Thebiodiversity of Colombia is the variety of indigenous organisms in the country with the second-highestbiodiversity in the world.[1] As of 2021, around 63,000 species are registered in Colombia, of which 14% areendemic. The country occupies worldwide the first position in number oforchids,birds andbutterflies, second position in plants, amphibians and fresh water fish, third place in species of palm trees and reptiles and globally holds the sixth position in biodiversity of mammals.[2]
The country hosts 59 nationally designatedprotected areas. At the establishment of the most recent addition,Bahía Portete – Kaurrele National Natural Park,Colombian presidentJuan Manuel Santos said "Biodiversity is to Colombia, what oil is for the Arabs".[3][4]
In 2020, according to the Colombian Biodiversity Information System, 63,303 species were registered in the country,[5] of which more than 8,800 are considered endemic species.[6][7][8] The country occupies the first position in the world in number of orchid and bird species, second in plants, amphibians, butterflies and freshwater fish, third in palm and reptile species, and fourth in mammalian biodiversity.
According to a report by the WWF, half of Colombia's ecosystems are in a critical state of deterioration or in a state of danger. The organization said thatenvironmental degradation is due to oil extraction, mineral and metal extraction and deforestation. Deteriorating ecosystems are threatening the existence of more than a third of Colombia's plants and 50 percent of its animals.[9]
Since 1998, the Humboldt Institute for Biological Resources has been collecting biodiversity samples. As of 2014, 16,469 samples, representing around 2,530 species of 1,289 genera, and 323 families from Colombian biodiversity have been stored in its archives.[10]
Colombia is one of seventeenmegadiverse countries in the world.[7] The country in northwestern South America contains 311 types of coastal and continental ecosystems.[1] As of the beginning of 2021, a total of between 63,000 and 71,000 species are registered in the country,[8][5] with 8803 endemic species, representing near the 14% of the total registered species.[6] Colombia is the country with the mostpáramos in the world; more than 60% of the Andean ecosystem is found within Colombian territories.[11] Boyacá is the department where 18.3% of the national total area is located.[12] Since December 20, 2014, Colombia hosts 59 protected areas.[13] The biodiversity is highest in the Andean natural region, followed by the Amazon natural region.[14] Since 1998, theHumboldt Institute for Biological Resources in the country has been collecting samples of biodiversity. As of 2014, 16,469 samples, representing around 2530 species from 1289 genera, and 323 families of the Colombian biodiversity have been stored in their archives.[15]
The biodiversity of Colombia is at risk, mainly because of habitat loss, urbanisation,deforestation and overfishing.[16] According to a study of 2001, 260,000 hectares (640,000 acres) of forested area is lost every year.[17] Around 1300 species are critically endangered, and 509 species are introduced in Colombia, 22 of which are classified asinvasive species inColombia.[2] Various plans to address the environmental issues are proposed.[18] TheNational System of Protected Areas (SINAP) is the administrator of protected areas.
| Class | Group | Pos | Species |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vertebrates | Mammals (list,primates) | 4 | 492 |
| Birds (list,endemic) | 1 | 1941 | |
| Reptiles (list,lizards,snakes) | 3 | 537 | |
| Amphibians | 2 | 803 | |
| Marine fish | 2000 | ||
| Freshwater fish (Magdalena River) | 1435 | ||
| Invertebrates (arthropods) | Lepidoptera (butterflies,moths) | 1 | 3274 |
| Ants | 900 | ||
| Marine molluscs | 1250 | ||
| Marine sponges | 1250 | ||
| Corals | 139 | ||
| Marine decapods | 560 | ||
| Echinoderms | 296 | ||
| Terrestrial molluscs | 650 | ||
| Beetles | 7000 | ||
| Arachnids | 1089 | ||
| Bees | 398 | ||
| Diptera | 3153 | ||
| Flora (endemic) | Flowering plants | 22,840 | |
| Flowerless plants | 45 | ||
| Orchids (endemic) | 1 | 4270 | |
| Ferns and relatives | 1643 | ||
| Palm trees | 3 | 289 | |
| Mosses and relatives | 1649 | ||
| Algae | Terrestrial algae | 1030 | |
| Marine algae | 565 | ||
| Fungi | Lichen | 1674 | |
| Macrofungi | 1239 | ||
| Rusts | 327 | ||
| Smuts | 71 |
To commemorate the biodiversity of Colombia, the coins of theColombian peso introduced in 2012 feature a species each.[19]
Colombia is divided into six natural regions.
.svg) | Surface area | 132,288 km2 (51,077 sq mi) | |
| Departments |  | ||
| National parks | |||
| Biodiversity | aquaticbirds | 165 | |
| amphibians | 39 | ||
| reptiles | 129 | ||
| plants | 3151 | ||
| fish | 109 | ||
| References | |||
.svg) | Surface area | 282,540 km2 (109,090 sq mi) | |
| Departments | |||
| National parks |  | ||
| Biodiversity | aquaticbirds | 14 | |
| amphibians | 485 | ||
| reptiles | 220 | ||
| plants | 11,500 | ||
| fish | 197 | ||
| References | |||
.svg) | Surface area | 285,437 km2 (110,208 sq mi) | |
| Departments | |||
| National parks | La Macarena Los Picachos Tinigua El Tuparro |  | |
| Biodiversity | aquatic birds | 92 | |
| amphibians | 57 | ||
| reptiles | 119 | ||
| plants | 2692 | ||
| fish | 619 | ||
| References | |||
.svg) | Surface area | 483,911 km2 (186,839 sq mi) | |
| Departments | |||
| National parks |  | ||
| Biodiversity | aquaticbirds | 74 | |
| amphibians | 158 | ||
| reptiles | 195 | ||
| plants | 5300 | ||
| fish | 675 | ||
| References | |||
.svg) | Surface area | 83,170 km2 (32,110 sq mi) | |
| Departments |  Cauca Chocó Nariño Valle del Cauca |  | |
| National parks | Los Katíos Sanquianga Uramba Bahía Málaga Utría | ||
| Biodiversity | aquaticbirds | 142 | |
| amphibians | 154 | ||
| reptiles | 177 | ||
| plants | 4525 | ||
| fish | 164 | ||
| References | |||
.svg) | Surface area | 300 km2 (120 sq mi) | |
| Departments | .svg) Bolívar Cauca San Andrés y Providencia Valle del Cauca |  | |
| National parks | Corales del Rosario Malpelo Old Providence Gorgona | ||
| Biodiversity | Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo | ||
| fish | 170 | ||
| corals | 52 | ||
| sponges | 25 | ||
| molluscs & crustaceans | 100s | ||
| Gorgona Island | |||
| fish | Pseudobatos prahli | ||
| Trichomycterus gorgona | |||
| Malpelo Island | |||
| fish | Acanthemblemaria stephensi | ||
| Halichoeres malpelo | |||
| Old Providence Lagoon | |||
| birds | 74 | ||
| References | |||
Colombia hosts twobiodiversity hotspots; theTropical Andes andTumbes–Chocó–Magdalena. The country is part of theWorld Network of Biosphere Reserves with five biosphere reserves:[26]
| Name | Since | First review | Second review | Image | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cinturón Andino | 1979 | 2001 | 2011 |  | |
| El Tuparro | 1979 | 2001 | 2011 |  | |
| Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta | 1979 | 2001 | 2011 |  | |
| Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta | 2000 | 2011 |  | ||
| Seaflower | 2000 | 2011 |  |
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| Name | Species | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Cookeina tricholoma |  | |
| Favolus brasiliensis | _Fr_498949.jpg) | |
| Oudemansiella platensis | _Speg_498959.jpg) |
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