Infectious necrotic hepatitis is a disease of large animals, especiallysheep, caused byClostridium novyi infection. The primary infection is intestinal and transferred by the faecal-oral route.Spores ofC. novyi escape from the gut and lodge in theliver, where they remain dormant until some injury createsanaerobic conditions for them to germinate, causing localnecrosis and widespread damage to themicrovascular system, resulting in subcutaneous bleeding and blackening of the skin, hence the common name"black disease".[1]
Insheep, the disease, referred to as "black disease", results from interaction of bacteria (especiallyC. novyi) andliver fluke (Fasciola hepatica).[2]
As with otherenterotoxemias, the disease leads to sudden death. Nevertheless, sheep with previous vaccination can show a protracted course. The rest of the flock may show loss of appetite andpica.[3]
Peritoneal and thoracic cavities contains a great quantity of fluids, as does the pericardial sac.
The liver is sometimes swollen withperihepatitis. There appear a great number of necrotic foci, 3 to 4 mm diameter, which extend deeply in the organ. Hepatic lymph nodes are enlarged. Thegallbladder is full.
Subcutaneous tissues are full of cyanotic venous blood. They may darken the hide, hence the name "black disease".[4]
In order to control for the disease, theLymnaea spp snails, which are the intermediate host for the liver flukes, need to be controlled. There are three ways that have proven most effective when controlling the snail populations:[5]
