| Bird-and-flower painting | |||||||
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 Early Autumn, 13th century, perhaps by theSong loyalist painterQian Xuan. The decaying lotus leaves and dragonflies hovering over stagnant water are likely a veiled criticism ofMongol rule.[1] | |||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 花鳥畫 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 花鸟画 | ||||||
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| Vietnamese name | |||||||
| Vietnamese alphabet | Hoa điểu hoạ | ||||||
| Chữ Hán | 花鳥畫 | ||||||
| Korean name | |||||||
| Hangul | 화조화 | ||||||
| Hanja | 花鳥畵 | ||||||
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| Japanese name | |||||||
| Kanji | 花鳥画 | ||||||
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Bird-and-flower painting, calledHuaniaohua (Chinese:花鳥畫;pinyin:huāniǎohuà) inChinese, is a kind ofChinese painting with a long tradition inChina and is considered one of the treasures ofChinese culture.[2] Thehuaniaohua was named after its subject matter. It originated in theTang dynasty where it gained popularity, matured by the end of that period and during theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period,[3] and fully reached its peak during theSong dynasty.[2][4] Mosthuaniaohua paintings belong to the scholar-artist style of Chinese painting. In the coming centuries, the genre gained popularity and spread throughout theEast Asian cultural sphere. It also had an influence onIranian painting in thegolomorgh [fa] genre of illustration for book covers andilluminated manuscripts.
According to Chinese tradition, thehuaniaohua covers "flowers, birds, fish, and insects" (Chinese:花鳥魚蟲;pinyin:huāniǎoyúchóng); thus, it can deal with a wide range of natural topics, including flowers, fish, insects, birds, pets (dogs, cats), etc.
Thehuaniaohua paintings are inspired by the resilience and the beauty of the flowers and birds found innature.[4] The intended purpose of thehuaniaohua was not simply to imitate nature, but to use different painting styles to convey the personality and ideas of the artist.[2] In Chinese culture, different types of birds and flowers hold their own symbolic meanings;[2] with some of them even holding auspicious meanings, scholarly and human virtues, as well as principles.[4]
Scholar-artists, in particular, developed a freehand-style of painting as a means to express their emotions. They considered Chinese calligraphy and poetry as being an integral component of theirhuaniaohua painting by giving their ares a deeper spiritual meaning.[2]
Thehuaniaohua is proper of 10th century China; and the two most representative artists of this period areHuang Quan (哳㥳) (c. 900 – 965), who was an imperial painter for many years, andXu Xi (徐熙) (937–975), who came from a prominent family but never entered into officialdom.[5]: 17 Both Huang Quan and Xu Xi were masters of their two schools.
The first school, led by Huang Quan, was characterized by an "outline" method of brush work, with emphasis on bright colours filling a meticulously detailed outline (gongbi).[6] Huang Quan's paintings were based on exotic flowers, herbs, rare birds and animals which were found in the imperial gardens and palaces; his paintings were characterized by their meticulous nature as well as their bright colours.[5]: 17 Huang Quan's painting style was thus acclaimed asHuangjiafugui (lit. 'The Huang school's characteristic magnificience').[5]: 17
The second school was led by Xu Xi whose painting style became known asXu Xi yeyi (lit. 'Xu Xi's unconventional', 'original charm').[5]: 17 His school was typically characterized with the use techniques associated withink wash painting (Chinese:水墨画).[6]
These two schools had important influences onhuaniaohua paintings of the later centuries.[5]: 17
According to painting technique:
Bird-and-flower painting was introduced toJapan during the 14th century, and then toKorea. The bird-and-flower motif started appearing inJapanese art around theMuromachi period during the 14th century, and developed its own distinct style. It also enteredukiyo-e woodblock printing, where it was known askachō-e (花鳥絵). Especially theshin hanga movement produced a number of works with this motif starting in theMeiji era. Artists working with this wereOhara Koson (1877–1945) andIto Sozan (1884–?), as well asImao Keinen (1845–1924).[7][8]
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Media related toBird-and-flower paintings at Wikimedia Commons
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