| Blanche of Navarre | |
|---|---|
 Blanche de Navarre and her daughter Joan in prayer in front of Saint Louis.Watercolor from aStained glass at theCathedral of Our Lady of Évreux. Collection ofFrançois Roger de Gaignières,Paris,Bibliothèque nationale de France, 17th century. | |
| Queen consort of France | |
| Tenure | 29 January 1350 – 22 August 1350 |
| Born | 1331 |
| Died | 1398 (aged 66–67) Neaufles-Saint-Martin, Normandy, France |
| Burial | Basilica of St Denis Saint-Denis, France |
| Spouse | |
| Issue | Joan of France |
| House | Évreux |
| Father | Philip of Évreux |
| Mother | Joan II of Navarre |
Blanche of Navarre (French:Blanche d'Évreux;c. 1331 – 5 October 1398) was aNavarrese infanta who was brieflyQueen of France as the second wife ofKing Philip VI from 29 January until 22 August 1350.[1]
Blanche d'Évreux was intended to become the bride ofJohn, Duke of Normandy, heir of the throne of France — whose first wife had just died of theBlack Death— but eventually married his father, King Philip. Only a few months after their wedding, Philip died prematurely and Blanche found herself a widow.
After giving birth in 1351 to a posthumous daughter, Blanche refused to remarryKing Peter of Castile and retired to the large dower lands that were granted by her late husband. Despite her widowhood, she played an essential role in 1354 by attempting to reconcile her brotherCharles II of Navarre with John II of France. In 1389, she organized thecoronation ofIsabeau of Bavaria, the wife ofKing Charles VI of France.
Born around 1331,[2] Blanche was the third daughter of KingPhilip III and QueenJoan II of Navarre;[3] by both her paternal and maternal ancestry, she belonged to theHouse of Capet.
Blanche was engaged on 19 August 1335 to Andrew, only son and heir of the DauphinHumbert II of Viennois,[4] but the project was abandoned after the premature death of her fiancé two months later. Then, on 15 March 1340, a marriage contract was signed between Blanche andLouis of Male, only son and heir ofLouis I, Count of Flanders, which provided for payment of a dowry of 50,000livres for the Infanta of Navarre.[5] The engagement was nullified on 6 June 1347 by the marriage of Louis of Male toMargaret, daughter ofJohn III, Duke of Brabant. Finally, on 1 July 1345, while still officially engaged with the heir of Flanders, a marriage contract was drawn up between Blanche andPeter, son and heir of KingAlfonso XI of Castile.[6] Nevertheless, it was almost immediately abandoned by the Castilian court in favor of a marriage withJoan, daughter of KingEdward III of England.[7]
On 29 January 1350 atBrie-Comte-Robert, Blanche married KingPhilip VI of France, forty years her senior.[8] Initially, she was intended to marryJohn, Duke of Normandy, heir of the throne of France.[9] However, King Philip VI became captivated by her beauty and decided to marry her instead; explaining her reputation as one of the most beautiful princesses of her time and her nickname "Beautiful Wisdom" (French:Belle Sagesse).[10][11] The Duke of Normandy was married to Blanche's first cousinJoan I, Countess of Auvergne.[12] As the chroniclerJean Le Bel recounts:
«...the father took the beautiful young damsel Blanche, whom his son had wanted as a wife. The father was so attracted to her for her beauty and gracefulness that he married her, and gave his son in marriage to the damsel Blanche's first cousin.»[12]
Due to theBlack Death that spread throughout the kingdom, the new Queen of France was not crowned after the wedding ceremony. Blanche's union with King Philip VI only lasted six months before he suddenly died on 22 August 1350. According to some chroniclers, his death was due to exhaustion from constantly fulfilling his conjugal duties. Pregnant by her late husband, Blanche gave birth to her daughterJoan in May 1351.
Since the announcement of the death of King Philip VI,Pope Clement VI considered the remarriage of Blanche with her former fiancé, KingPeter of Castile, to strengthen the links between the Kingdoms of Castile and France. After discussing it withGil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz,Archbishop of Toledo, and Pedro,Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, the Pope wrote on this subject on 5 October 1350 to Blanche's brother, KingCharles II of Navarre, who had encouraged her marriage to Philip VI a few months before.[13] The marriage plan was temporarily put on hold due to Blanche's pregnancy, but the Pope insisted that she be married after she gave birth. However, she refused to consider a second marriage and is said to have even declared, "The Queens of France do not remarry" (French:Les reines de France ne se remarient point).[14] Tenacious, the pontiff wrote in March 1352 toJoan of Évreux —Blanche's paternal aunt and also Dowager Queen of France— in order to make her change her mind, but the widow of Philip VI resolutely rejected the papal proposal.[15]
Once widowed, Blanche retired to the residence ofNeaufles-Saint-Martin, located nearGisors, which her husband had granted her as her dower land. She devoted herself to the education of her daughter Joan, whose marriage contract withInfante John, Duke of Girona, son and heir of KingPeter IV of Aragon, was signed on 16 July 1370; unfortunately, the princess died on 16 September 1371 inBéziers on her way toPerpignan to celebrate her wedding.[16] Blanche's retirement did not prevent her from temporarily returning to the court of King John II, whom she tried to bring closer to her brother King Charles II of Navarre. Thus, after the assassination ofCharles de la Cerda on 8 January 1354, she persuaded the French monarch to sign theTreaty of Mantes with the King of Navarre on 22 February of the same year.[15][17]
Blanche had an influential presence under the reign of King Charles VI of France. On 2 October 1380, she attended the proclamation of the end of the regency of the young sovereign at thePalais de la Cité,[18] and on 18 July 1385, she welcomed his new wifeIsabeau of Bavaria atCreil. Blanche was charged with teaching the new Queen the traditions and etiquette of the French court.[19] On 22 August 1389, she organized theJoyous Entry of Queen Isabeau in Paris,[20] which preceded her coronation the next day. During the coronation ceremony inNotre-Dame Cathedral inParis, Blanche attended on Charles VI, along with her cousin PrincessBlanche of France, Duchess of Orleans, youngest daughter of KingCharles IV of France and Joan of Évreux.[21] After this ceremony, Blanche withdrew to Neaufles-Saint-Martin and died on 5 October 1398,[22] aged 67. She was buried in the royal necropolis at theBasilica of Saint-Denis next to her daughter. Her tomb, like many other royal ones, was desecrated on 17 October 1793 by the revolutionaries.
Blanche de Navarre is a minor character in the historical series "The Accursed Kings" (French:Les Rois maudits) byMaurice Druon. She appears in the seventh and final volume, titledWhen a King loses France. The author describes it as follows:
«Then there is Madame Blanche, the sister of Charles of Navarre, the second wife of Philip VI, who was only queen six months, barely enough time to get used to wearing a crown. She has the reputation of being the most beautiful woman in the kingdom. I saw her recently, and I gladly ratify this judgment. She is twenty-four now, and for six years now she has wondered what use there can be in the whiteness of her skin, her enamel eyes, and her perfect body. Had nature given her a less splendid appearance, she would be queen now, since she was destined for King John! ...The late king only took her for himself because he was pierced by her beauty.After she had, in half a year, made her husband pass from the bed to the tomb, she was proposed in marriage to the King of Castile, Don Pedro, whom his subjects nicknamed "the Cruel." She sent her answer, perhaps a little hastily: "A queen of France does not remarry." She was greatly praised for this expression of dignity. But now she wonders if it was not a very heavy sacrifice that she made for her past magnificence. The domain of Melun is her dower. She makes great embellishments there; but although she can change the rugs and hangings that make up her room at Christmas and Easter, it is always alone that she sleeps there.»
— Maurice Druon,When a King loses France.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help){{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help) — About the founding by Blanche de Navarre of a funeral chapel in the abbey church at the Basilica of St Denis.Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France Cadet branch of theCapetian dynasty Born: c. 1331 Died: 1398 | ||
| French royalty | ||
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| Vacant Title last held by Joan of Burgundy | Queen consort of France 1350 | Succeeded by |
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