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Bill Ayers | |
|---|---|
 Ayers in 2012 | |
| Born | William Charles Ayers (1944-12-26)December 26, 1944 (age 80) Glen Ellyn, Illinois, U.S. |
| Education | University of Michigan (BA) Bank Street College of Education (MEd) Columbia University (MEd,EdD) |
| Known for | Founder of theWeather Underground Urban educational reform |
| Spouse | Bernardine Dohrn |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Education |
| Institutions | University of Illinois at Chicago |
William Charles Ayers (/ɛərz/; born December 26, 1944)[1] is an American retired professor and former community organizer. In 1969, Ayers co-founded the far-left militant organization theWeather Underground, a revolutionary group that sought to overthrow the United States government which they viewed asAmerican imperialism.[2] During the 1960s and 1970s, the Weather Underground conducted a campaign of bombing public buildings inopposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. The bombings caused no fatalities, except for three members killed when one of the group's devices accidentally exploded. TheFBI described the Weather Underground as adomestic terrorist group.[3] Ayers was hunted as a fugitive for several years, until charges were dropped due to illegal actions by the FBI agents pursuing him and others.
Ayers went on to become a professor in the College of Education at theUniversity of Illinois at Chicago, holding the titles of Distinguished Professor of Education and Senior University Scholar.[4] During the2008 U.S. presidential campaign, acontroversy arose over his contacts with then-candidateBarack Obama. Investigations byThe New York Times,CNN, and other news organizations concluded that Obama did not have a close relationship with Ayers.[5][6][7][8] He is married to lawyer and law professorBernardine Dohrn, who was also a leader in the Weather Underground.
Ayers grew up inGlen Ellyn, a suburb ofChicago, Illinois. His parents were Mary (née Andrew) andThomas G. Ayers, who was later chairman and chief executive officer ofCommonwealth Edison (1973 to 1980),[9] and for whomNorthwestern'sThomas G. Ayers College of Commerce and Industry was named.[10][11] He attendedpublic schools until his second year in high school, when he transferred toLake Forest Academy, a smallprep school.[12] Ayers earned aBachelor of Arts inAmerican Studies from theUniversity of Michigan in 1968 (where his father, mother and older brother had preceded him).[12]
Ayers was influenced at a 1965 Ann Arborteach-in against theVietnam War, whenStudents for a Democratic Society (SDS) President Paul Potter, asked his audience, "How will you live your life so that it doesn't make a mockery of your values?" Ayers later wrote in his memoir,Fugitive Days, that his reaction was: "You could not be a moral person with the means to act, and stand still. [...] To stand still was to choose indifference. Indifference was the opposite of moral".[13]
In 1965, Ayers joined apicket line protesting anAnn Arbor, Michigan pizzeria for refusing to seatAfrican Americans. His first arrest came for asit-in at a localdraft board, resulting in ten days in jail. His first teaching job came shortly afterward at the Children's Community School, a preschool with a very small enrollment operating in a church basement, founded by a group of students in emulation of theSummerhill method of education.[14]
The school was a part of the nationwide "free school movement". Schools in the movement had no grades or report cards; they aimed to encourage cooperation rather than competition, and pupils addressed teachers by theirfirst names. Within a few months, at age 21, Ayers became director of the school. There also he metDiana Oughton, who would become his girlfriend until her death in 1970 during an accidental bomb explosion in the Weather Underground townhouse.[12]
Ayers became involved in theNew Left and the SDS.[15] He rose to national prominence as an SDS leader in 1968 and 1969 as head of an SDS regional group, the "Jesse James Gang".[16]
The group Ayers headed inDetroit,Michigan, became one of the earliest gatherings of what became the Weathermen. Before the June 1969 SDS convention, Ayers became a prominent leader of the group, which arose as a result of a schism in SDS.[13] "During that time his infatuation with street fighting grew and he developed a language of confrontational militancy that became more and more pronounced over the year [1969]", disaffected former Weathermen memberCathy Wilkerson wrote in 2001. Ayers had previously been a roommate ofTerry Robbins, a fellow militant who was killed in 1970 along with Ayers's girlfriend Oughton and one other member in theGreenwich Village townhouse explosion, while constructinganti-personnel bombs (nail bombs) intended for anon-commissioned officer dance atFort Dix, New Jersey.[17]
In June 1969, the Weathermen took control of the SDS at its national convention, where Ayers was elected Education Secretary.[13] Later in 1969, Ayers participated in planting a bomb at a statue dedicated to police casualties in the 1886Haymarket affair confrontation between labor supporters and the Chicago police.[18] The blast broke almost 100 windows and blew pieces of the statue onto the nearbyKennedy Expressway.[19] (The statue was rebuilt and unveiled on May 4, 1970, and blown up again by other Weathermen on October 6, 1970.[19][20] Rebuilding it yet again, the city posted a 24-hour police guard to prevent another blast, and in January 1972 it was moved toChicago police headquarters).[21]
Ayers participated in theDays of Rage riot in Chicago in October 1969, and in December was at the "War Council" meeting inFlint,Michigan. Two major decisions came out of the "War Council". The first was to immediately begin aviolent, armed struggle (e.g., bombings and armed robberies) against the state without first attempting to organize or mobilize a broad swath of the public. The second was to create underground collectives in major cities throughout the country.[22]Larry Grathwohl, aFederal Bureau of Investigationinformant in the Weathermen group from the fall of 1969 to the spring of 1970, stated that "Ayers, along with Bernardine Dohrn, probably had the most authority within the Weathermen".[23]
After theGreenwich Village townhouse explosion in 1970, in which Weatherman memberTed Gold, Ayers's close friendTerry Robbins, and Ayers's girlfriend,Diana Oughton, were killed when anail bomb being assembled in the house exploded, Ayers and several associates evaded pursuit by law enforcement officials.Kathy Boudin andCathy Wilkerson survived the blast and fled. Criminal charges were not initially filed against Ayers at the time of the explosion, but thefederal government later did file charges against him.[12]
Ayers participated in the bombings ofNew York City Police Department headquarters in 1970, theUnited States Capitol building in 1971, andthe Pentagon in 1972, as he noted in his 2001 book,Fugitive Days. Ayers writes:
Although the bomb that rocked the Pentagon was itsy-bitsy—weighing close to two pounds—it caused 'tens of thousands of dollars' of damage. The operation cost under $500, and no one was killed or even hurt.[24]
After the bombing, Ayers became a fugitive. During this time, Ayers and fellow member Bernardine Dohrn married and remained fugitives together, changing identities, jobs and locations.
In 1973, Ayers co-authored the bookPrairie Fire with other members of the Weather Underground. The book was dedicated to close to 200 people, includingHarriet Tubman,John Brown, "All Who Continue to Fight", and "All Political Prisoners in the U.S."[25] The book dedication also includedSirhan Sirhan, the convicted assassin ofRobert F. Kennedy.[26]
In 1973, new information came to light about FBI operations targeted against Weather Underground and the New Left, all part of a series of covert and often illegal FBI projects calledCOINTELPRO.[27] Due to the illegal tactics of FBI agents involved with the program, including conductingwiretaps andproperty searches without warrants, government attorneys requested all weapons-related and bomb-related charges be dropped against the Weather Underground, including charges against Ayers.[28][29]
However, state charges against Dohrn remained. Dohrn was still reluctant to turn herself in to authorities. "He was sweet and patient, as he always is, to let me come to my senses on my own," she later said of Ayers.[12] She turned herself in to authorities in 1980. She was fined $1,500 and given three years probation.[30]
In 2001, Ayers publishedFugitive Days: A Memoir, which he explained in part as an attempt to answer the questions ofKathy Boudin's son and his own speculation that Diana Oughton died trying to stop the Greenwich Village bomb-makers.[31] Some have questioned the truth, accuracy, and tone of the book.Brent Staples wrote forThe New York Times Book Review that "Ayers reminds us often that he can't tell everything without endangering people involved in the story."[32] Historian Jesse Lemisch (himself a former member of SDS) contrasted Ayers's recollections with those of other former members of the Weathermen, and claimed that the book had many errors.[33] Ayers, in the foreword to his book, stated that it was written as his personal memories and impressions over time, not a scholarly research project.[34] Reviewing Ayers's memoir inSlate Magazine,Timothy Noah said that he could not recall reading "a memoir quite so self-indulgent and morally clueless asFugitive Days".[35]Studs Terkel called Ayers's memoir "a deeply moving elegy to all those young dreamers who tried to live decently in an indecent world".[36]
Chicago Magazine reported that "just before the September 11th attacks",Richard Elrod, a city lawyer injured in the Weathermen's Chicago "Days of Rage", received an apology from Ayers and Dohrn for their part in the violence. "They were remorseful," Elrod says. "They said, 'We're sorry that things turned out this way.'"[37]
Much of the controversy about Ayers during the decade since 2000 stems from an interview he gave toDinitia Smith forThe New York Times on the occasion of the memoir's publication on September 11, 2001.[38] The reporter quoted him as saying "I don't regret setting bombs" and "I feel we didn't do enough", and, when asked if he would "do it all again", as responding "I don't want to discount the possibility."[34]
Four days later, Ayers protested the interviewer's characterizations in aLetter to the Editor published September 15, 2001: "This is not a question of being misunderstood or 'taken out of context' but of deliberate distortion."[39] In the ensuing years, Ayers has repeatedly avowed that, when he said he had "no regrets" and that "we didn't do enough", he was speaking only in reference to his efforts to stop the United States from waging theVietnam War, efforts which he has described as "inadequate [as] the war dragged on for a decade".[40] Ayers has maintained that the two statements were not intended to imply a wish they had set more bombs.[40][41]
In a November 2008 interview withThe New Yorker, Ayers said that he had not meant to imply that he wished he and the Weathermen had committed further violence. Instead, he said, "I wish I had done more, but it doesn't mean I wish we'd bombed more shit." Ayers said that he had never been responsible for violence against other people and was acting to end a war in Vietnam in which "thousands of people were being killed every week". He also stated, "While we did claim several extreme acts, they were acts of extreme radicalism against property," and "We killed no one and hurt no one. Three of our people killed themselves."[42] The interview mentioned an alleged quote of his, "Kill all the rich people. Break up their cars and apartments. Bring the revolution home, kill your parents, that's where it's really at."[34] Ayers responded saying that he didn't recall saying that, but that "it's been quoted so many times I'm beginning to think I did. It was a joke about the distribution of wealth.'"[34] The interviewer also quoted some of Ayers's own criticisms of the Weathermen in the foreword to the memoir, in which Ayers reacts to having watchedEmile de Antonio's 1976documentary film about the Weathermen,Underground: "[Ayers] was 'embarrassed by the arrogance, the solipsism, the absolute certainty that we and we alone knew the way. The rigidity and the narcissism.'"[34]
"We weren't terrorists," Ayers told an interviewer for theChicago Tribune in 2001. "The reason we weren't terrorists is because we did not commit random acts of terror against people. Terrorism was what was being practiced in the countryside of Vietnam by the United States."[12]
In a later letter to the editor in theChicago Tribune, Ayers wrote, "I condemn all forms of terrorism—individual, group and official". He also condemned theSeptember 11 terrorist attacks in that letter.[43]
Ayers was asked in a January 2004 interview, "How do you feel about what you did? Would you do it again under similar circumstances?" He replied:[44] "I've thought about this a lot. Being almost 60, it's impossible to not have lots and lots of regrets about lots and lots of things, but the question of did we do something that was horrendous, awful? [...] I don't think so. I think what we did was to respond to a situation that was unconscionable."
On September 9, 2008, journalistJake Tapper copied to hisABC News "Political Punch" blog and opined on a four-panel comic strip by Ryan Alexander-Tanner from Bill Ayers's blog.[45] In the comic strip, the Ayers cartoon character says: "The one thing I don't regret is opposing the war in Vietnam with every ounce of my being... When I say, 'We didn't do enough,' a lot of people rush to think, 'That must mean, "We didn't bomb enough shit."' But that's not the point at all. It's not a tactical statement, it's an obvious political and ethical statement. In this context, 'we' means 'everyone.'"[45]
After the2008 presidential election, Ayers published anop-ed piece inThe New York Times giving his assessment of his activism. "The Weather Underground crossed lines of legality, of propriety and perhaps even of common sense. Our effectiveness can be—and still is being—debated," he wrote.[46] He also reiterated his rebuttal to the description of his actions as terrorism, despite the use ofshrapnel devices:
The Weather Underground went on to take responsibility for placing several small bombs in empty offices... We did carry out symbolic acts of extreme vandalism directed at monuments to war and racism, and the attacks on property, never on people, were meant to respect human life and convey outrage and determination to end the Vietnam war. Peaceful protests had failed to stop the war. So we issued a screaming response. But it was not terrorism; we were not engaged in a campaign to kill and injure people indiscriminately, spreading fear and suffering for political ends.[46]
Feminist criticKatha Pollitt criticized Ayers's opinion piece as a "sentimentalized, self-justifying whitewash of his role in the weirdo violent fringe of the 1960s–1970s antiwar left". She says Ayers and his Weathermen cohorts made "the antiwar movement look like the enemy of ordinary people" during theVietnam War era.[47]
Ayers is a retired professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Education. His interests include teaching forsocial justice, urban educational reform, narrative and interpretive research, children in trouble with the law, and related issues.[4] He began his career in primary education while an undergraduate, teaching at the Children's Community School (CCS), a project founded by a group of students and based on the Summerhill method of education. After leaving the underground, he earned an M.Ed fromBank Street College in Early Childhood Education (1984), an M.Ed fromTeachers College, Columbia University in Early Childhood Education (1987) and an Ed.D from Teachers College, Columbia University in Curriculum and Instruction (1987).
Ayers was elected vice president for curriculum studies by theAmerican Educational Research Association in 2008.[48] William H. Schubert, a fellow professor at theUniversity of Illinois at Chicago, wrote that his election was "a testimony of [Ayers's] stature and [the] high esteem he holds in the field of education locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally".[49] WriterSol Stern, a conservative opponent of progressive education policies, has criticized Ayers as having a virulent "hatred of America", and said, "Calling Bill Ayers a school reformer is a bit like calling Joseph Stalin an agricultural reformer."[50][51] Ayers has edited and written several books and articles on education theory, policy and practice, and has received several honors for his work. His bookTo Teach: The Journey of A Teacher was named the Kappa Delta Pi Book of the Year in 1993 and subsequently won the Witten award for Distinguished Work in Biography and Autobiography in 1995.[52] On August 5, 2010, Ayers announced his intent to retire from the University of Illinois at Chicago.[53]
On September 23, 2010, Ayers was unanimously deniedemeritus status by the University of Illinois, after a speech by the university'sboard chairChristopher G. Kennedy (son of assassinated U.S. SenatorRobert F. Kennedy), containing the quote "I intend to vote against conferring the honorific title of our university to a man whose body of work includes a book dedicated in part to the man who murdered my father, Robert F. Kennedy."[54] He added, "There is nothing more antithetical to the hopes for a university that is lively and yet civil...than to permanently seal off debate with one's opponents by killing them".[55] Kennedy referred to the 1974 bookPrairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism, written by Ayers and other Weather Underground members. The book was dedicated to a list of over 200 revolutionary figures, musicians and others, includingSirhan Sirhan, who was convicted of the 1968 assassination of Robert F. Kennedy and sentenced to life in prison.[56] Ayers denied having ever dedicated a book to Sirhan Sirhan and accused right-wing bloggers of having started a rumor to that effect.[57] In an October 2010Chicago Sun Times editorial entitled "Attacks on Ayers Distort Our History," former students of Ayers andUIC alumni, Daniel Schneider and Adam Kuranishi, responded in opposition to the University of Illinois Board of Trustees' decision to deny Ayers emeritus status.[58]
Ayers worked with Chicago MayorRichard M. Daley in shaping the city's school reform program,[59] and was one of three co-authors of theChicago Annenberg Challenge grant proposal that in 1995 won $49.2 million over five years for public school reform.[60] In 1997, Chicago awarded him its Citizen of the Year award for his work on the project.[61] Since 1999, he has served on the board of directors of theWoods Fund of Chicago, an anti-poverty,philanthropicfoundation established as the Woods Charitable Fund in 1941.[62]The Wall Street Journal columnistThomas Frank praised Ayers as a "model citizen" and a scholar whose "work is esteemed by colleagues of different political viewpoints".[63]
According to Ayers, his radical past occasionally affects him, as when, by his account, he was asked not to attend aprogressive educators' conference in the fall of 2006 on the basis that the organizers did not want to risk an association with his past. On January 18, 2009, on his way to speak about education reform at the Centre for Urban Schooling at theUniversity of Toronto, he was refused admission to Canada when he arrived at theToronto City Centre Airport although he had traveled to Canada more than a dozen times in the past. According to Ayers, "It seems very arbitrary. The border agent said I had a conviction for a felony from 1969. I have several arrests for misdemeanors, but not for felonies."[64]
In an interview published in 1995, Ayers characterized his political beliefs at that time and in the 1960s and 1970s: "I am a radical, Leftist, small 'c' communist ... [Laughs] Maybe I'm the last communist who is willing to admit it. [Laughs] We have always been small 'c' communists in the sense that we were never in theCommunist party and neverStalinists. The ethics of communism still appeal to me. I don't likeLenin as much as the early Marx. I also likeHenry David Thoreau,Mother Jones andJane Addams [...]".[65]
In 1970,The New York Times called Ayers "a national leader"[66] of theWeatherman organization and "one of the chief theoreticians of the Weathermen".[67] The Weathermen were initially part of theRevolutionary Youth Movement (RYM) within the SDS, splitting from the RYM'sMaoists by claiming there was no time to build avanguard party and that revolutionary war against the United States government and thecapitalist system should begin immediately. Their founding document called for the establishment of a "white fighting force" to be allied with the "Black Liberation Movement" and other"anti-colonial" movements[68] to achieve "the destruction of US imperialism and the achievement of a classless world: world communism".[69]
In June 1974, the Weather Underground released a 151-page volume titledPrairie Fire, which stated: "We are aguerrilla organization [...] We are communist women and men underground in the United States [...]"[70] The Weatherman leadership, including Ayers, pushed for a radical reformulation of sexual relations under the slogan "SmashMonogamy".[71][72] Radical bomber and feminist[73]Jane Alpert criticized the Weatherman group in 1974 for still being dominated by men, including Ayers, and referred to his "callous treatment and abandonment ofDiana Oughton before her death, and for his generally fickle and high-handed treatment of women".[74]
Larry Grathwohl, an undercover FBI agent who infiltrated The Weather Underground, says Ayers told him where to plant bombs. He says Ayers was bent on overthrowing the government. In response to Grathwohl's claims, Ayers stated, "Now that's being blown into dishonest narratives about hurting people, killing people, planning to kill people. That's just not true. We destroyed government property".[75]
On June 18, 2013, Ayers gave an interview toRealClearPolitics' "Morning Commute" in which he stated that every president in this century should be tried forwar crimes, including President Obama for his use ofdrone attacks, which Ayers considers an act of terror.[76]
During the2008 U.S. presidential campaign, a controversy arose about Ayers's contacts with then-candidateBarack Obama, a matter that had been public knowledge in Chicago for years.[77] After being raised by the American and British press,[77][5] the connection was picked up by conservative blogs and newspapers in the United States. The matter was raised in a campaign debate by moderatorGeorge Stephanopoulos, and later became a point of contention for theJohn McCain presidential campaign. Investigations byThe New York Times,CNN, and other news organizations concluded that Obama did not have a close relationship with Ayers.[5][6][7][78]
In an op-ed piece after the election, Ayers denied any close association with Obama, and criticized the Republican campaign for its use ofguilt by association tactics.[46]
Ayers is married to Bernardine Dohrn, a fellow former leader of the Weather Underground. They have two adult children, Zayd and Malik, and shared legal guardianship ofChesa Boudin, son ofKathy Boudin andDavid Gilbert. Boudin and Gilbert were former Weather Underground members who later joined theMay 19 Communist Organization and were convicted offelony murder for their roles in that group'sBrinks robbery. Chesa Boudin went on to win aRhodes scholarship[79] and was electedDistrict Attorney of San Francisco in November 2019.[80] Ayers and Dohrn live in theHyde Park neighborhood of Chicago.[81][82] His son Zayd is married to actress and writerRachel DeWoskin, and is on the faculty atNorthwestern University.[81][83][84]
