| Blade | |
|---|---|
| New Line Cinema'sBladetrilogyand Marvel Cinematic Universe character | |
 Wesley Snipes as Blade inBlade: Trinity (2004) | |
| First appearance | Blade (1998) |
| Last appearance | Deadpool & Wolverine (2024) |
| Based on | |
| Adapted by | |
| Portrayed by |
|
| Voiced by |
|
| In-universe information | |
| Full name | Eric Brooks |
| Species | Dhampir |
| Title |
|
| Occupation | Vampire hunter |
| Affiliation | |
| Family |
|
| Nationality | American |
Eric Brooks is asuperhero primarily portrayed byWesley Snipes in theNew Line CinemaBlade franchise—based on theMarvel Comicscharacter of the same name—commonly known by hisalias,Blade. Brooks is depicted as adhampir withsuperhuman abilities after his mother was bitten by a vampire while giving birth to him. Brooks is trained as avampire hunter byAbraham Whistler and dedicates himself to protecting humanity. A variation of the film's storyline was integrated intoSpider-Man: The Animated Series byJohn Semper in 1995 ahead of the firstBlade (1998) film, and Blade's redesigned costume and powers were integrated into comics in 1999.[2][3] Snipes reprised his role in two furthersequel films,Blade II (2002) andBlade: Trinity (2004), as well as inDeadpool & Wolverine (2024), which incorporated his iteration of the character into theMarvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) franchise through themultiverse. The character also appeared inBlade: The Series (2006), portrayed bySticky Fingaz.
Snipes' portrayal of the character received significant critical praise, described as the "quintessentialblack superhero [before]Black Panther",[4][5] with the first film starring him receiving acult following and beginning Marvel's film success, setting the stage for further comic book film adaptations.[6][7] Snipes' portrayal of the character won him theGuinness World Record for "longest career as a live action Marvel character" in 2024 with his reprisal of the role inDeadpool & Wolverine.[8][9]
In 2015, New Line Cinema producers were in talks to have Snipes reprise the role in acrossover with theUnderworld film series, but ultimately the concept never came to fruition.[10] In 2019,Mahershala Ali was announced to be cast asBlade in aplanned reboot for the MCU.
My mother named me Eric Brooks. My enemies named me the Daywalker. I named myself for the blade. Sharpened myself into what the world needed me to be. Until the day the monsters won. A world that's already lost doesn't need protectors. It needs a king. Spread the word. From here on out, every last drop of blood in this city——in this world——belongs to Blade.
The characterBlade made his first appearance as asupporting character inThe Tomb of Dracula #10 (July1973), written byMarv Wolfman with art byGene Colan, his first solo story coming in the black-and-white horror-comics magazineVampire Tales #8 (December1974), and his first solo series (in color),Blade the Vampire Hunter, being published from July 1994 to April 1995 across ten issues, written byIan Edginton andTerry Kavanagh, with art byDoug Wheatley.
WhenNew World Pictures bought the rights toMarvel Comics, they were set to make aMexico-set western starringRichard Roundtree (who would later portray Blade's father inBlade: The Series) as Blade.Marvel Studios then started to develop the film in early as 1992, when rapper/actorLL Cool J was interested in playing the lead role.[12]Blade was eventually set up atNew Line Cinema, withDavid S. Goyer writing the script. When Goyer heard a film was in development he went in to pitch directorErnest Dickerson.[13] New Line originally wanted to doBlade as "something that was almost a spoof" before the writer convinced them otherwise.[14] Goyer wanted to take the character seriously and pitched a trilogy of movies "almostWagnerian in scope",[13] saying that "I'm going to pitch you theStar Wars of black vampire films",[15] wanting to demystify vampires and treat them as serious villains with a greater sense of realism instead of the doomed romantic characters shown inAnne Rice'sInterview with the Vampire. Goyer's vision for the project was to create a "post-modernist vampire film", noting that his initial draft was written before the release of movies with similar approaches such asFrom Dusk till Dawn andVampire in Brooklyn.[16] Snipes stated that while such a character "isn't going to lend itself to a great deal of emotional depth", there is also "some acting involved in creating the character and making him believable and palatable".[17]
_(cropped).jpg)
When Goyer first pitched the idea of doing aBlade film,New Line Cinemas asked that Blade and his mentorJamal Afari both be cast aswhite instead ofblack, which Goyer rejected.[15] While the role of Afari was redeveloped asAbraham Whistler, portrayed bywhite actorKris Kristofferson,[18][19] New Line headMike DeLuca then suggestedDenzel Washington,Wesley Snipes, andLaurence Fishburne for the role of Blade; of these three, only Snipes was seriously considered, and had the film's finalized script sent to, as opposed to Washington or Fishburne, who were sent earlier drafts.[15][13] Having failed to get aBlack Panther film starring him into production,[20] Snipes signed on to star as Blade in 1996, the film releasing in 1998, before signing on to reprise his role inBlade II (2002) andBlade: Trinity (2004); in the first film, a young Blade is portrayed by André Hyde-Braithwaite.[21]Kirk "Sticky Fingaz" Jones signed to star as Blade inBlade: The Series, replacing Snipes followingBlade: Trinity, with Jon Kent Ethridge portraying a young Blade.[22]
As created by Marv Wolfman and Gene Colan in 1973, the originalcomic book version of Blade usedteakwood knives and was much more the everyman in his behavior and attitude, wearing red/green clothing and sporting a short afro-style haircut. Although cunning and brave, he displayed flaws as well, such as an inability to get along with certain other supporting cast members and a hatred of vampires that bordered on fanaticism. The character was not originally a "daywalker" but a human being immune to being turned into a vampire. Lacking the superhuman speed and strength of his undead quarry, he relied solely on his wits and skill.[23] Prior to the film's development, Wolfman and Colan had partially revamped the comics character in 1991 with a dark leather jacket, short hair, and more violent tendencies.[24] The 1998 film updated the leather jacket into a body-length coat and addedsunglasses, a new haircut, and an enhanced dhampir powerset. The comics character was subsequently modified to match, wearing the new outfit[2] and being bitten by the characterMorbius[3] to similarly make him adhampir like his film counterpart.[13]
Relishing the "challenge [of] stepping back into Blade's shoes" forBlade II, Snipes stated: "I love playing this role. It's fun as an actor to test your skills at doing a sequel, to see if you can recreate something that you did", with Peter Frankfurt adding that "Wesley is Blade; so much of the character was invented by Wesley and his instincts are so spot on. He takes his fighting, his weapons and attitude very seriously. He's incredibly focused, but he's also very cool and fun", andGuillermo del Toro saying that "Wesley knows Blade better than David Goyer, better than me, better than anyone else involved in the franchise, [that he] instinctively knows what the character would and wouldn't do, and every time he twists something around, something better would come out".[25][26][27]
However, withBlade: Trinity, Snipes was unhappy with both Goyer's script and original choice of director; when Goyer was selected to replace the director, Snipes additionally protested, reportedly causing difficulty during filming, including frequently refusing to shoot scenes and forcing Goyer to usestand-ins andcomputer effects to add his character to scenes. Goyer described making the film as "the most personally and professionally difficult and painful thing I've ever been through".[28] Co-starPatton Oswalt alleged that Snipes would spend much of his time smoking marijuana in his trailer, becoming violent with Goyer after accusing him of racism, and refusing to directly interact with Goyer or his co-stars outside of filming, instead communicating with them through his assistant or the use of notes.[29] Snipes also allegedly referred to co-starRyan Reynolds as a "cracker" on one or more occasions.[30]Snipes denied that version of events and said having been promoted to the role ofexecutive producer on the film, he had the authority to make decisions but that some people had difficulty accepting that.[31]
Addressing Blade's characterization after being cast to replace Snipes inBlade: The Series, Fingaz commented that he was not out to make people forget about theBlade films, saying that "I think it's more my own direction, but I have to incorporate some of what [Snipes] did, [which is] what people are familiar with, and you don't want to change it up drastically. You might want to change the seasoning a little bit, but you want the same meat".[22] Goyer commented on Blade's characterisation in the series as being written as "Wiseguy withvampires", following him after "realiz[ing] at the beginning of the pilot that he's not making much headway, just sort of hacking and slashing, that he needs to know more about [vampire society's] inner workings".[22][32]
In October 2016,Underworld film series starKate Beckinsale confirmed that acrossover film betweenUnderworld andBlade had been discussed as a sequel toBlade: Trinity, with both her and Snipes returning, but was declined becauseMarvel Studios had plans to introduce the character into theMarvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).[33] In May 2013, Marvel had a working script for aBlade film.[34] Snipes said in July 2015 that he hoped to reprise the role in any future film and had been in discussions with Marvel Studios about doing so,[35][36][37] in an adaptation of the unpublishedBlade the Hunter, following Blade and his teenaged daughterFallon Grey.[38][39] At the 2019San Diego Comic-Con held in July, Marvel Studios announced aBlade reboot set in the MCU, withMahershala Ali cast as thetitlecharacter, after he had personally pitched aBlade film starring himself toKevin Feige.[40]Marvel Comics writerDaniel Kibblesmith confirmed that hisone-shotcomic bookThe Darkhold: Blade #1 (released in October2021), illustrated by Federico Sabbatini, Rico Renzi, and Clayton Cowles, follows Snipes' version of the character; presented as a vision given to the Blade ofEarth-616 by the titularDarkhold, the narrative follows Snipes' Blade after analternate ending to the first film where he fails to stopDeacon Frost from using La Magra to make vampires the dominant species on Earth.[41][11]
Todd Williams voices Eric Cross Brooks as the Avatar ofKhonsu inMarvel Zombies.
In 1967, the pregnant human Vanessa Brooks is attacked by the vampireDeacon Frost and she goes intopremature labor. The doctors are able to save her baby, Eric Brooks, but Vanessa dies. Brooks possesses aneidetic memory; he remembers every moment of his life, beginning with his birth. Thirteen years later, Brooks lives on the streets and preys on other homeless people to fulfill his need forhuman blood. He meets vampire hunterAbraham Whistler, who becomes Brooks' mentor. Realizing Brooks' is a human-vampire hybrid who possesses the enhanced abilities of vampires without the weaknesses tosunlight,silver andgarlic, Whistler trains Brooks inmartial arts and the use of various weapons. He also develops a serum to replace Brooks' need to consume blood.
In 1997, Brooks raids a vampirenightclub inLos Angeles owned by Deacon Frost. The police unknowingly take one of the wounded vampires, Quinn, to the hospital. Quinn kills Dr. Curtis Webb and feeds onhematologist Karen Jenson to regain his strength. Brooks takes Jenson to a safe house where she is treated by Whistler, who explains that they have been waging a secret war against vampires using weapons based on their weaknesses. As Jenson is now destined to become a vampire herself as a result of the bite, both he and Brooks tell her to leave the city. Jenson returns to her apartment and is attacked by Krieger, a police officer. Brooks subdues Krieger and reveals he is a "familiar" (a human loyal to vampires) and uses information from him to locate an archive that contains pages from "The Book ofErebus", the Vampire Nation'sholy book. Brooks reveals his origins to Jenson, who is experimenting with the anticoagulantEDTA and synthesizes a vaccine to cure her infection. Frost and his men attack Whistler's hideout, bite him, and abduct Jenson. When Brooks returns, he reluctantly helps Whistler commit suicide.
When Brooks attempts to rescue Jenson from Frost's lair, he finds his mother, who reveals that she became a vampire and was brought in by Frost, who appears and reveals himself as the vampire responsible for Brooks' very existence. Brooks is subdued and taken to the Temple of Eternal Night where Frost plans to drain him of his blood to summon La Magra, an ancient vampire god. Jenson escapes and frees Brooks, allowing him to drink her blood and regain his power. As Frost completes the ritual and obtains the powers of La Magra, Brooks confronts him after killing all of his minions, including his own mother. During their fight, Brooks injects Frost with syringes of EDTA, causing his body to inflate and explode, killing him.
Jenson offers to help Brooks cure himself at the cost of his abilities; instead, he asks her to create an improved version of the serum, so he can continue his crusade against vampires. Months later, Blade confronts a vampire inMoscow.
Two years later, Brooks searchesPrague for Whistler, having discovered that he survived his suicide attempt, turned into a vampire, and has been held prisoner by former followers of Frost. Rescuing Whistler and curing him using a long and arduous method of blood transference, Brooks introduces him to Scud, his new technician. Eli Damaskinos, overlord of the Vampire Nation, sends his minion, Asad, and daughter Nyssa, to strike a temporary truce with Brooks, informing him of apandemic that has been turning vampires into "Reapers", primal vampire-like creatures with a ravenous thirst for blood and a highly infectious bite that transforms both human and vampire alike. Brooks reluctantly allies with the Vampire Nation, teaming up with the Bloodpack, an elite group of vampires originally assembled to kill him. One of their members, Reinhardt, particularly hates Brooks, so he implants an explosive on Reinhardt's head to keep him in line. Meanwhile, he grows close with Nyssa, a natural-born vampire and Damaskinos' daughter, who has never killed a human.
During a battle with Reapers in a vampire nightclub, Brooks discovers that, like him, they are immune to most vampire weaknesses. The Reaper's leader, Jared Nomak, arrives and holds Nyssa hostage, before attempting to recruit Brooks to his cause citing their mutual hatred of vampires. After several of the Bloodpack are killed, Brooks fights Nomak, who discovers he is immune to his silver weapons. As the sun rises, Nomak retreats and Whistler returns, revealing that he has found the Reaper nest in the sewer. Brooks and the Bloodpack also learn the Reapers are weak to silver piercing the heart, but their hearts are encased in bone. They enter the nest and discover the Reaper horde. Brooks saves Nyssa and uses aUV light bomb to kill all of the Reapers except for Nomak. Nyssa is seriously injured until Brooks allows her to drink his blood to survive.
The Vampire Nation betrays and captures Brooks, Whistler, and Scud, revealing that the Reapers exist as a result of Damaskinos' efforts to engineer a stronger breed of vampires resistant to their natural weaknesses. Nomak, the first Reaper, is his own son. Scud reveals himself to be one of Damaskinos' familiars but Brooks, who already suspected this, kills him with the explosive that had been detached from Reinhardt's head. After Damaskinos reveals that he plans to harvest Brooks' blood to give himself immunity to sunlight and create a new breed of vampires, Whistler escapes and frees Brooks, who falls into Damaskinos' blood pool, restoring his strength and allowing him to fight his way through Damaskinos' henchmen and kill Reinhardt. After Nyssa betrays her father, furious at him for hiding Nomak's connection as his son, Nomak bites Nyssa, drinking her blood, before engaging Brooks in battle. Brooks defeats Nomak who kills himself with Brooks' sword. Fulfilling Nyssa's wish of dying as a vampire, Brooks takes her outside and embraces her as she turns to ash.[42]
After Brooks is tricked into killing a human familiar by the vampire leader Danica Talos, his existence as Blade is exposed to the public andFBI agents locate and raid his hideout, killing Whistler. Demoralized, Brooks surrenders and is arrested. After familiars embedded in the FBI attempt to hand him over to their vampire masters, Brooks is rescued byHannibal King and Abigail Whistler, Whistler's daughter, who invite him to join their band of vampire hunters, theNightstalkers, which Whistler had secretly founded without Brooks' knowledge. Brooks learns that Danica, an old enemy of King, has revivedDrake, the first vampire and a daywalker like Brooks, with the goal of using his powers to cure vampires of their weaknesses. In addition to being equipped by the Nightstalkers with their newly-innovative UV "Sun dog" ammunition, Brooks learns that they have created an experimental bioweapon known as Daystar, capable of killing vampires at the genetic level and that they believe if they can infect Drake, the virus will kill him and ensure the rest of the species is wiped out, including Brooks.[43]
Eager to test Brooks, Drake isolates him from the Nightstalkers and reveals that he believes both modern humans and vampires are inferior and he intends to wipe them from the Earth, also asking Brooks for help. Drake leads Brooks to a vampire compound where he and Abigail find evidence of the vampires' plans for human subjugation, as well as a network of blood farms wherebrain dead humans are drained for vampire consumption. Brooks deactivates the farm's life support systems and executes the familiar who had been rounding up homeless humans for vampire consumption.[44]
Returning to the Nightstalkers' hideout, Abigail and Brooks find everyone dead except for King and a young girl, Zoe, both of whom have been taken captive by Danica's forces. After arriving to Danica's base and freeing them, Brooks enters into combat with Drake; losing, he prepares to kill him with his own sword. After Abigail fires an arrow containing the Daystar virus at him, Drake catches it and drops it to the floor by Brooks, not realizing the danger it poses to him. After Abigail shoots Drake with another arrow, wounding him, Brooks uses the distraction to stab Drake with the Daystar arrow, triggering a chemical reaction that completes the virus, releasing it into the air and killing Danica and the rest of the vampires. As Drake slowly succumbs to the virus, he praises Brooks for fighting honorably, but warns him that he will eventually succumb to his need for blood, calling him the future of the vampires. Using the last of his power, Drake shapeshifts into Brooks. The FBI recover the body, but as they begin the autopsy, it transforms back into the deceased Drake. In apost-credits scene, Blade drives hisDodge Charger to places unknown.[45]
In the unrated extended edition, Drake's body in the morgue (as Brooks) does not transform back into Drake; instead, "Brooks" awakens and attacks the doctors and FBI agents present, before menacingly approaches a cowering orderly.[45]
At some point prior to 2024, theTime Variance Authority (TVA) decides Brooks' universe is on the verge of death. They send him tothe Void, a wasteland inhabited by a monster calledAlioth, which consumes everything in its path, as well as the ruthlessCassandra Nova. While there, he meetsElektra Natchios,Remy LeBeau / Gambit,Johnny Storm / Human Torch, andLaura / X-23. Their team also includedFrank Castle / The Punisher,Peter Maximoff / Quicksilver,Matt Murdock / Daredevil andErik Lehnsherr / Magneto, but all four died fighting Nova.
One day, Laura bringsWade Wilson / Deadpool andJames "Logan" Howlett / Wolverine to their base. Wilson explains that he believes he can force Nova to send him and Logan back to their home universes, and reveals Nova killed Johnny Storm. Brooks and the others agree to join forces with Wilson and Logan to avenge their respective universes. The team sets out for Nova's base, engaging in a fight with Nova's forces with the objective to removeJuggernaut's helmet, which Wilson and Logan use to neutralize Nova's powers. As Alioth approaches the base, Brooks watches Wilson and Logan jump through a portal back to Wilson's home universe,Earth-10005, as he is about to be consumed by Alioth. After saving his universe, Wade asksHunter B-15 of the TVA to save the others in the Void, leaving Brooks' fate unknown.
Blade is portrayed byWesley Snipes in four feature films:Stephen Norrington'sBlade (1998),Guillermo del Toro'sBlade II (2002),David S. Goyer'sBlade: Trinity (2004), and theMarvel Cinematic Universe filmDeadpool & Wolverine (2024), and bySticky Fingaz in the television seriesBlade: The Series, debuting with thetelevision filmBlade: House of Chthon on June 28, 2006, and concluding with its thirteenth episode, "Conclave", on September 13.[46]
InBlade: House of Chthon, the two-hourtelevision filmpilot forBlade: The Series, Blade reluctantly joins forces with the ruthless and beautifulIraq warveteran Krista Starr, the twin sister of Zack, a familiar murdered by his master Marcus Van Sciver, who apparently plans to develop a vaccine to make those of his kind who survived the Daystar virus indestructible by turning them all into Daywalkers like Blade. Forced to accommodate Krista's need for revenge, Blade also continues to keep his own bloodsucking tendencies in check through daily injections of a new special serum, seeking to counteract the damage left by Drake. After Marcus, smitten with Krista, injects her with his blood to turn her into a vampire, Krista is approached by Blade, who injects her with his own serum and offers her a chance to help him avenge her brother's death and bring down Marcus and the House of Chthon by going undercover in Marcus' organization: Zack is revealed to have been doing a sting operation with Blade. The two form a reluctant partnership.[47]
Following on fromBlade: House of Chthon, the events ofBlade: The Series follow Blade as he hunts various vampires within and without the House of Chthon, reluctantly reconnects with his estranged biological father Robert, and serves as Krista's handler as she works undercover and struggles to deal with her own hunger for blood and growing predatory nature. Ultimately, Blade discovers that Marcus believes in peace between humans and vampires, believing that they can survive without needing to kill, and that the "vaccine" is actually a virus called the Aurora Project that will specifically target the ruling vampire class of "purebloods", leaving "turnbloods" (normal vampires like Marcus and Krista, who were once human) unscathed. With Blade's help, he eventually unleashes his weapon in theseries finale, and Blade looks on at a world finally at peace.[46]
InThe Darkhold: Blade, aone-shot following analternate ending toBlade (1998), Blade fails to kill Deacon Frost before he succeeds in his plan to use La Magra, creating the "V-Wave", which immediately transforms billions worldwide into vampires (including many of Earth's superhumans), leaving the remainders of humanity divided between vampires and their dwindling food supply. While Blade continues his hunt, becoming known as a "boogeyman" to the vampire underworld, killing vampire and familiar alike, his former vampire allyAmadeus Cho is kidnapped by a collection of vampiric former Avengers and returned to the custody of his former masterWilson Fisk, the current "undisputed vampire king of New York City" (who now resembles Pearl). After Amadeus' interrogation by Fisk is interrupted by the failed attack of "the Last Avengers", led by Blade, Blade unleashes an aerosolized silver gas attack upon his penthouse, killing the Kingpin, the Avengers and all other vampires within, before succeeding him as "the king of the vampires".[11][48]
Snipes' Blade appears in several video games based on the film series:Blade, a prequel of the first film published and released byActivision in 2000,[49] with a separate game released for theGame Boy Color later that year, voiced byRedd Pepper,[50][51]Blade II, released for thePlayStation 2 andXbox on September 3, 2002 (unlike the otherBlade video games, it is a narrative sequel tothe film of the same name, taking place between the events ofBlade II andBlade: Trinity, in which Blade is voiced by Tom Clarke Hill[52][53]), andBlade: Trinity, a tie-in Java mobile game starring the character and adapting the film of the same name, developed by Mforma and released in December 2004.[54]
In comics, the films have been expanded upon inBlade: Sins of the Father (a prequel toBlade),Blade 2: Bloodhunt (an official comic adaptation ofBlade II), andThe Darkhold: Blade (an alternate ending toBlade).
Snipes' Blade has also appeared in three segments of theparody seriesRobot Chicken, voiced byJordan Peele.[citation needed] In "Sesame Street Rave", aparody of the opening scene ofBlade, Blade rescues Alex from a rave attended by the cast ofSesame Street, turned into vampires byCount von Count, before killing them all.[55] In "Bob Barker's New Gig", a retiredBob Barker (voiced by Jonathan Lipow) dresses as Snipes' Blade to become a vigilante, spaying and neutering all pets in the city in a parody ofBlade, concluding withSnoop Dogg, awerewolf.[56] In "Blade's Blades", Blade kills two vampires before pinning a third to a wall to give him a sales pitch to buy "Blade's Blades" (a variety of specialised knives) from him as part of amulti-level marketing scheme, under the justification that merely being a vampire hunter doesn't pay his bills, before demonstrating his knives' capabilities by using them to block bullets shot by a gun. Impressed, the pinned vampire offers to buy two knives, asking whether or not Blade takesDiscover; although insulted, Blade admits that he does, and accepts the payment.[57][58]
In the television seriesWhat We Do in the Shadows, Snipes recurs as a fictionalised version of himself/Blade known as "Wesley the Daywalker", or "Wesley Sykes", a daywalking vampire and member of the Vampiric Council who portrayed the daywalking vampire hunter Blade in films.[59]
Snipes' portrayal of the character received significant critical praise, with the first film starring him receiving acult following and the beginning of Marvel's film success, setting the stage for further comic book film adaptations.[6][7]
the only three people we were thinking about for Whistler were Patrick Mac-Goohan, Jon Voight, and Kris Kristofferson.
"I wanted to treat the character with respect," he ex¬ plained. "The other thing was that I wanted to do a post¬ modernist vampire film. I wanted to demystify vampires to a certain extent and ap¬ proach it from a street [level|. I wrote the initial draft before FROM DUSK TILL DAWN and VAMPIRE IN BROOK¬ LYN and all the other vampire films [took a similar approach]."
representation matters. In the comics, Blade's mentor was Jamal Afari, a role whitewashed and changed to the character of Abraham Whistler in the movies.
I spent two days on theBlade: Trinity set on behalf of Spin Magazine
Created byMarv Wolfman andGene Colan | |||||||||||
| Affiliations | |||||||||||
| Supporting characters | |||||||||||
| Enemies | |||||||||||
| In other media |
| ||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
