Biyar 'Adas بِيار عدس Bir Adas | |
|---|---|
 "Shanti" house, ca 1948 | |
| Etymology: "The well oflentils"[1] | |
.jpg) 1870s map.jpg) 1940s map.jpg) modern map.jpg) 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Biyar 'Adas (click the buttons) | |
  Biyar 'Adas Location withinMandatory Palestine | |
| Coordinates:32°09′27″N34°55′15″E / 32.15750°N 34.92083°E /32.15750; 34.92083 | |
| Palestine grid | 142/173 |
| Geopolitical entity | Mandatory Palestine |
| Subdistrict | Jaffa |
| Date of depopulation | April 12, 1948[4] |
| Area | |
• Total | 5,492dunams (5.492 km2; 2.120 sq mi) |
| Population (1945) | |
• Total | 300[2][3] |
| Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault byYishuv forces |
| Current Localities | Adanim,[5]Elishama[5] |
Biyar 'Adas (Arabic:بِيار عدس) was aPalestinian Arab village located 19 km northeast of the city ofTel Aviv. In 1945 the village had a population of 300 and a total land area of 5,492dunums.
In 1856 the village was namedBir 'Adas onKiepert's map of Palestine published that year.[6]
In 1870Victor Guérin noted it as located on a small height,[7] and anOttoman village list from about the same year showed that Bijar 'Adas had a population of 198 in a total of 60 houses, though that population count included men, only. It was further noted that the name meant "Thecistern oflentils".[8][9]
In 1882, thePEF'sSurvey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Biyar 'Adas as a village built ofadobe bricks, with awell to the east.[10]
In the1922 census of Palestine, conducted by theBritish Mandate authorities,Biar Adas had a population of 87, all Muslims,[11] increasing in the1931 census to 161, still all Muslim, in a total of 28 houses.[12]
In the early hours of May 29, 1939, 25 members of theIrgun led by Moshe Moldovsky attacked Biyar 'Adas on the grounds that its residents were harboring what they have seen as "gangs". The members of the unit were instructed to avoid harming women, children and the elderly.[13][14] They forced their way into two houses and shot dead one man and four women.[13] Two men and a girl were wounded.[13] In a letter,Ze'ev Jabotinsky ordered the Irgun command to punish those responsible for shooting women, and to report to him what the punishment was, if indeed those reports were true.[14] Nobody was punished.[14]
In the1945 statistics the village had a total of 1,604 dunums of land used for citrus and bananas, 3,413 dunums to cereals, 181 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,[5][15] while 14 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[16]
On January 19, 1948, the elders of Biyar Adas warned the inhabitants of the nearby Jewish settlement ofMagdiel to be on guard against assaults.[17] On February 27 that year, a farmer from Magdiel was killed in an ambush by Arab militants while working in fields near Magdiel. AIsrael Defense Forces force from the 32nd Battalion of theAlexandroni Brigade arrived to the scene of the shooting, spotted militants retreating towards Bir Adas, and opened fire on the village. Following the shooting, on March 2 1948, Iraqi troops, who were headed byFawzi al-Qawuqji, were called to Biyar Adas and attacked Magdiel. Fire and sniping took place daily for about a week. Company B of the 32nd Battalion of the Alexandroni Brigade attempted to hit Arab positions, as additional Arab forces were concentrated in Bir Adas. A prolonged battle ensued, which ended with withdrawal of the Arab troops[18] and a ceasefire, brokered on 9 March 1948 by the Arab notable Tawfiq Abu Kishk.[19][20][21][22]
The village became depopulated after an assault by theLehi, an offshoot of theIrgun on April 12, 1948.[4][23][24] Later that year,Yosef Weitz set about levelling Biyar 'Adas.[25][26]
After the war the area was incorporated into theState of Israel. Themoshav ofAdanim was established on village land, southwest of the village site, in 1950. In 1951 another moshav,Elishama, was built on land that had belonged to Biyar 'Adas.[5]
Khalidi described the place in 1992:
The site is marked by cactuses, fig trees, palm trees, and the debris of houses. Some houses and sections of houses that were built among citrus groves still stand, deserted, amidst wild vegetation. All are made of concrete and possess a variety of architectural designs, ranging from the elaborate to the simple. Their roofs are flat, slanted, or gabled, and their doors and windows are rectangular. The land in the vicinity is cultivated and is covered in places by Israeli fruit orchards.[5]
