| Bindusara | |
|---|---|
| Magadha Samrat Amitraghata | |
.jpg) A silver coin of 1karshapana of the Maurya empire, period of Bindusara Maurya about 297–273 BC, workshop of Pataliputra.Obv: Symbols with a SunRev: SymbolDimensions: 14 x 11 mmWeight: 3.4 g. | |
| Emperor of Magadha | |
| Reign | c. 297 – c. 273 BCE |
| Coronation | c. 297 BCE |
| Predecessor | Chandragupta Maurya |
| Successor | Ashoka |
| Crown Prince ofMagadha | |
| Predecessor | Unknown |
| Successor | Susima |
| Born | 4th century BCE Pataliputra,Maurya Empire (Present dayBihar,India) |
| Died | c. 273 BCE (aged c. 46 – 47) Pataliputra,Maurya Empire (Present dayBihar,India) |
| Spouse | Several wives (16 according toMahavamsa), including themother of Ashoka (Subhadrangi according toAshokavadana or Dhamma according to the Sri Lankan tradition) |
| Issue | Susima Ashoka Vitashoka |
| Dynasty | Maurya |
| Father | Chandragupta Maurya |
| Mother | Durdhara (according to Jain tradition) |
| Religion | Ajivikism Brahmanism[1][2] |
| Maurya Empire (322–180 BCE) | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Bindusara (r. c. 297 – c. 273 BCE) was the secondMauryan emperor ofMagadha inAncient India. The ancientGreco-Roman writers called himAmitrochates, a name likely derived from hisSanskrit titleAmitraghāta ("slayer of enemies").
Bindusara was the son of the dynasty's founderChandragupta and the father of its most famous rulerAshoka. His life is not documented as well as the lives of these two emperors. Much of the information about him comes from legendary accounts written several hundred years after his death. Bindusara consolidated the empire created by his father.
The 16th centuryTibetan Buddhist authorTaranatha credits his administration with extensive territorial conquests insouthern India, but some historians doubt the historical authenticity of this claim.
Ancient and medieval sources have not documented Bindusara's life in detail. Much of the information about him comes fromJain legends focused onChandragupta and theBuddhist legends focused onAshoka. The Jain legends, such asHemachandra'sParishishta-Parvan were written more than a thousand years after his death.[3] Most of the Buddhist legends about Ashoka's early life also appear to have been composed by Buddhist writers who lived several hundred years after Ashoka's death, and are of little historical value.[4] While these legends can be used to make several inferences about Bindusara's reign, they are not entirely reliable because of the close association between Ashoka and Buddhism.[5]
Buddhist sources that provide information about Bindusara includeDivyavadana (includingAshokavadana andPamsupradanavadana),Dipavamsa,Mahavamsa,Vamsatthappakasini (also known asMahvamsa Tika or "Mahavamsa commentary"),Samantapasadika, and the 16th century writings ofTaranatha.[6][7][1] The Jain sources include the 12th centuryParishishta-Parvan by Hemachandra and the 19th centuryRajavali-Katha byDevachandra.[8][9] TheHinduPuranas also mention Bindusara in their genealogies of Mauryan rulers.[10] Some Greek sources also mention him by the name "Amitrochates" or its variations.[11][8]
Bindusara was born toChandragupta, the founder of the Mauryan Empire. This is attested by several sources, including the variousPuranas and theMahavamsa.[12] TheDipavamsa, on the other hand, names Bindusara as the son of the kingShushunaga.[6] The prose version ofAshokavadana states that Bindusara was the son ofNanda and a 10th-generation descendant ofBimbisara. LikeDipavamsa, it omits Chandragupta's name altogether. The metrical version ofAshokavadana contains a similar genealogy with some variations.[6]
Chandragupta had a marriage alliance with theSeleucids, which has led to speculation that Bindusara's mother might have been Greek or Macedonian. However, there is no evidence of this.[13] According to the 12th century Jain writer Hemachandra'sParishishta-Parvan, the name of Bindusara's mother wasDurdhara.[9]
The name "Bindusara", with slight variations, is attested by the Buddhist texts such asDipavamsa andMahavamsa ("Bindusaro"); the Jain texts such asParishishta-Parvan; as well as the Hindu texts such asVishnu Purana ("Vindusara").[14][15] OtherPuranas give different names for Chandragupta's successor; these appear to be clerical errors.[14] For example, the various recensions ofBhagavata Purana mention him as Varisara or Varikara. The different versions ofVayu Purana call him Bhadrasara or Nandasara.[10]
TheMahabhashya names Chandragupta's successor asAmitra-ghāta (Sanskrit for "slayer of enemies").[7] The Greek writersStrabo andAthenaeus call him Allitrochades (Ἀλλιτροχάδης) and Amitrochates (Ἀμιτροχάτης) respectively; these names are probably derived from the Sanskrit title.[16]J.F. Fleet believed that the Greek name was derived from the Sanskrit wordAmitrakhāda ("devourer of enemies"), a title of Indra.[17][16]
In addition, Bindusara was given the titleDevanampriya ("The Beloved of the Gods"), which was also applied to his successor Ashoka.[16] The Jain workRajavali-Katha states that his birth name was Simhasena.[8]
Both Buddhist and Jain texts mention a legend about how Bindusara got his name. Both accounts state that Chandragupta's ministerChanakya used to mix small doses of poison in the emperor's food to build hisimmunity against possiblepoisoning attempts. One day, Chandragupta, not knowing about the poison, shared his food with his pregnant wife. According to the Buddhist legends (Mahavamsa andMahavamsa Tikka), the empress was seven days away from delivery at this time. Chanakya arrived just as the empress ate the poisoned morsel. Realizing that she was going to die, he decided to save the unborn child. He cut off the empress's head and cut open her belly with a sword to take out the foetus. Over the next seven days, he placed the foetus in the belly of a goat freshly killed each day. After seven days, Chandragupta's son was "born". He was named Bindusara, because his body was spotted with drops ("bindu") of goat's blood.[18] The Jain textParishishta-Parvan names the empress asDurdhara, and states that Chanakya entered the room the very moment she collapsed. To save the child, he cut open the dead empress's womb and took the baby out. By this time, a drop ("bindu") of poison had already reached the baby and touched its head. Therefore, Chanakya named him Bindusara, meaning "the strength of the drop".[9]
The prose version ofAshokavadana names three sons of Bindusara:Sushima,Ashoka andVigatashoka. The mother of Ashoka and Vigatashoka was a woman namedSubhadrangi, the daughter of theChampa city. When she was born, an astrologer named Pingalwatsa predicted that one of her sons would be an emperor, and the other a religious man. When she grew up, her father took her to Bindusara's palace inPataliputra. Bindusara's wives, jealous of her beauty, trained her as the imperialbarber. Once, when the Emperor was pleased with her hairdressing skills, she expressed her desire to be a queen. Bindusara was initially apprehensive about her lowclass, but made her the chief empress after learning about her Brahmin descent. The couple had two sons: Ashoka and Vigatashoka. Bindusara did not like Ashoka because his "limbs were hard to the touch".[19]
Another legend inDivyavadana names Ashoka's mother asJanapada-kalyani[20]but according to scholarAnanda W. P. Guruge, this is not a name, but an epithet.[21] According to theVamsatthappakasini (Mahavamsa Tika), the name of Ashoka's mother was Dhamma.[22] TheMahavamsa states that Bindusara had 101 sons from 16 women. The eldest of these was Sumana / Sushima, and the youngest was Tishya (or Tissa). Ashoka and Tishya were born to the same mother.[12]
Historian Upinder Singh estimates that Bindusara ascended the throne around 297 BCE.[7]
The 16th century Tibetan Buddhist authorTaranatha states thatChanakya, one of Bindusara's "great lords", destroyed the nobles and kings of 16 towns and made him master of all the territory between the western and the eastern seas (Arabian Sea and theBay of Bengal). According to some historians, this implies conquest ofDeccan by Bindusara, while others believe that this only refers to suppression of revolts.[7]
Sailendra Nath Sen notes that the Mauryan empire already extended from the western sea (besideSaurashtra) to the eastern sea (besideBengal) during Chandragupta's reign. Besides, Ashoka's inscriptions found in southern India do not mention anything about Bindusara's conquest ofDeccan (southern India). Based on this, Sen concludes that Bindusara did not extend the Mauryan empire, but managed to retain the territories he inherited from Chandragupta.[23]
K. Krishna Reddy, on the other hand, argues that Ashoka's inscriptions would have boasted about his conquest of southern India, had he captured Deccan. Reddy, therefore, believes that the Mauryan empire extended up toMysore during Bindusara's reign. According to him, the southernmost kingdoms were not a part of the Mauryan empire, but probably acknowledged its suzerainty.[24]
Alain Daniélou believes that Bindusara inherited an empire that included the Deccan region, and made no territorial additions to the empire. Daniélou, however, believes that Bindusara brought the southern territories of theCheras, theCholas and theSatyaputras under nominal Mauryan control, although he could not overcome their armies. His theory is based on the fact that theancient Tamil literature alludes toVamba Moriyar (Mauryan conquest), although it does not provide any details about the Mauryan expeditions. According to Daniélou, Bindusara's main achievement was organization and consolidation of the empire he inherited from Chandragupta.[25]
TheMahavamsa suggests that Bindusara appointed his sonAshoka as theViceroy ofUjjayini.[12]Ashokavadana states that Bindusara sent Ashoka to lay siege toTakshashila. The Emperor refused to provide any weapons orchariots for Ashoka's expedition. Thedevatas (deities) then miraculously brought him soldiers and weapons. When his army reached Takshashila, the residents of the city approached him. They told him that they only opposed Bindusara's oppressive ministers; they had no problem with the Emperor or the prince. Ashoka then entered the city without opposition, and the devatas declared that he would rule the entire earth one day. Shortly before Bindusara's death, there was a second revolt in Takshashila. This time, Sushima was sent to quell the rebellion, but he failed in the task.[19]
TheRajavali-Katha states thatChandragupta's chief advisor (or chief minister)Chanakya accompanied him to the forest forretirement, after handing over the administration to Bindusara.[26] However, theParishishta-Parvan states that Chanakya continued to be Bindusara's prime minister. It mentions a legend about Chanakya's death: Chanakya asked the emperor to appoint a man named Subandhu as one of his ministers. However, Subandhu wanted to become a higher minister and grew jealous of Chanakya. So, he told Bindusara that Chanakya had cut open the belly of his mother. After confirming the story with the nurses, Bindusara started hating Chanakya. As a result, Chanakya, who was already a very old man by this time, retired and decided tostarve himself to death. Meanwhile, Bindusara learned of the detailed circumstances of his birth, and implored Chanakya to resume his ministerial duties. When Chanakya refused to oblige, the Emperor ordered Subandhu to pacify him. Subandhu, while pretending to appease Chanakya, and burned him to death. Shortly after this, Subandhu himself had to retire and become a monk due to Chanakya's curse.[9][27]
Ashokavadana suggests that Bindusara had 500 imperial councillors. It names two officials – Khallataka and Radhagupta – who helped his son Ashoka became the emperor after his death.[19]
Bindusara maintained friendly diplomatic relations with the Greeks.Deimachos of Plateia was the ambassador ofSeleucid kingAntiochus I at Bindusara's court.[28][23][29] Deimachos seems to have written a treatise entitled "On Piety" (Peri Eusebeias).[30] The 3rd century Greek writerAthenaeus, in hisDeipnosophistae, mentions an incident that he learned fromHegesander's writings: Bindusara requested Antiochus to send him sweetwine, driedfigs and asophist.[11] Antiochus replied that he would send the wine and the figs, but the Greek laws forbade him to sell a sophist.[31][32][33] Bindusara's request for a sophist probably reflects his intention to learn about the Greek philosophy.[34]
Diodorus states that the king of Palibothra (Pataliputra, the Mauryan capital) welcomed a Greek author,Iambulus. This king is usually identified as Bindusara.[23]Pliny states that thePtolemaic kingPhiladelphus sent an envoy namedDionysius to India.[34][35] According to Sailendra Nath Sen, this appears to have happened during Bindusara's reign.[23]
The Buddhist textsSamantapasadika andMahavamsa suggest that Bindusara followedBrahmanism, calling him a "Brahmana bhatto" ("votary of the Brahmanas").[1][2] Jain sources are silent on Bindusara's faith.[37] A fragmentary inscription atSanchi, in the ruins of the 3rd century BCETemple 40, perhaps refers to Bindusara, which might suggest his connection with theBuddhist order at Sanchi.[7][36]
Some Buddhist texts mention that anAjivika astrologer or priest at Bindusara's court prophesied the future greatness of the prince Ashoka.[38] ThePamsupradanavadana (part ofDivyavadana) names this man as Pingalavatsa.[39] TheVamsatthappakasini (theMahavamsa commentary) names this man as Janasana, based on a commentary onMajjhima Nikaya.[1]
TheDivyavadana version states that Pingalavatsa was an Ajivikaparivrajaka (wandering teacher). Bindusara asked him to assess the ability of the princes to be the next emperor, as the two watched the princes play. Pingalavatsa recognized Ashoka as the most suitable prince, but did not give a definitive answer to the Emperor, since Ashoka was not Bindusara's favourite son. He, however, told EmpressSubhadrangi of Ashoka's future greatness. The empress requested him to leave the empire before the Emperor forced him to provide an answer. Pingalavatsa returned to the court after Bindusara's death.[38]
TheMahavamsa commentary states that Janasana (also Jarasona or Jarasana) was the Empress'skulupaga (ascetic of the imperial household). He had been born as a python during the period ofKassapa Buddha, and had become very wise after listening to the discussions of thebhikkhus. Based on his observations of the empress's pregnancy, he prophesied Ashoka's future greatness. He appears to have left the court for unknown reasons. When Ashoka grew up, the empresd told him that Janasana had forecast his greatness. Ashoka then sent a carriage to bring back Janasana, who was residing at an unnamed place far from the capital,Pataliputra. On the way back to Pataliputra, he was converted to Buddhism by one Assagutta.[38] Based on these legends, scholars such asA. L. Basham conclude that Bindusara patronized the Ajivikas.[38][7]
Historical evidence suggests that Bindusara died in the 270s BCE. According to Upinder Singh, Bindusara died around 273 BCE.[7]Alain Daniélou believes that he died around 274 BCE.[25] Sailendra Nath Sen believes that he died around 273-272 BCE, and that his death was followed by a four-year struggle of succession, after which his sonAshoka became the emperor in 269-268 BCE.[23]
According to theMahavamsa, Bindusara reigned for 28 years, while according to the Puranas, he ruled for 25 years.[40] The Buddhist textManjushri-Mula-Kalpa claims that he ruled for 70 years, which is not historically accurate.[41]
All sources agree that Bindusara was succeeded by his sonAshoka, although they provide varying descriptions of the circumstances of this succession. According to theMahavamsa, Ashoka had been appointed as the viceroy of Ujjain. On hearing about his father's fatal illness, he rushed to the capital, Pataliputra. There, he killed his 99 brothers (leaving only Tishya), and became the new emperor.[12]
According to the prose version ofAshokavadana, Bindusara's favourite son Sushima once playfully threw hisgauntlet at the prime minister, Khallataka. The minister thought that Sushima was unworthy of being an emperor. Therefore, he approached the 500 imperial councillors, and suggested appointing Ashoka as the emperor after Bindusara's death, pointing out that thedevatas had predicted his rise as the universal ruler. Sometime later, Bindusara fell sick and decided to hand over the administration to his successor. He asked his ministers to appoint Sushima as the emperor, and Ashoka as the governor of Takshashila. However, by this time, Sushima had been sent to Takshashila, where he was unsuccessfully trying to quell a rebellion. When the Emperor was on his deathbed, the ministers suggested appointing Ashoka as the temporary emperor, and re-appointing Sushima as the emperor after his return from Takshashila. However, Bindusara became angry when he heard this suggestion. Ashoka then declared that if he was meant to be Bindusara's successor, the devatas would appoint him as the emperor. The devatas then miraculously placed the imperial crown on his head, while Bindusara died. When Sushima heard this news, he advanced towards Pataliputra to claim the throne. However, he died after being tricked into a pit of burningcharcoal by Ashoka's well-wisher Radhagupta.[19][5]
On the contrary, theBrahmanda Purana mentions that Bindusara himself crowned Ashoka as the king.[42]Devachandra'sRajavali-Katha (19th century) states that Bindusararetired after handing over the throne to Ashoka.[26]
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