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Bill Graham | |
|---|---|
 Graham, circa 1990 | |
| Born | Wulf Wolodi Grajonca (1931-01-08)January 8, 1931 Berlin, Germany |
| Died | October 25, 1991(1991-10-25) (aged 60) NearVallejo, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Helicopter crash |
| Other names | Uncle Bobo |
| Citizenship | Germany (by birthplace), United States (since 1949)[1] |
| Occupation(s) | Businessman, musical impresario |
| Years active | 1960s–1991; his death |
| Organization | Bill Graham Presents |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 3, including 1 stepchild |
Bill Graham (bornWulf Wolodia Grajonca; January 8, 1931 – October 25, 1991)[2] was a German-born Americanimpresario and rockconcert promoter.
In the early 1960s, Graham moved toSan Francisco, and in 1965, began to manage theSan Francisco Mime Troupe.[3] He had teamed up with localHaight Ashbury promoterChet Helms to organize abenefit concert, then promoted several free concerts. This eventually turned into a profitable full-time career and he assembled a talented staff. Graham had a profound influence around the world, sponsoring the musical renaissance of the 1960s from its epicenter in San Francisco.Chet Helms and then Graham made famousthe Fillmore andWinterland Ballroom; these turned out to be a proving grounds for rock bands and acts of the San Francisco Bay area including theGrateful Dead,Jefferson Airplane, andBig Brother and the Holding Company withJanis Joplin,[4] who were first managed, and in some cases developed, by Helms.
Graham was born on January 8, 1931, inBerlin, Germany.[5] He was the youngest child and only son of lower middle-class Jewish parents, Frieda (née Sass) and Jacob "Yankel" Grajonca,[6][7] who had emigrated from Russia before the rise ofNazism.[8][9] There were six children in the Grajonca family. His father died in an accident two days after Graham was born.[10][7] Graham's family nicknamed him "Wolfgang" early in life.[11]
Due to the increasingNazi persecution of Jews and the death of his father, Graham's mother placed her son and her youngest daughter, Tanya "Tolla", in a Berlin orphanage,[7] which sent them to France in a pre-Holocaust exchange of Jewish children for Christian orphans. Graham's older sisters Sonja and Ester stayed behind with their mother.
After theFall of France in 1940, Graham was among a group of Jewish orphans spirited out of France, some of whom finally reached the United States. Tolla Grajonca came down withpneumonia and did not survive the difficult journey.[12] Graham was one of theOne Thousand Children (OTC), mainly Jewish children who managed to flee Nazi Germany and Europe and come directly to North America, but whose parents were forced to stay behind. Graham's mother died on the way toAuschwitz concentration camp.[12]
At age 10, he settled into a foster home inthe Bronx, New York. After being taunted as an immigrant and being called a Nazi because of his German-accented English, Graham worked on his accent, eventually being able to speak in a perfectNew York accent. He changed his name to sound more "American". (He found "Graham" in the phone book—it was the closest he could find to his birth surname, "Grajonca". According to Graham, both "Bill" and "Graham" were meaningless to him.) Graham graduated fromDeWitt Clinton High School and then obtained a business degree from theCity College of New York.[10][13]
Graham wasdrafted into theUnited States Army in 1951, and served in theKorean War, where he was awarded both theBronze Star andPurple Heart. Upon his return to the States he worked as awaiter/maître d' at resorts in theCatskill Mountains inupstate New York during their heyday. He was quoted saying that his experience as a maître d' and with thepoker games he hosted behind the scenes was good training for his eventual career as a promoter.Tito Puente, who played some of these resorts, went on record saying that Graham was avid to learn Spanish from him, but only cared about thecurse words.[14] Graham also mentions in his bio-picLast Days At The Fillmore once working for Minnesota Mining.
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Graham moved from New York to San Francisco in the early 1960s to be closer to his sister Rita. He was invited to attend a free concert inGolden Gate Park, produced byChet Helms and theDiggers, where he made contact with theSan Francisco Mime Troupe, a radical theater group.[15] After Mime Troupe leader R. G. Davis was arrested on obscenity charges during an outdoor performance, Graham organized a benefit concert to cover the troupe's legal fees.[2] The concert was a success and Graham saw a business opportunity.
Graham began promoting more concerts with Chet Helms andFamily Dog projects, which provided a vital function of the 1960s, promoting concerts that provided a social meeting place to network, where many ideologies were given a forum, sometimes even on stage, such as peace movements, civil rights, farm workers and others.[citation needed] Most of his shows were performed at rented venues, and Graham saw a need for more permanent locations of his own.
Charles Sullivan was a mid-20th-century entrepreneur and businessman in San Francisco who owned the master lease on theFillmore Auditorium. Graham approached Sullivan to put on the Second Mime Troupe appeals concert at the Fillmore Auditorium on December 10, 1965, using Sullivan's dance hall permit for the show. Graham later secured a contract from Sullivan for the open dates at the Fillmore Auditorium in 1966.[2]
The Fillmore trademark and franchise has defined music promotion in the United States for the last 50 years. From 2003 to 2013 auxiliary writers of the times surrounding the 1960s, and Graham family lawsuits,[16] tell the narrative of the Fillmore phenomena and how the Black community there was disenfranchised.[17] The best way to set the historic record straight concerning Charles Sullivan and Bill Graham is to review what Graham left in his own words. Historically the first time Graham mentioned Charles Sullivan, in print, was in aBay Area Music article from 1988:
Bill Graham — and anyone who's even attended a show at San Francisco Fillmore — owes a big debt to Charles Sullivan... "If Mr. Sullivan, Charles, hadn't stood by me and allowed me to use his permit I wouldn't be sitting here."[18]
Although Graham acknowledged Sullivan's part he historically has never revealed how he got the lease to the Fillmore Auditorium and how and when he trademarked the Fillmore brand, which by all historical accounts belonged to Sullivan.[17] In a handbill from Graham's first show at the Fillmore Auditorium, "The Mime Troupe is holding another appeal party Friday night, December 10th, at the Fillmore Auditorium", Bill Graham gives a general impression of the Fillmore neighborhood:
The Fillmore Auditorium was located on Fillmore and Geary, which was like 125th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem.... In there, Charles Sullivan, a black businessman, had booked a lot of the best R&B acts.... Charles had put onJames Brown andDuke Ellington. At the Fillmore,Bobby Bland andthe Temptations.... I met Charles Sullivan by appointment the second time I saw the ballroom.... We needed a dance permit but I didn't have one. Of course, he had one because he operated the place. So he allowed us to use his permit and didn't charge me for it.[11]
Mime Troupe leader R. G. Davis states that, "Graham... got very excited about the success of the Fillmore Auditorium Show. He got a contract with the black guy who owned the Fillmore. He nails it. Closed." On pages 150–156 of his autobiography, Graham outlined his battles with City Hall in getting a dance hall permit. By schmoozing with merchants and having criminologists and sociologists fromU.C. Berkeley andU.C. Santa Cruz giving merit to the shows Graham managed to obtain a second permit hearing, but was again denied. He reported that Sullivan came to him sometime in March or April and announced he had to pull his dance hall permit. The morning of the next day, when Graham was returning to move out of his office in the Fillmore Auditorium, Sullivan met him on the steps. Graham claimed Sullivan poured out his life story, concluding with a pledge of support to Graham to beat City Hall. Graham added, "He was the guy, Charles. He was it. I don't know if I could have ever found another place. Why would I have even tried? That was the place."[11]
Graham was denied by the Board of Permit Appeals who refused to overrule the first denial. Graham then stated, "Then on April 21, 1966, a Thursday, theChronicle ran an editorial, 'The Fillmore Auditorium Case' ... [I]t was a big turning point for me. In more ways than one"; he secured his permit.[11]
Charles Sullivan was found shot dead at 1:45 am on August 2, 1966, at 5th and Bluxome Streets, San Francisco (South of Market industrial area near the train station). Sullivan had just returned from Los Angeles, where he had presented a weekend concert starring soul singerJames Brown. The police have never determined whether Sullivan's death was suicide or homicide.[19][20]
Sullivan was laid to rest on August 8, 1966, according to theSun Reporter, which reported that "Last respects were paid Charles Sullivan Monday, Aug. 8, when hundreds crowded into Jones Memorial Methodist Church, 1975 Post St. from 11:30 a.m. to view Sullivan for the last time. An enormous crowd had gathered by 1 p.m. to hear the eulogy for a friend."[21] The funeral announcement is accompanied by photographs of the actual funeral covering two pages in which police are stopping traffic to assist the motorcade to the cemetery inColma.[21] Graham later reported, "Charles Sullivan got himself killed. He had a bad habit of always carrying a roll of money with him. He was proud of his work and proud of the fact that he earned a good living and always carried a roll. He was jumped and stabbed to death. I went to his funeral inColma, California. It was small, mostly family. Had that not happened, I think I would have done anything Charles wanted. Just out of gratitude."[11]
After Graham's death on October 25, 1991, the description of his funeral procession states:
Escorted by motorcycle police, more long black limousines than had ever before been seen at a private funeral in the city of San Francisco formed a phalanx for the procession to the cemetery. Bill was to be buried inColma, the same small town south of San Francisco filled with graveyards where so many years before Bill himself had gone to the funeral of Charles Sullivan, the black man who stood up for him when the Fillmore Auditorium was on the line.[11]
The Sun Reporter noted:
He took over the Fillmore Auditorium at Geary and Fillmore Sts. and began to present different artists in dances and concerts. Some of the greatest names in the entertainment world, likeDuke Ellington,Lionel Hampton,Count Basie,Ray Charles and numerous others, have been presented all up and down the Pacific Coast by Sullivan. He always signed these artists for presentations not only in San Francisco, but in Oakland, Los Angeles, San Diego, Portland, and Seattle."[21]
According to the historical record, Sullivan also gave the Fillmore Auditorium its name.[17]
Graham's struggle to get his dance hall permit in 1966 was described in an article inBillboard Magazine, July 11, 1966. San Francisco music criticRalph Gleason, in defense of Graham's Fillmore Auditorium scene, wrote that Graham got a three-year lease for the Fillmore Auditorium from Charles Sullivan and was still struggling to procure his dance hall permit,[22] a fact never publicly revealed by Graham. Charles Sullivan's last show at the Fillmore Auditorium came a week before his death, on July 26, 1966, The Temptations Dance and Show. Graham must have got his permit in mid-July 1966, confirming his possession of the Fillmore brand.[23]
It was unknown how Graham had taken over the Fillmore lease until the 2004 publication ofHendrik Hertzberg'sPolitics Observations & Arguments (1966-2004). It contains an article, "The San Francisco Sound, New music, new subculture", at the end of which it stated, "Unpublished file forNewsweek, October 28, 1966". This article contains the only published account of how Graham acquired the Fillmore.[24] In the beginning, Hertzberg recounts familiar territory with the Mime Troupe, reducing the Fillmore Auditorium to a run-down ballroom in "SF's biggest negro ghetto." After the success of the Fillmore Auditorium Mime Troupe shows, Graham parts ways with the Troupe: "He went back to the Fillmore and found that eleven other promoters had already put in bids for it. Graham got 41 prominent citizens to write letters to the auditorium's owner, ahaberdasher named Harry Shifs, and Shifs gave him a three-year lease at five hundred dollars a month.... [T]he hippie community ... has turned out to be something the man from Montgomery Street can point to with pride, in a left-handed way, and say 'these are our boys'", statedJerry Garcia.[24]: 8–9
One of the early concerts Graham sponsored, withChet Helms hired to promote it, featured thePaul Butterfield Blues Band. The concert was an overwhelming success and Graham saw an opportunity with the band.[25] Early the next morning, Graham's secretary called the band's manager,Albert Grossman, and obtained exclusive rights to promote them. Shortly thereafter,Chet Helms arrived at Graham's office, asking how Graham could have cut him out of the deal. Graham pointed out that Helms would not have known about it unless he had tried to do the same thing to Graham. He advised Helms to "get up early" in the future. Graham produced shows attracting elements of America's now-legendary1960s counterculture such as theJefferson Airplane,Big Brother and the Holding Company,Country Joe and the Fish,Lawrence Ferlinghetti,the Committee (improv_group),The Fugs,Allen Ginsberg, and a particular favorite of Graham's, theGrateful Dead.[2] He was themanager of the Jefferson Airplane during 1967 and 1968. His staff's amount of resourcefulness, success, popularity, and personal contacts with artists and fans alike was one reason Graham became the top rock concert promoter in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Graham owned Fillmore Records, which was in operation from 1969 to 1976. Some of those who signed with Graham includedRod Stewart,Elvin Bishop, andCold Blood,[26] although of these it seems only Bishop actually issued albums on the Fillmore label.[citation needed]Tower of Power was signed to Bill Graham'sSan Francisco Records and their first album,East Bay Grease, was recorded in 1970.[27]
By 1971, Graham citing financial reasons and changes he saw as unwelcome in the music industry,[28] closed theFillmore East andWest, claiming a need to "find [himself]".[2] The movieFillmore and the albumFillmore: The Last Days document the closing of the Fillmore West.[2] Graham later returned to promoting.[2] He began organizing concerts at smaller venues, like theBerkeley Community Theatre on the campus ofBerkeley High School. He then reopened theWinterland Arena (San Francisco), along with the Fillmore West, and promoted shows at theCow Palace Arena inDaly City and other venues.[citation needed]
In 1973 he did the staging for Jimmy Koplic and Shelly Finkle's promotion of the Summer Jam at Watkins Glen rock festival atWatkins Glen, New York withThe Band,Grateful Dead, andThe Allman Brothers Band. Over 600,000 paying ticket-holders were in attendance. He continued promoting stadium-sized concerts at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco withLed Zeppelin in 1973 and 1977 and started a series of outdoor stadium concerts at theOakland Coliseum each billed asDay on the Green in 1973 until 1992. These concerts featured billings such as the Grateful Dead andThe Who on October 9, 1976, and the Grateful Dead andBob Dylan in 1987.
His first large-scale outdoor benefit concert, atKezar Stadium, on Sunday, March 23, 1975, "SF SNACK",[29] was organized to replace funds[30] for after-school programs canceled by theSan Francisco Unified School District,[31] with performances byBob Dylan,Neil Young, members ofThe Band andGrateful Dead,[32]Jefferson Starship,Mimi Fariña,Joan Baez,Santana,Tower of Power,Jerry Garcia & Friends,The Doobie Brothers,Eddie Palmieri & His Orchestra,The Miracles,Graham Central Station, and appearing :Marlon Brando,Francis Ford Coppola,Frankie Albert,John Brodie,Rosie Casals,Werner Erhard,Cedric Hardman,Willie Mays,Jesse Owens,Gene Washington,Cecil Williams[33]
Graham asBill Graham Presents booked the 1982US Festival, funded bySteve Wozniak asUnuson.[34][35] In the mid-1980s, in conjunction with the city ofMountain View, California, andApple Inc. cofounderSteve Wozniak, he masterminded the creation of theShoreline Amphitheatre, which became the premier venue for outdoor concerts inSilicon Valley, complementing his booking of the East BayConcord Pavilion. Throughout his career, Graham promoted benefit concerts. He went on to set the standard for well-produced large-scale rock concerts, such as the U.S. portion ofLive Aid atJFK Stadium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 13, 1985,[2] as well as the 1986A Conspiracy of Hope and 1988Human Rights Now! tours forAmnesty International.
Graham purchased comedy clubThe Punch Line and TheOld Waldorf on Battery Street in San Francisco from local promoter Jeffrey Pollack, with whom he remained close friends for the rest of his life,[36][37][38] thenWolfgang's on Columbus Ave in San Francisco.[39][40][37][41]
Bill Graham had five sisters, Rita Rose; Evelyn (or "Echa") Udray; Sonja (or "Sonia") Szobel; Ester Chichinsky; and Tanya (or "Tolla") Grajonca. His youngest sister Tolla died of pneumonia while fleeing the Holocaust.[10][12][42] Rita and Ester moved to the United States and were close to Graham in his later life. Evelyn and Sonja escaped the Holocaust, first toShanghai, and later, after the war, to Europe.[43] Graham's nephew and Sonia Szobel's son is musicianHermann Szobel.[44]
Graham marriedBonnie MacLean on June 11, 1967, and they had one child, David (born 1968); after many years of not living together the couple divorced in 1975.[45][46] With Marcia Sult Godinez, Graham had another son; Alex Graham-Sult and a stepson, Thomas Sult.[10][47][48]
The residenceJake Ehrlich designed with a sliding glass roof at the top of Camino Alto Road in Marin County, in Northern California, was later owned by Graham.
For many years Graham lived inCorte Madera,California, on an 11-acre estate with aranch-style house he named "Masada" after the ancient mountain fort inIsrael with the same name,Masada.[47][49][50] The house was replaced in the early 2000s, and later occupied by WeWork CEO,Adam Neumann.[51][52][53]
Graham's status as aHolocaust survivor came into play in 1985, during the presidency ofRonald Reagan.[12] When Graham learned that Reagan intended to lay a wreath atBitburg's World War II cemetery whereSS soldiers were also buried, he took out a full-page ad in theSan Francisco Chronicle in protest.[54] During the same month that Reagan visited the cemetery, Graham's San Francisco office was firebombed byNeo-Nazis.[12] Graham was in France at the time, meeting withBob Geldof to organize the firstLive Aid concert. Graham eventually led an effort to build a largemenorah which is lit during everyHanukkah in downtown San Francisco.
Graham had long dreamed of being acharacter actor. He appeared inApocalypse Now in a small role as a promoter. In 1990, he was cast asCharles "Lucky" Luciano in the filmBugsy.[55] During one scene, he is shown in a Latin dance number, a style of dancing Graham had embraced as a teenager in New York. He also appears as a promoter in the 1991Oliver Stone filmThe Doors, which he also co-produced.[56] He had a small part inGardens of Stone as Don Brubaker, a hippie anti-war protester.[57]
Graham died in ahelicopter crash[58] west ofVallejo, California, on October 25, 1991, while returning home from aHuey Lewis and the News concert at theConcord Pavilion.[59] He had attended the event to discuss promoting a benefit concert for the victims of the 1991Oakland hills firestorm.[60] Once he had obtained a commitment fromHuey Lewis to perform, he departed by helicopter, which collided with a high-voltage tower inMarin County, California. Fatalities included Graham, pilot and advance man Steve "Killer" Kahn,[61] and Graham's girlfriend, Melissa Gold (née Dilworth), ex-wife of authorHerbert Gold.[62]
Following his death, his company, Bill Graham Presents (BGP), was taken over by a group of employees. Graham's sons remained a core part of the new management team. The new owners sold the company to SFX Promotions,[63] which in turn sold the company toClear Channel Entertainment.[64] The BGP staff did not embrace the Clear Channel name, and several members of the Graham staff eventually left the company. Former BGP President/CEO Gregg Perloff and former Senior Vice President Sherry Wasserman left and started their own company,Another Planet Entertainment.
In tribute, theSan Francisco Civic Auditorium was renamed the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium. On November 3, 1991, a free concert called "Laughter, Love and Music" was held atGolden Gate Park to honor Graham, Gold and Kahn.[65] An estimated 300,000 people attended to view many of the entertainment acts Graham had supported includingSantana, theGrateful Dead,John Fogerty,Robin Williams,Journey (reunited), andCrosby, Stills, Nash & Young (reunited).[66][67] The video for "I'll Get By" fromEddie Money's albumRight Here was dedicated to Graham. Graham's images and poster artwork still adorn the office walls at Live Nation's new San Francisco office. With the bandHardline,Neal Schon ofJourney composed a piece entitled "31–91" in 1992 in Graham's honor.[citation needed]
Bill Graham was inducted into the "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame" in 1992 in the "Non-Performer" category.[68] Graham was inducted into the Rock Radio Hall of Fame in the "Without Whom" category in 2014.
The American 20th century went to high school at DeWitt Clinton High in the Bronx. Multicultural before there was a name for it – at least a polite one – Clinton nurtured such figures as Bill Graham,James Baldwin,George Cukor,Neil Simon andAbraham Lincoln Polonsky.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)In an exuberant civic celebration that served as a salve for the disaster-wreaked Bay Area, about 300,000 rock music fans flooded Golden Gate Park on Sunday for a free concert dedicated to the late impresario and local icon, Bill Graham. Many of the bands that Graham helped catapult from the city's psychedelic music scene to international stardom volunteered to play at the celebration, which invoked a 1960s ethos that in San Francisco has never entirely disappeared. The Grateful Dead, Santana, Joan Baez and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Jackson Browne and John Fogerty all turned out for "Laughter, Love and Music", a tribute to the brass-tacks rock promoter with a social conscience who died at age 60 in a helicopter crash 10 days ago.
