Black Panthers Hebrew:הפנתרים השחורים | |
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| Founded | 1971 |
| Merged into | Hadash,Left Camp of Israel |
| Ideology | Sephardic andMizrahi interests Social justice Marxism Socialism |
| Political position | Left-wing |
| MostMKs | 1 (1977–1992) |
| Fewest MKs | 1 (1977–1992) |
| Election symbol | |
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| Part ofa series on |
| Socialism in Israel |
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Historical parties |
TheBlack Panthers (Hebrew:הפנתרים השחורים,romanized: HaPanterim HaShchorim) were anIsraeli protest movement established by second-generation Jewish immigrants fromNorth Africa, theArab world, and other parts of theMiddle East. The movement was among the earliest in the State of Israel to advocate for the rights and interests ofSephardi andMizrahi Jews. Its members were influenced by theAfrican AmericanBlack Panther Party and used the same name. The group is sometimes referred to as theIsraeli Black Panthers to distinguish it from the American organization.
The movement was founded in early 1971 by youngMizrahi Jews in theMusrara neighborhood ofWest Jerusalem, in response to patterns ofdiscrimination against Mizrahi Jews that had been present throughout the history of the State of Israel.[1]
The movement's founders protested theAshkenaziestablishment's neglect of Mizrahi social issues. The original group consisted of ten members, all children ofMoroccan Jews who had settled in Israel.[2] They were approximately 18 to 20 years old, and most had left school before completingprimary education and had spent time injuvenile delinquent institutions. The founders were influenced by the Community Work Division of theJerusalem Municipality, which introduced them to themass media as a means of expressing their demands for change. Additional influences included anti-Zionist high school and university students.[3]
The Black Panthers asserted that discrimination against Mizrahi Jews was evident in the differing treatment they perceived from the Ashkenazi establishment toward immigrants from theSoviet Union. Unlike most other Mizrahi organizations in Israel, which were primarily religious, such asShas, the Black Panthers maintained asecular Jewish orientation.[4][5]
Originally a wealthy Palestinian neighborhood, Musrara had been depopulated during theNakba, when itsPalestinian residents either fled or were expelled and were not permitted to return. Their homes were subsequently allocated to Jewish immigrants from Middle Eastern and North African countries.[6] Located along the border between Israel and theWest Bank, Musrara became a neglected area, with parts designated as a no-man’s land and marked by minefields. Following the 1967Six-Day War and theIsraeli annexation of East Jerusalem, the neighborhood became centrally located within a unified Jerusalem under Israeli administration. The Israeli government developed plans to redevelop the area with high-rise housing intended for Soviet immigrants, a process that would have involved the displacement of the existing North African Jewish residents.[7]
Prominent early members of the Israeli Black Panthers movement includedCharlie Biton,Saadia Marciano, Roni Orovitz,Reuven Abergel, Meir Levi,[8] Kochavi Shemesh,[2] andReuven Abergel. The movement gained public attention and presented itself as an advocate for Mizrahi Jews.[8]
In early 1971, the formation of the Israeli Black Panthers movement was publicized. Around this time, reports emerged that some of the movement’s leaders had criminal records. Authorities expressed concern that unrest similar to the 1959Wadi Salib riots could recur.[9] Prior to the movement’s first organized demonstration, activist Shimshon Vigodar produced and distributed leaflets in the Musrara neighborhood with three members ofMatzpen, a leftist anti-Zionist group. While distributing the materials, they were detained by police. Vigodar later noted that unlike the treatment of Matzpen activists, members of the Black Panthers were arrested prior to demonstrations without specific charges.[10]
In March 1971, theIsrael Police denied the Black Panthers a permit to demonstrate, citing the criminal records of some members. Several individuals were arrested to prevent the protest from taking place. Authorities stated that funding would be allocated to address socioeconomic issues in Jerusalem neighborhoods.[11] Despite the denial, the Black Panthers proceeded with an unauthorized demonstration on March 2, 1971, in front of Jerusalem City Hall, to protest poverty, economic inequality, and ethnic discrimination within Israeli Jewish society. The group circulated a leaflet calling for action against class and ethnic discrimination and for the release of the detained organizers.[12] Approximately 200 to 300 people participated, primarily students and intellectuals, rather than residents of Musrara.[13] The protest attracted additional attention in part due to its unauthorized status.
The movement gained public and media visibility and began developing a base of support. On May 18, 1971, the Black Panthers organized a mass demonstration known as "The Night of the Panthers," with an estimated 5,000 to 7,000 participants protesting against discrimination toward Mizrahi Jews. The protest began inDavidka Square and proceeded towardZion Square, resulting in seven hours of clashes between demonstrators and police.[2][14] Protesters called for renaming the square toKikar Yehadut HaMizrah (Mizrahi Jewry Square). This protest was also held without a permit.
Historian Oz Frankel describes the police response during the protest, noting the use by the police of water cannons that sprayed water dyed green, which contributed to panic among the crowd. More than 100 individuals were arrested, including many bystanders, and reports ofpolice brutality were recorded. Arrests continued into the following day. Late in the evening, demonstrators threw three Molotov cocktails. The use of incendiary devices marked a shift in the movement's tactics and contributed to heightened concern among law enforcement and government officials.
Prior to the May protest, on April 13, 1971, representatives of the Black Panthers met with Prime MinisterGolda Meir, who characterized them as "not nice people".[15][16] She regarded the leaders as lawbreakers and declined to formally recognize the group as a legitimate social movement. Following the May 18 protest, the government increased pressure on the Panthers to join theAlliance of Moroccan Immigrants, an establishment-aligned organization. According to historian Oz Frankel, the Panthers temporarily agreed in order to secure the release of jailed members.[14]
The protest and its aftermath prompted the government to engage more seriously with the movement's demands. A public committee was formed to examine claims of discrimination. The committee’s findings acknowledged the existence of ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in Israeli society. In response, government funding for social services and welfare was increased. However, the 1973Yom Kippur War shifted national priorities toward defense spending, limiting the long-term impact of these policy changes.
Despite initial momentum, the Black Panthers faced challenges in expanding into a nationwide grassroots movement. Internal disagreements and limited organizational capacity hindered their efforts. Between March and August 1971, the group held additional demonstrations. Their base of support remained strongest in Musrara, and included neighborhood youth as well as some intellectuals and left-wing student groups. Key figures such as Charlie Biton and Reuven Abergel played central roles in the organization, which retained elements of a neighborhood-based structure.
The movement made connections with members of theKnesset, theHistadrut labor federation, and theJewish Agency for Israel. However, the scale of public and governmental engagement with the Black Panthers quickly declined as the group struggled to mobilize broader sections of the population.[3]
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The Panthers eventually moved into electoral politics, but without success, at least in part because of internal disputes and struggles.[citation needed] In the1973 Knesset elections the party won 13,332 votes (0.9%), just short of the 1% threshold. For the1977 elections Charlie Biton ran on theHadash list. He was re-elected three times, before leaving Hadash to establish the Black Panthers as an independent Knesset faction in 1990.
Some of the movement’s leaders later joined other political parties, including theTami andShas parties, which advocated for Mizrahi interests. The Black Panthers played a significant role in raising awareness of what became known as the "Mizrahi question," contributing to political discourse in the 1970s and 1980s. Their activism influenced the rise of the right-wingLikud party during that period, which gained electoral support among Mizrahi voters. Over subsequent decades, Mizrahi Jews became increasingly integrated into Israel’s political, cultural, military, and economic sectors. According to journalist Asaf Elia-Shalev,[citation needed] the efforts of Mizrahi activists helped empower a generation of Mizrahi artists and scholars, encouraging the expression of cultural identity through music, literature, and dance. Mizrahi culture has since become a prominent component of mainstream Israeli society.
In 2007, the Israel State Archives released documents revealing that Ya’akov Elbaz, a prominent figure in the Black Panthers, had been a policeinformant. Elbaz, who was approximately 40 years old at the time and known for involvement inorganized crime, joined the group shortly after its first protest. He was reportedly recruited by the police to monitor the organization’s activities. According to detective Avraham Turgiman, “"The police were worried that the Panthers would use violence like the U.S. Black Panthers, so they wanted to be informed on their activities".[17] Elbaz was allegedly paid by the police, and authorities overlooked his activities related topimping.
Elbaz contributed financially to the movement and strongly advocated for violence.[7] He was eventually elected president of the organization. Kochavi Shemesh, a member of the Panthers, stated that Elbaz “was one of the leaders who promoted violent struggle, provided Molotov cocktails, and was a provocateur on behalf of the police".[17] Charlie Biton later said: “I now know that Elbaz was planted by the police in the organization to try to make it look more radical".
Internal documents released from the State Archives, including newsletters and reports, suggest that Elbaz regularly provided information on the group’s activities. It is likely that the police had additional informants within the organization. The presence of informers contributed to internal mistrust and discord, affecting the group’s cohesion and operational effectiveness.[7]
The Israeli Black Panthers adopted their name from the United States Black Panther Party, as did groups in theUnited Kingdom, West Indies, West Africa, and South Asia. These groups shared experiences shaped by migration and employed grassroots strategies and interethnic cooperation to address perceived racial and social inequalities. In Israel, the name was proposed by one of the party's founders, Sa'adia Marciano.[7]
There are two accounts regarding how the Israeli group chose its name.[17] One suggests that Marciano or fellow founder Charlie Biton encountered American activistAngela Davis, who had ties to the U.S. Black Panther Party, and that this interaction influenced the naming and ideological orientation of the Israeli group. Another account claims that a neighborhood social worker remarked that the group resembled the U.S. Black Panthers, prompting them to adopt the name.[8]
Marciano, known for organizing against policeprofiling, is said to have suggested forming a Black Panther Party in Israel during a 1970 meeting with local activists. He aimed for the group to reflect the organizational style and militancy associated with the U.S. Black Panther Party. The choice of name was also considered a strategic move to attract media attention, which it did.[7]
The group believed that using the name would resonate with Ashkenazi Jews in Israel and abroad, many of whom were familiar with African American history due to American cultural influence. They anticipated that the provocative name would help sustain the group’s visibility, in contrast to earlier, less-recognized Eastern activist organizations. While initially possessing limited knowledge of the U.S. Black Panthers, the Israeli group broadly identified with their message and drew inspiration for their protest activities. They were familiar with elements ofAfrican-American history[7] and renamed their neighborhood of Musrara as "Harlem/Musrara" in symbolic alignment.[18]
The Israeli Black Panthers identified with African Americans in their experiences of discrimination and marginalization. They viewed Israeli society as divided by ethnic and class lines and rejected the idea that assimilation was a viable solution to their concerns.[7]
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In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a movement known as theRussian Panthers was established in Israel, referencing the Black Panther Party, after attacks against Russian-speaking immigrants.[19][20][21][22]
In 2011, a group of activists named two paths in the Musrara neighborhood of Jerusalem "Black Panthers Way" and "They're Not Nice Alley." The latter name references a remark made by former Prime Minister Golda Meir about the Israeli Black Panthers.[23]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)The newly named streets will be part of a tour dubbed 'In the Panthers' footsteps' through Musrara's mostly unnamed alleys.
