ABit-hilani (Akkadian:Bīt-Ḫilāni, meaning 'house of pillars') is an ancient architectural type of palace. It seems to have become popular at the end of the tenth and during the ninth century BCE during the earlyIron Age in northern Syria although it may have originated as early as theBronze Age. Contemporary records call it a Hittite-style palace, probably after theNeo-Hittite kingdoms of northern Syria. This building type has also spread to theSouthern Levant, where it has been widely used.
The major feature for a visitor would have been the monumental entranceloggia or portico with columns[1] flanked by large massive parts of the building and approached by a broad but relatively low flight of steps. On one side a stairway to the upper parts would reside in one of these block like structures.[2] Straight ahead one would enter the great hall, where one would have to turn by 90° to see the throne in the far end of the hall. The overall plan of the building would be rectangular with the large hall in the middle surrounded on all sides by the other much narrower rooms.[3]
This type of design with a large central space surrounded by a double wall with smaller rooms taking up the space within the walls may be based on designs first used in the lateUbaid period in southern Mesopotamia such as theUbaid house. Pillared porticos as gates or grand entrances were used by several cultures of the Bronze Age around the eastern Mediterranean sea. The examples of the Hittites and the Myceneans may be the best known. Through themegarons andpropylaea of themycenaean palaces the style may have lived into classical Greek designs. The iron agehilani of theLevant[dubious –discuss], may well be the combination of the old broad-room concept with a Hittite-style portico. In recent traditional architecture it may have a late resemblance in the design of theliwan house.[citation needed]
The oldest excavated building described asHilani by its excavatorSir Leonard Woolley is a palace[4] in level IV atAlalakh dated to the 15th century BCE. The palace is thought to have been built byNiqmepa, a son ofIdrimi of the royal family of theAmorite state ofYamhad based inHalab.
A building at the citadel (Büyükkale) of the Hittite capitalHattusa may also have been of the hilani type.[5] As most of the structures on the citadel underwent considerable rebuilding during the reign ofTudhaliya IV (c. 1237–1209 BCE), it is usually dated to the 13th century BCE.[6]
Kapara, king of theHittite[7] kingdom ofBit Bahiani in the 10th or 9th century BCE, built himself a palace of this style in his capital at Guzana (Tell Halaf). The palace,[8] with a rich decoration of statues and relieforthostats, was excavated byMax von Oppenheim in 1911. Some of the finds were taken toBerlin, much of them destroyed when von Oppenheim's private museum was hit during a bombing raid in November 1943 and recently partially reconstructed from the preserved pieces. TheNational Museum of Aleppo has reconstructed the pillaredportico in front of its entrance.
Other buildings of this type have been excavated, among others atTell Tayinat,[9]Qatna,Sam'al,Sakçagözü,Carchemish,Tell Seh Hamad,[10] maybeKinet Höyük[11] and atEmar.[12]
When claiming to have built in the style of a hilani, most builders probably referred to the pillared portico withantechamber such as:
Sargon II, King ofAssyria 722–705 BCE, at his new city ofDur-Sharrukin, begun in 713 BCE. An isolated building of which not much is known yet has been located in the western corner of the palace terrace. It may be a candidate[13] for the building he mentions in his founding text.[14]
"A portico, patterned after the Hittite palace, which in the language of Amurru they call a bit-hilani, I built in front of the palaces' gates."
Sennacherib, King ofAssyria (704–681 BC), claims to have done some building inNiniveh in the style of a bit-hilani. Nothing similar to ahilani has to date been identified without doubt at his palace, known today as the South-West Palace in Niniveh, finished in 694 BCE. The building in question may not have been found yet.
