray to the nape. Although some of thesubspecies that have been described are highly distinctive, others are not, and some variation appears to beclinal. Consequently, the number of valid subspecies is disputed, with various authorities recognizing between 11 and 15. They mainly vary in theplumage of the males, especially the amount of red or black to the throat, forehead, neck, chest and tail, and the presence or absence ofrufous in the wings.[4]
Twelvesubspecies have been described:[5]
Blood pheasants live in the mountains ofNepal, Sikkim, northern Myanmar,Tibet, and central and south-central China, where they preferconiferous or mixedforests andscrub areas near thesnowline. They move their range depending on the seasons, and are found at higher elevations during the summer. With snow increasing in fall and winter, they move to lower elevations.[4]
Unlike thecommon pheasant, the blood pheasant ismonogamous.[6] Breeding season begins at the end of April when males begin their courtship by displaying in front of females by flying at each other breast-to-breast, biting wattles, or performing high leaps with kicks toward the other's bill.[7]Mate choice by females depends on factors like tail length, length of theear tufts, and the presence of black points in thewattle, but neither wattle size or color nor the brightness of the plumage affect the females' choice.[8]
The blood pheasant reachessexual maturity in one year.[7] In early May, mature females begin nesting under paddy straw heaps surrounded by trees, in brush, small caves, or in tree holes near the ground.[9] They excavate shallow pot-like nests and line them with moss, pine needles, and feathers. The female lays 4-14 yellowish-white eggs with brown speckles, at intervals of two or three days. During the 27-33 days ofegg incubation, the male is responsible for defending the territory against other male pheasants.[9]
The blood pheasant's distribution in inhospitable high-elevation environments has required adaptation tohypoxia and high levels ofultraviolet radiation.[6]
Blood pheasants move with thesnow line when foraging, feeding on moss, ferns, pine shoots, and lichens.[citation needed]
The species is currently classified asLeast Concern on theIUCN Red List.[1] However, more than half the population is considered to be threatened byhabitat loss and fragmentation, illegal hunting and human disturbance.[10] Much of the distribution range of pheasants in Southwest China overlaps with the habitat of thegiant panda, and livestock grazing has become the most prevalent human disturbance across associated protection areas.[11] The blood pheasant's ground-nesting habits and relatively long incubation period make it especially vulnerable to trampling and habitat degradation by grazers.[10][12]
Genera oflandfowl and their extinct allies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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