_on_bird_feeder.jpg)
.jpg)
Abirdfeeder,bird table, ortray feeder is a device placed outdoors to supplybird food tobirds (bird feeding). The success of a bird feeder in attracting birds depends upon its placement and the kinds of foods offered,[1] as different species have different preferences.
Most bird feeders supplyseeds or bird food, such asmillet,sunflower (oil and striped),safflower,nyjer seed, andrapeseed or canola seed to seed-eating birds.
Bird feeders often are used forbirdwatching and many people keepwebcams trained on feeders where birds often congregate, with some even living just near the bird feeder.
Seed feeders are the most common type of feeders. They can vary in design from tubes to hoppers and trays. Sunflower seeds or mixed seeds are popular for use in these feeders and will attract many songbirds such as cardinals,finches, andchickadees. Black oil sunflower seeds are especially popular with bird enthusiasts. The outer shell of the black oil sunflower seeds are thinner and easier to crack than other types of sunflower seeds. In addition, the kernel is larger than the striped or white sunflower seeds.[2] Black oil sunflower seeds also contain a large amount of fat; therefore they are especially good to use in the winter. Most bird feeders are designed to dispense sunflower-sized foods, but there are specialty "finch feeders" with smaller openings to dispense the tinyGuizotia abyssinica (Niger seed), which is a favorite of smaller finches.
Seed feeders are mainly squirrel proof, tube-like or hopper. Due to the need of keeping squirrels away from the bird food, manufacturers have created different defense mechanisms that may deter squirrels from getting close to the seed. Some seed feeders come with weight sensitive technology which shuts off the access to the seed ports whenever a heavy weight is detected (as most squirrels are heavier than birds). Birds can still feed as they weigh less and the ports remain open under their weight. Other seed feeders are designed to be mounted on poles as it is believed that squirrels reach seed feeders more easily from trees than from poles. The simplest type of squirrel proof feeder is a tube-like feeder surrounded by a metal cage. These feeders also offer protection from larger and more aggressive birds. Tube seed feeders are primarily made of clear plastic tubes with plastic or metal caps, bases and perches. Hopper bird feeders look like a house and attract a wide range of birds such as finches, cardinals, blue jays, sparrows and titmice.
Hummingbird feeders, rather than dispensing seed, supplyliquidnourishment tohummingbirds in the form of asugar solution. The solution is normally 4 parts water to 1 part white sugar. Only pure refined white cane or beet sugar should be used, according to experts:[3][4][5][6]
Hummingbird feeders usually have red accents or red glass to help attract hummingbirds. The sugar mixture is sometimes colored with red food coloring to attract birds, though this is not necessary if the feeder itself is red, and may actually be harmful to the birds.Yeasts tend to grow in hummingbird feeders and spoil the solution, so they must be refreshed frequently and kept very clean to avoid harm to the birds. See the article onhummingbirds for more details. Ants and other insects are also attracted to hummingbird nectar. Smearing petroleum jelly on the stem or cap of the feeder (away from the perch or flower part where the bird may come into contact with it) may prevent the ants from crawling to the feeder. When placing a hummingbird feeder, the feeder is best suited 15 to 20 feet from windows; 10 to 15 feet from the nearest cover, like shrubs or bushes; and in an open area that receives partial sun, so that hummingbirds can move from nectar source to nectar source.[7]
Hummingbird top-fill feeders are popular among bird lovers because they are easy to fill and clean and also because they do not need to be turned upright which means that there are less chances that the nectar is spilled. The sports bottle top-fill hummingbird feeders have the design of a sports bottle, with a mechanism that works similarly to such a bottle.[8] With this type of feeder, one has to push down the plastic container in order to close the nectar reservoir and then to unscrew the cap and pour thenectar. After the cap is replaced, the body of the nectar reservoir can be pulled up. This type of bird feeder has the advantage that the feeder does not need to be turned upside down to be refilled and which results in less nectar wasted by spilling. The traditional top-fill hummingbird feeders are one of the most popular types. There is also a plunger type of top-filling hummingbird feeder which comes with a small plunger in the container that creates thevacuum seal when the lid is tightened and the nectar will start flowing only when the lid is sealed correctly to the feeding ports.[9]
The bottom-fill hummingbird feeders include a traditional bottom-fill feeder and several variations of it. The traditional ones are filled from an opening at the bottom of the nectar container but many manufacturers have come up with improved variations of the traditional style of feeder, to make feeding birds easier and with less nectar wasted. Some bottom-fill feeders come with a funnel-like opening at the bottom of the container, through which the feeder is filled. Other bottom-filled hummingbird feeders can be attached to one'swindow to provide a close-up of the birds.
Precursors to hummingbird feeders date at least to 1821, whenJohn James Audubon reported the intentional feeding of "sweetened wine" to hummingbirds onOakley Plantation in Louisiana. In 1899,Clark University professorClifton F. Hodge wrote inBird-Lore magazine about feeding a hummingbird that had flown into his classroom by adding drops of honey to flowers. The following year, Carolyn B. Soule successfully fed hummingbirds with an experiment involving a colored papertrumpetflower, a small glass bottle, and sugar water.[10] Research conducted by self-taught ornithologistAlthea Sherman from 1907 to 1913 revealed that hummingbirds preferred to drink sugar water from plain bottles instead of imitation flowers. Between 1927 and 1929, Benjamin Tucker and Dorothy May fed hummingbirds with cocktail glasses covered with tin or wood hole-containing tops.[11]
Tucker subsequently developed early automatic hummingbird feeders, which were partially adapted from drinking apparatuses used for farm-raised chickens and featured spherical containers at the top with narrow necks leading down to a perching area that could feed eight hummingbirds simultaneously.[12] Also during the 1920s,Margaret L. Bodine successfully experimented with feeding hummingbirds using two-inch-long bottles made of brightly colored materials and filled with sugar water that she left amongclematis flowers.[13] Inspired at least partially by Bodine's work, Edith Webster similarly experimented with feeders and herself tasted nectar from various flowers to better replicate the sweetness level preferred by hummingbirds for her sugar water solution, arriving at two parts water to one part sugar as the optimal ratio. Webster's husband, Lawrence, created cylindrical hummingbird feeders made of clear glass with two red-colored glass feeding ports at the base, and while none were sold, he made dozens for the Websters' garden.[14]
Hummingbird feeders began appearing for sale in the early 1930s.[14] In 1932,W. R. Sullivan invented a feeder designed to prevent other birds or insects from drinking from it, which he produced and sold locally aroundKerrville, Texas.[15][16] Most of the early commercial hummingbird feeders used bottles or vials full of sugar water that was dispensed via various imitation flower designs, as had their noncommercial antecedents.[17] Prominent examples of hummingbird feeders sold between the 1930s and 1950s were those designed and built by H. R. Davis, Robert Morgan, Winthrop Packard, and the Tucker Sanctuary.[18]
Since the start of commercialization, hummingbird feeders have largely evolved into designs of two distinct types: "vacuums", which are inverted cylinders with feeding ports at the bottom, and "saucers", which resemble two bowls or dishes fixed together in a top-to-bottom orientation, with feeding ports on the top side.[19] Droll Yankees marketed one of the first prominent saucer-type feeders, the LF ("Little Feeder"), while numerous small companies sold vacuum-type feeders into the 1970s.[20]
Oriole feeders, which are traditionally colored orange, also supply such artificialnectar and are designed to serveNew World orioles, which have an unusually shapedbeak and tongue. These orioles and some other birds also will come to fruit foods, such asgrapejelly, or half anorange on a peg.[21] Hummingbirds will also feed from Oriole feeders.
Oriole feeders usually have nectar containers made ofglass orplastic, which are designed to attract the orioles. Oriole feeders should be cleaned at least once a week and even more often when thetemperatures are higher.[22] Oriole feeders also come in top fill, bottom fill and dish-like designs.
A suet feeder is typically ametalcage-like construction with aplastic coating that contains a cake or block ofsuet to feedwoodpeckers,flickers,nuthatches, and many other species of insect eaters. Suet logs are also very common. These wooden logs have holes drilled out for suet to be inserted. Suet is high in fat which helps to keep birds warm and nourished during the cold winter.Suet cakes consist of sunflower seeds and wheat or oat flakes mixed with suet, pork fat, or coconut oil.[23]
Birds housed in wired or glass cages can be fed with electronic bird feeders. The electronic bird feeders are capable of storing bird food for days and even weeks, depending on the feeder type and automatically replenish the dish once it is empty.
Providing a varied array of tastes and feeding venues will result in less competition for food and dining spots for birds, just as well-planned and maintained gardens provide many plants which supply different types of seeds and nectars. A shallowbird bath can attract as many birds as a feeder but it must be safe from cats, kept clean, and refreshed frequently with clean water to avoid mosquitoes. The birdbath should be placed where a frightened bird can fly up easily to an overhanging limb or resting place if disturbed or attacked.
Squirrels may also help themselves to the contents of bird feeders, often not merely feeding, but carrying away the food to theirhoard. There are various anti-squirrel techniques and devices available to thwart attempts by squirrels to raid bird feeders.[24] Several manufacturers produce feeders with perches that collapse under the weight of anything heavier than a bird, or that use battery power to shock an intruder lightly or spin the perching area to fling it off. Caged feeders are often designed so that squirrels cannot reach the seed inside, but birds can easily fly through the cage's holes. A UK company, The Nuttery, held the original patent on this cage-within-a-cage design.[25] Caged feeders are best to keep out gray squirrels.Chipmunks andred squirrels can usually enter caged feeders. Hot pepper in bird seed and suet has also been shown to be effective against squirrels without harming birds, as birds are not sensitive tocapsaicinoleoresin, but mammals experience a strong burning sensation when exposed to it.[26]
The placement of a bird feeder can also prevent squirrels from accessing the seed. In addition, baffles can be used that prevent squirrels from gaining their footing above feeders. Below feeders, baffles can prevent squirrels from climbing any further; however, squirrels are very agile and acrobatic and often find a way to overcome devices of any nature.[27]
.jpg)
Feeding wild birds does carry potential risks.[28] Birds may contract and spread diseases likesalmonellosis by gathering at feeders; poorly maintained feeding and watering stations may also cause illness. Birds at feeders risk predation by cats and other animals, or may incur injury by flying into windows. Steps should be taken to reduce the risks to birds, such as: regular disinfecting of feeders and watering stations, ensuring feed has not become moldy or rancid, and proper positioning of feeders to reduce crowding and window collisions. Birds are less likely to fly into windows that have a wooden lattice. Collisions with windows can also be reduced by using window decals.[29][30]
Depending on the feeder design and the type of feed used, species such as thehouse sparrow can dominate the use of the feeder. As a result, the house sparrow population can become inflated locally where feeders are used. InNorth America, where the house sparrow is aninvasive species, competition from house sparrows can exclude theindigenousbluebirds from available nest sites as well as attack indigenous birds.[citation needed]
The use of bird feeders has been claimed to cause many other environmental problems; some of these were highlighted in a 2002 front-page article inThe Wall Street Journal,[31] which provoked responses nationwide from bird enthusiasts and scientists who refuted the article's arguments.[32]
Prior to the publication of theWall Street Journal article, CanadianornithologistJason Rogers also wrote about the environmental problems associated with the use of bird feeders in the journalAlberta Naturalist.[33] In this article, Rogers explains how the use of bird feeders is inherently fraught with negative impacts and risks such as fostering dependency, altering natural distribution, density, and migration patterns, interfering with ecological processes, causing malnutrition, facilitating the spread of disease, and increasing the risk of death from cats, pesticides, hitting windows, and other causes.
.Suet cake -wikipedia.
