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Black pond turtle

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Species of turtle

For the Southeast Asian turtle also known as the "black pond turtle", seeBlack marsh turtle.

Black pond turtle

Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)^[1]
CITES Appendix I ^[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Family:	Geoemydidae
Subfamily:	Geoemydinae
Genus:	Geoclemys
Species:	G. hamiltonii
Binomial name
*Geoclemys hamiltonii* (Gray, 1831)
Synonyms^[3]
Emys hamiltonii Gray, 1831 Emys guttata Gray, 1831 Emys picquotii Lesson, 1831 Clemmys (Clemmys)hamiltonii —Fitzinger, 1835 Geoclemys hamiltonii — Gray, 1856 Damonia hamiltonii — Gray, 1869 Melanochelys pictus Murray, 1884 Clemmys palaeindica Lydekker, 1885 Damonia hamiltoni — Lydekker, 1889(ex errore) Geoclemmys hamiltonii —Boulenger, 1889 Emys hamiltoni —M.A. Smith, 1931 Geoclemys hamiltoni — M.A. Smith, 1931

Theblack pond turtle (Geoclemys hamiltonii), also knowncommonly as thespotted pond turtle and theIndian spotted turtle, is aspecies of freshwaterturtle in thefamily Geoemydidae. The species, which isendemic toSouth Asia,^[4] belongs to themonotypic genusGeoclemys.

Etymology

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Thespecific name,hamiltonii, is in honor ofScottish botanist andichthyologist Francis Hamilton.^[5]

Description

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G. hamiltonii is mainly black with small yellowish or white spots, and a much-elevatedcarapace, with three interrupted keels or series of nodose prominences corresponding to the vertebral and costal shields. The posterior border of the carapace is strongly serrated in young, but feebly in the adult. The nuchal is moderate, broader posteriorly than anteriorly. The first vertebral is not or scarcely broader anteriorly than posteriorly. The second and third vertebrals are broader than long in the young, nearly as long as broad in the adult, narrower than the costals. Theplastron is large, angulate laterally, truncate anteriorly. The posterior lobe of the plastron is much narrower than the opening of the shell, nearly as long as the width of the bridge, deeply notched posteriorly. The head is rather large. The snout is very short, not projecting. The upper jaw is emarginated mesially. The width of the mandible at the symphysis nearly equals the horizontal diameter of the orbit. A large shield covers the upper surface of the snout and the crown, sometimes divided into three, one shield around the upper jaw and one on each side between the eye and the ear. The digits are webbed to the claws. The tail is extremely short. The shell is dark brown or blackish, elegantly marked with yellow spots and radiating streaks, and the soft parts are dark brown or blackish, with round yellow spots, largest on the head and neck.^[6]

Maximum straight carapace length is 41 cm (16 in).^[7]

Diet

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G. hamiltoniipreys predominately upon snails, but also eats dragonfly larvae, other insects, freshwater crustaceans, and other animal and vegetable food items.^[1]

Reproduction

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G. hamiltonii isoviparous.^[8]

Each female lays twoclutches per year. Clutch size is 12–36 eggs, and the second clutch is usually smaller than the first. Each hatchling has a straight carapace length of about 37 mm (1.5 in).^[1]

Geographic range

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G. hamiltonii is found in southernPakistan (Indus,Ganges,Brahmaputra River drainages), northernIndia (Assam,Bihar,Jammu,Meghalaya,Punjab,Rajasthan,Uttar Pradesh,West Bengal),Sri Lanka, andBangladesh.^[1]

References

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^^a ^b ^c ^dPraschag, P.;Ahmed, M.F.; Singh, S. (2019)."Geoclemys hamiltonii".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2019 e.T9029A152050337.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T9029A152050337.en. Retrieved19 November 2021.
^"Appendices | CITES".cites.org. Retrieved2022-01-14.
^Fritz, Uwe;Havaš, Peter (2007)."Checklist of Chelonians of the World".Vertebrate Zoology.57 (2): 222.doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895.ISSN 1864-5755.
^Chelonia.org
^Beolens, Bo;Watkins, Michael;Grayson, Michael (2011).The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Geoclemys hamiltonii, p. 114).
^Boulenger GA (1890).The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (Damonia hamiltonii, p. 34).
^Das (2002).
^SpeciesGeoclemys hamiltonii atThe Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.

External links

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Geoclemys hamiltonii at theReptarium.cz Reptile Database

FamilyGeoemydidae

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Reptilia
Subclass:Anapsida
Order:Testudines
Suborder:Cryptodira
Superfamily:Testudinoidea
Family:Geoemydidae

Genera

Species of the familyGeoemydidae

†Banhxeochelys

†Banhxeochelys trani

Batagur

Cuora

Cyclemys

†Echmatemys

Geoclemys

Black pond turtle

Geoemyda

Hardella

Brahminy river turtle

Heosemys

Leucocephalon

Sulawesi forest turtle

Malayemys

Mauremys

Melanochelys

Morenia

Notochelys

Malayan flat-shelled turtle

Orlitia

Malaysian giant turtle

Pangshura

Rhinoclemmys

Sacalia

Siebenrockiella

Vijayachelys

Cane turtle

Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based onturtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. †=Extinct.

Testudines

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Reptilia
Clade:Diapsida
Order:Testudines

Genus

Chelonioidea
(Sea turtles)

Cheloniidae	†Allopleuron Caretta †Carolinochelys Chelonia †Eochelone Eretmochelys †Gigantatypus †Glarichelys †Itilochelys Lepidochelys †Mexichelys †Miocaretta Natator †Pacifichelys †Syllomus †Tasbacka
Dermochelyidae	†Arabemys †Corsochelys †Cosmochelys Dermochelys †Eosphargis †Mesodermochelys †Psephophorus
	†Euclastes †Peritresius †Procolpochelys †Protosphargis †Puppigerus

Kinosternoidea

Dermatemydidae	Dermatemys
Kinosternidae	Claudius †Hoplochelys Kinosternon Staurotypus Sternotherus

Testudinoidea

Emydidae	†Acherontemys Chrysemys Clemmys Deirochelys Emys Actinemys Emydoidea Glyptemys Graptemys Malaclemys Pseudemys Terrapene Trachemys †Wilburemys
Geoemydidae	Batagur †Banhxeochelys Cuora Cyclemys Geoclemys Geoemyda Hardella Heosemys Leucocephalon Malayemys Mauremys Melanochelys Morenia Notochelys Orlitia Pangshura Rhinoclemmys Sacalia Siebenrockiella Vijayachelys
Platysternidae	Platysternon
Testudinidae	Aldabrachelys Astrochelys Centrochelys Chelonoidis Chersina Cylindraspis †Cymatholcus †Floridemys Geochelone Gopherus †Hadrianus †Hesperotestudo Homopus Indotestudo Kinixys Malacochersus Manouria †Megalochelys †Oligopherus Psammobates Pyxis †Solitudo Stigmochelys †Stylemys Testudo

Trionychia

Carettochelyidae	†Allaeochelys †Anosteira Carettochelys
Trionychidae	Amyda Apalone †Axestemys Chitra Cyclanorbis Cycloderma †Drazinderetes Dogania †Gilmoremys †Hutchemys †Khunnuchelys Lissemys Nilssonia Palea †Palaeoamyda Pelochelys Pelodiscus Rafetus Trionyx
	†Basilochelys †Sinaspideretes

Chelydridae	Chelydra †Chelydrops †Chelydropsis †Emarginachelys †Macrocephalochelys Macrochelys †Planiplastron †Protochelydra
†Nanhsiungchelyidae	†Anomalochelys †Basilemys †Jiangxichelys
†Protostegidae	†Alienochelys †Archelon †Atlantochelys †Bouliachelys †Calcarichelys †Cratochelone †Desmatochelys †Iserosaurus †Notochelone †Ocepechelon †Pneumatoarthrus †Protostega †Rhinochelys †Santanachelys †Terlinguachelys
	†Adocus †Argillochelys †Bashuchelys †Ctenochelys †Prionochelys †Toxochelys

Pleurodira

†Araripemydidae	†Araripemys
†Bothremydidae	†Araiochelys †Arenila †Azabbaremys †Bothremys †Cearachelys †Chedighaii †Chupacabrachelys †Eotaphrosphys †Foxemys †Galianemys †Ilatardia †Inaechelys †Itapecuruemys †Jainemys †Kinkonychelys †Kurmademys †Labrostochelys †Nigeremys †Phosphatochelys †Polysternon †Puentemys †Rosasia †Rhothonemys †Sankuchemys †Taphrosphys †Ummulisani †Zolhafah
Chelidae	Acanthochelys Chelodina Chelus Elseya Elusor Emydura Hydromedusa †Lomalatachelys Mesoclemmys Myuchelys Phrynops Platemys †Prochelidella Pseudemydura Rheodytes Rhinemys †Yaminuechelys
Pelomedusidae	Pelomedusa Pelusios
Podocnemididae	†Albertwoodemys †Bauruemys †Brontochelys †Caninemys †Carbonemys †Cerrejonemys †Cordichelys Erymnochelys †Lapparentemys †Latentemys Peltocephalus Podocnemis †Stupendemys
†Sahonachelyidae	†Sahonachelys †Sokatra

	†Caribemys †Caririemys †Tacuarembemys

Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based onTurtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. † = extinct.

See alsoList of Testudines families

Taxon identifiers
Geoclemys hamiltonii	Wikidata:Q1345661 Wikispecies:Geoclemys hamiltonii ADW:Geoclemys BOLD:190994 CoL:3FP5D ECOS:6371 EoL:794280 GBIF:2443250 iNaturalist:40018 IRMNG:11311862 ITIS:551918 IUCN:9029 NCBI:260639 Observation.org:99639 Paleobiology Database:373847 RD:hamiltonii Species+:9941