Bilbo's way of life inthe Shire, defined by features like the availability of tobacco and postal service, recalls that of the English middle class during theVictorian toEdwardian eras. This is not compatible with the much older world of Dwarves andElves. Tolkien appears to have based Bilbo on the designerWilliam Morris's travels in Iceland; Morris liked his home comforts but grew through his adventurous journeying. Bilbo's quest has been interpreted as apilgrimage of grace, in which he grows in wisdom and virtue, and as a psychological journey towards wholeness.
Bilbo has appeared in numerous radio and film adaptations ofThe Hobbit andThe Lord of the Rings, and video games based on them.
As burglar, Bilbo is sent down the secret passage to the dragon's lair. He steals a golden cup and takes it back to the Dwarves. Smaug awakes and instantly notices the theft and a draught of cold air from the opened passage. He flies out, nearly catches the Dwarves outside the door, and eats their ponies. Bilbo and the Dwarves hide inside the passage. Bilbo goes down to Smaug's lair again to steal some more, but the dragon is now only half-asleep. Wearing his magic ring, Bilbo is invisible, but Smaug at once smells him. Bilbo has a riddling conversation with Smaug, and notices that the dragon's armour does indeed have a gap. He escapes the dragon's flames as he runs up the passage, and tells the Dwarves about the gap in Smaug's armour. An old thrush hears what he says, and flies off to tell Bard in Lake-town.[T 11]
Smaug realizes that Lake-town must have helped Bilbo, and flies off in a rage to destroy the town. The Dwarves and Bilbo hear that Smaug has been killed in the attack. The Dwarves reclaim the Lonely Mountain, and horrify Bilbo by refusing to share the dragon's treasure with the lake-men or the wood-elves. Bilbo finds the Arkenstone of Thrain, the most precious heirloom of Thorin's family, but hides it. Thorin calls his relativeDáin to bring an army of Dwarves.[T 12] Thorin and his dwarves fortify the entrance to the mountain hall, and are besieged by the Wood-elves and Lake-men. Bilbo tries to ransom the Arkenstone to prevent fighting, but Thorin sees his action as betrayal, and banishes Bilbo. Dain arrives, and the army of Dwarves faces off against the armies of Elves and Men. As battle is joined, a host of goblins and wargs arrive to take over the mountain, now that Smaug is dead. The armies of Elves, Men, and Dwarves, with the help ofEagles and Beorn, defeat the goblins and wargs.[T 13] Thorin is fatally wounded, but has time to make peace with Bilbo. Bilbo accepts only a little of the treasure which was his share, though it still represents great wealth for a Shire hobbit. Bilbo returns to his home inthe Shire to find that several of his relatives, believing him to be dead, are trying to claim his home and possessions.[T 14]
The Lord of the Rings begins with Bilbo's "eleventy-first" (111th) birthday, 60 years after the beginning ofThe Hobbit. The main character of the novel isFrodo Baggins, Bilbo's cousin,[a] who celebrates his 33rd birthday and legally comes of age on the same day. Bilbo has kept the magic ring, with no idea of its significance, all that time; it has prolonged his life, leaving him feeling "thin and stretched". At the party, Bilbo tries to leave with the ring, but Gandalf persuades him to leave it behind for Frodo.[T 15] Bilbo travels toRivendell and visits the dwarves of the Lonely Mountain before returning to retire at Rivendell and write books.[T 16] Gandalf discovers that Bilbo's magic ring is theOne Ring forged by the Dark LordSauron, and sets in motion the quest to destroy it.[T 17] Frodo and his friends set off on the quest, finding Bilbo, now obviously old, but spry, in Rivendell.[T 16] When they have destroyed the Ring, they return to the Shire, via Rivendell, where Bilbo looks "very old, but peaceful, and sleepy".[T 18][T 19] Two years later Bilbo accompanies Gandalf,Elrond,Galadriel, and Frodo to the Grey Havens, there to board ship bound forTol Eressëa across the sea.[T 20]
In Tolkien's narrativeconceit, in which all the writings ofMiddle-earth are translations from the fictitious volume of theRed Book of Westmarch, Bilbo is the author ofThe Hobbit, translator of various "works from theelvish",[T 21] and the author of the followingpoems and songs:
Baggins vs Huggins: Tolkien invented the name Baggins, which sounded like a real English surname such as Huggins or Dickens, but was aHuddersfield dialect word meaning an extra meal. He used Huggins as aTroll's surname.[4]
Thephilologist and Tolkien scholarTom Shippey notes that "Baggins" is close to the spoken wordsbæggin,bægginz in the dialect ofHuddersfield, Yorkshire.[5] where it means a substantial meal eaten between main meals, most particularly atteatime in the afternoon; and Mr Baggins is definitely, Shippey writes, "partial to ... his tea".[5] Tolkien worked inYorkshire early in his career, at theUniversity of Leeds; from 1920 he was a reader in the school of English studies, and he rose to become a full professor there.[6] More specifically, he wrote the foreword to Walter E. Haigh's 1928A new glossary of the dialect of the Huddersfield district, which included these spoken words.[5][6][7]
In addition, "Baggins", while not a name by etymology, sounds very much like one of a class of English surnames such as Dickens, Jenkins, and Huggins. These names, Shippey notes, are formed from personal names, in the diminutive form; and Tolkien uses Huggins as the name of one of the Trolls inThe Hobbit.[4]
Tolkien's choice of the surname Baggins may be connected to the name of Bilbo's house, Bag End, also the actual name of Tolkien's aunt's farmhouse, which Shippey notes was at the bottom of a lane with no exit. This is called a "cul-de-sac"[b] in England; Shippey describes this as "a silly phrase", a piece of "French-oriented snobbery".[4]
Lobelia Sackville-Baggins's desire to acquire 'Bag End', Bilbo'shobbit-hole, has been compared toVita Sackville-West's frustrated desire to inheritKnole House (pictured).[9]
Shippey observes that the socially aspiring Sackville-Bagginses have similarly attempted to "Frenchify" their family name,Sac[k]-ville = "Bag Town", as a mark of theirbourgeois status.[4] The journalist Matthew Dennison, writing forSt Martin's Press, callsLobelia Sackville-Baggins "Tolken's unmistakable nod toVita Sackville-West", anaristocratic novelist and gardening columnist as passionately attached to her family home,Knole House, which she was unable to inherit, as Lobelia was to Bag End.[9] The opposite of a bourgeois is aburglar who breaks into bourgeois houses, and inThe Hobbit Bilbo is asked to become a burglar (ofSmaug the dragon's lair), Shippey writes, showing that the Bagginses and the Sackville-Bagginses are "connected opposites".[4] He comments that the name Sackville-Baggins, for thesnobbish branch of the Baggins family,[5] is "an anomaly in Middle-earth and a failure of tone".[10]
Bilbo's character and adventures match many details ofWilliam Morris's expedition in Iceland.[11] Cartoon of Morris riding a pony by his travelling companionEdward Burne-Jones (1870)
Marjorie Burns, amedievalist, writes that Bilbo's character and adventures match the fantasy writer and designerWilliam Morris's account of his travels inIceland in the early 1870s in numerous details. Like Bilbo's, Morris's party set off enjoyably into the wild onponies. He meets a "boisterous" man called "Biorn the boaster" who lives in a hall beside Eyja-fell, and who tells Morris, tapping him on the belly, "... besides, you know you are so fat", just as Beorn pokes Bilbo "most disrespectfully" andcompares him to a plump rabbit.[11] Burns notes that Morris was "relatively short, a little rotund, and affectionately called 'Topsy', for his curly mop of hair", all somewhat hobbit-like characteristics. Further, she writes, "Morris in Iceland often chooses to place himself in a comic light and to exaggerate his own ineptitude", just as Morris's companion, the painterEdward Burne-Jones, gently teased his friend by depicting him as very fat in his Iceland cartoons.[11] Burns suggests that these images "make excellent models" for the Bilbo who runs puffing to the Green Dragon inn or "jogs along behind Gandalf and the dwarves" on his quest.[11] Another definite resemblance is the emphasis on home comforts: Morris enjoyed a pipe, a bath, and "regular, well-cooked meals"; Morris looked as out of place in Iceland as Bilbo did "over the Edge of the Wild"; both are afraid of dark caves; and both grow through their adventures.[11]
The Christian writerJoseph Pearce describesThe Hobbit as "apilgrimage ofgrace, in which its protagonist, Bilbo Baggins, becomes grown up ... in wisdom and virtue".[12] Dorothy Matthews sees the story rather as a psychological journey, the anti-heroic Bilbo being willing to face challenges while firmly continuing to love home and discovering himself. Along the way, Matthews seesJungian archetypes, talismans, and symbols at every turn: theJungian wise old man Gandalf; the devouring mother of the giant spider, not to mention Gollum's "long grasping fingers";[13] the Jungian circle of the self, the ring; the escape from the dark underground imprisoning chambers of the wood-elves and Bilbo's symbolic rebirth into the sunlight and the waters of the woodland river; and the dragon guarding the contested treasure, itself "an archetype of the self, of psychic wholeness".[13] Later research has extended Matthews' analysis using alternative psychological frameworks such asErik Erikson's theory of development.[14]
The Tolkien scholarJason Fisher notes that Tolkien stated that hobbits were extremely "clannish" and had strong "predilections forgenealogy".[15] Accordingly, Tolkien's decision to include theBaggins and other hobbit family trees inLord of the Rings[T 25] gives the book, in Fisher's view, a strongly "hobbitish perspective".[15] The tree also, he notes, serves to show Bilbo's and Frodo's connections and familial characteristics, including that Bilbo was both "a Baggins and a Took".[15] Fisher observes that Bilbo is, likeAragorn: a "distillation of the best of two families"; he notes that inThe Quest of Erebor, a manuscript of Tolkien's collected in theUnfinished Tales, Gandalf is given the lines "So naturally, thinking over the hobbits that I knew, I said to myself, 'I want a dash of the [adventurous] Took ... and I want a good foundation of the stolider sort, a Baggins perhaps.' That pointed at once to Bilbo".[15][16]
The Tolkien criticTom Shippey notes that Tolkien was very interested in such names, describing Shire names at length inThe Lord of the Rings "Appendix F".[T 26] One category was the names that meant nothing to the hobbits "in their daily language", like Bilbo and Bungo; a few of these, like Otho and Drogo in the family tree, were "by accident, the same as modern English names".[17]
The 1976 Russian translation ofThe Hobbit was illustrated with drawings by Mikhail Belomlinsky; he based his Bilbo character on the actorYevgeny Leonov, who he described as "good-natured, plump, with hairy legs".[18]
InRalph Bakshi's 1978animated version ofThe Lord of the Rings, Bilbo was voiced byNorman Bird.[24]Billy Barty was the model for Bilbo in the live-action recordings Bakshi used forrotoscoping.[24] The 3000th story to be broadcast in the BBC's long-running children's programmeJackanory wasThe Hobbit, in 1979. Four narrators told the story with Bilbo's part being played byBernard Cribbins.[25]
Throughout the 2003 video gameThe Hobbit, the players control Bilbo, voiced byMichael Beattie.[30] The game follows the plot of the book, but adds the elements ofplatform gameplay and various side-objectives along the main quests.[31] InThe Lord of the Rings Online (2007) Bilbo resides in Rivendell, mostly playing riddle games with the Elf Lindir in the Hall of Fire.[32]
^Although Frodo calls Bilbo his "uncle", they were in fact firstand second cousins, once removed either way (Bilbo is Frodo's paternal great-great-uncle's son's son and his maternal great-aunt's son).
^The French words in this phrase mean "bottom-of-[a]-bag", "Bag End", but the French word for a street with no exit, Shippey observes, isimpasse.[4][8]
^The Annotated Hobbit notes also that Bilbo feels formatches (a 19th century invention) to light his pipe.[T 5]
^abRobb, Brian J.; Simpson, Paul (2013)."ch. 1 Audio Adaptations".Middle-earth Envisioned: TheHobbit andThe Lord of the Rings: On screen, on stage, and beyond. Race Point Publishing. pp. 19, 66.ISBN978-1-937994-27-3.
