.svg) | |
| Long title | An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to title II of H. Con. Res. 14. |
|---|---|
| Acronyms(colloquial) | OBBBA, OBBB, BBB |
| Enacted by | the119th United States Congress |
| Citations | |
| Public law | Pub. L. 119–21 (text)(PDF) |
| Statutes at Large | 139 Stat. 72 |
| Codification | |
| Acts amended | Tax Cuts and Jobs Act |
| Legislative history | |
| |
TheOne Big Beautiful Bill Act (acronymsOB3;OBBBA;OBBB;BBB), or theBig Beautiful Bill (P.L. 119-21), is aU.S. federal statute passed by the119th United States Congress containing tax and spending policies that form the core of PresidentDonald Trump's second-term agenda. The bill was signed into law by President Trump on July 4, 2025.[1][2] Although the law is popularly referred to as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, this official short title was removed from the bill during the Senate amendment process, and therefore the law officially has no short title.[3]
The OBBBA contains hundreds of provisions. It permanently extends the individual tax ratesTrump signed into law in 2017, which were set to expire at the end of 2025. It raises the cap on thestate and local tax deduction to $40,000 for taxpayers making less than $500,000, with the cap reverting to $10,000 after five years. The OBBBA includes several tax deductions for tips, overtime pay, auto loans, and creates Trump Accounts, allowing parents to create tax-deferred accounts for the benefit of their children, all set to expire in 2028. It includes a permanent $200 increase in the child tax credit, a 1% tax on remittances, and a tax hike on investment income from college endowments. It phases out some clean energy tax credits that were included in theBiden-eraInflation Reduction Act, and promotes fossil fuels over renewable energy. It increases a tax credit for advanced semiconductor manufacturing and repeals a tax onsilencers.[4]
It raises thedebt ceiling by $5 trillion. It makes a significant 12% cut toMedicaid spending.[5] The OBBBA expands work requirements forSNAP benefits (formerly called "food stamps") recipients and makes states responsible for some costs relating to the food assistance program. The OBBBA includes $150 billion in new defense spending and another $150 billion for border enforcement anddeportations. The law increases the funding forImmigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) from $10 billion to more than $100 billion by 2029, making it the single most funded law enforcement agency in the federal government and better funded thanmost countries' militaries.
TheCongressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates the law will increase the budget deficit by $2.8 trillion by 2034 and cause 10.9 million Americans to losehealth insurance coverage. Further CBO analysis estimated the highest 10% of earners would see incomes rise by 2.7% by 2034 mainly due to tax cuts, while the lowest 10% would see incomes fall by 3.1% mainly due to cuts to programs such as Medicaid and food aid. Several think tanks, experts, and opponents criticized the bill over itsregressive tax structure, described many of its policies as gimmicks, and argued the bill would create the largest upward transfer of wealth from the poor to the rich in American history, exacerbatinginequality among the American population. It has also drawn controversy for rolling backclean energy incentives and increasing funding for immigration enforcement and deportations. According to multiple polls, a majority of Americans oppose the law.
Following the2024 United States elections, in which theRepublican Party retained theHouse of Representatives and won theSenate, Republicans began negotiations on passing then-president-electDonald Trump's domestic policies. In a meeting with Senate Republicans in December 2024, Senate majority leaderJohn Thune outlined an approach involving initial legislation on border security, energy production, and the military while reserving tax policy.[6] Trump, in contrast, advocated for a singular bill to resolve an impending lapse in tax cuts implemented in theTax Cuts and Jobs Act in 2017. However, this strategy faced risks from defecting members.[7]
In January 2025, Republicans met inFort Lesley J. McNair. At the meeting, Speaker of the HouseMike Johnson stated that Trump sought "one big, beautiful bill" to enact his policies.[8] To more easily pass the bill, Republicans chose to use thebudget reconciliation process,[9] which allowed them to avoid the60-vote Senate filibuster, which carried importance as they hold 53 seats out of 100 in the Senate. This requires the House and the Senate to pass identical instructions before passing the actual reconciliation bill.[10]
Before being signed into law, the Senate approved the bill 51–50 on July 1, 2025, with Vice PresidentJD Vance casting a tiebreaking vote in support. It passed theHouse of Representatives, 218–214, on July 3, 2025. It passed over universalDemocratic opposition in both houses.
 | It has been suggested that this section besplit out into another article titledProvisions of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. (Discuss)(August 2025) |
 | This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(July 2025) |
The One Big Beautiful Bill Act[11][12] includes hundreds of provisions, is estimated to add roughly $3 trillion to thenational debt[13][14] and is projected to cut approximately $4.46 trillion in tax revenue over a ten-year period.[15][16]
The law permanently extends the individual tax ratesTrump signed into law in 2017, which were set to expire at the end of 2025.[17][18]
The law creates a new tax deduction of up to $12,500 ($25,000 if married filing jointly) of qualified overtime pay, effective January 1, 2025.[19]
Qualified overtime pay is compensation that an employer is required to pay an employee under theFair Labor Standards Act, Section 7 because the employee worked more than 40 hours during the same workweek. The employee may take a tax deduction only for the extra half-time pay above their usual hourly rate they are paid for working more than 40 hours during the same workweek, not all the pay they receive for working those hours.[19] Overtime paid that is either paid voluntarily by an employer, is paid based on contractual agreements, or is only required by state or local laws is not eligible for the tax deduction.[20][21] Overtime pay continues to be subject to Social Security tax and Medicare tax.[22]
Individuals whosemodified adjusted gross income is more than $150,000 (or $300,000 if married filing jointly) are not eligible to take the tax deduction.[19][a]
Individuals may take a tax deduction for the amount of qualified overtime compensation that appears on theirForm W-2, which employers will be required to include on it.[22] Employers may use a reasonable method to approximate the amount to put on a Form W-2 for 2025. TheInternal Revenue Service will release new procedures for federal tax withholding effective 2026.[23]
The law creates newtax deductions for tips workers making less than $150,000, capped to $25,000 each, with the tax deduction set to expire in 2028.[24] Workers who receive tips while working one of 68 different job types are eligible to take the tax deduction for tips.[b][26][25]
The law allows individuals to deduct up to $10,000 per year in auto loan interest for new cars that had their final assembly in the United States and were purchased between January 1, 2025, and December 31, 2028.[27]
The vehicle must be for personal use, rather than business use.[28] It must be a car, minivan, van, sport utility vehicle, pickup truck, or motorcycle with a gross vehicle weight rating of less than 14,000 pounds.[29] All-terrain vehicles, trailers, campers, used vehicles, and leased vehicles are not eligible.[29] The vehicle'sAutomobile Information Disclosure label must show that the place of its final assembly was the United States.[27] The maximum tax deduction is reduced out for individuals whose modified adjusted gross income is greater than $100,000 (or $200,000 for married couples filing jointly), and it is eliminated for individuals whose modified adjusted gross income is greater than $150,000 (or $250,000 if married filing jointly).[30] A taxpayer is not required to itemize their tax deductions in order to take the tax deduction.[31]
From 2025 to 2028, auto loan lenders are required to report loan details to the Internal Revenue Service if they receive at least $600 of interest on qualifying vehicle loans.[30]
From January 1, 2025, to December 31, 2029, individuals may take a tax deduction for up to $40,000 ofstate and local taxes ($20,000 if married filing separately), which is an increase from $10,000 previously.[32] There is a reduction to the limit for the tax deduction for individuals whose modified adjusted gross income is over $500,000 ($250,000 for married filing separately) but it never goes below $10,000.[32][33]
This provision has an estimated cost of $142 billion. Republican representativesElise Stefanik,Mike Lawler,Nick LaLota, andAndrew Garbarino of New York, RepresentativeYoung Kim of California, and RepresentativeTom Kean Jr. of New Jersey cut this deal with House Speaker Mike Johnson in exchange for their votes.[citation needed]
The law permanently eliminates thepersonal exemption, which had been temporarily eliminated by theTax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. It offers a temporary tax deduction, set to expire in 2028, of up to $6,000 for seniors. The deduction phases out for individuals withmodified adjusted gross income (MAGI) exceeding $75,000 (or $150,000 for married couples).[17] According to theCouncil of Economic Advisors, this would result in 88% of seniors being able to claim enough deductions to clear theirSocial Security tax burden, up from 64% under prior law.[34] A taxpayer is not required to itemize their tax deductions in order to take the tax deduction.[31]
The law increases the maximum amount of thechild tax credit from $2,000 to $2,200 per child, and indexes the amount of the credit to inflation.[17][35] The refundable portion of the credit is also indexed to inflation, but is not increased, meaning that tax credit beneficiaries would not see a net increase in the credit, when adjusted for inflation.[35]
The law changes the existing nonrefundable tax credit for up to $17,280 of qualified adoption expenses.[36] As of January 1, 2025, up to $5,000 of the adoption tax credit is a refundable tax credit.[37]
Effective January 1, 2026, the law allows a tax deduction for charitable contributions made in cash by an individual who does not itemize their tax deductions. The deduction is limited to $1,000 (or $2,000 if married filing jointly). The deduction is not allowed for contributions todonor-advised funds or private non-operating foundations. Carrying over excess charitable contributions to other years is not allowed if the person does not itemize their tax deductions.[38][39][40]
Effective January 1, 2026, for individuals who itemize their charitable contributions, a tax deduction is allowed only for the amount that exceeds 0.5 percent of theiradjusted gross income.[c][38][39]
The law makes permanent a temporary limit on tax deductions for charitable contributions of up to 60 percent of their adjusted gross income to501(c)(3) public charities. This only applies if the individual itemizes their tax deductions.[38][39]
Effective January 1, 2026, the tax benefit for charitable contributions made by an individual that itemizes their tax deductions is limited to 35% of the amount contributed, even if they are in a marginal tax bracket higher than 35%.[38][39]
Previously, educators could take a tax deduction for unreimbursed education costs of up to $300 per year (or $600 if married filing jointly) without itemizing their tax deductions. Effective January 1, 2026, eligible educators may also take an itemized tax deduction for unreimbursed education costs in excess of $300 per year (or $600 if married filing jointly). In order to qualify, the individual must work at any K–12 school for least 900 hours during the school year as a teacher, instructor, counselor, principal, aide, interscholastic sports coach, or sports administrator. The unreimbursed education costs must be directly related to the individual's work as an educator. Eligible unreimbursed education costs include books, supplies, other classroom materials, equipment, professional development courses or training that is related to the curriculum or student instruction.[41]
The tax credit for buying a new qualified electric vehicle or fuel cell electric vehicle is no longer available for purchases made after September 30, 2025.[42][43] The tax credit for buying a used qualified electric vehicle or fuel cell vehicle from a licensed dealer is no longer available for purchases made after September 30, 2025.[42][44]
The tax credit for installing property to either recharge electric vehicles or to store or dispense clean-burning fuel will no longer be available after June 30, 2026.[42][45]
The tax credit for making qualified energy-efficient improvements to one's home will no longer be available for improvements put into service after December 31, 2025.[42][46]
The tax credit for installing solar electric panels, solar water heaters, wind turbines, geothermal heat pumps, fuel cells, or battery storage technology in one's home will no longer be available for improvements made after December 31, 2025.[42][47]
Itemized deductions are reduced by 2/37 of the lesser of the amount of the itemized tax deductions or the taxable income that is within the 37%-rate marginal tax bracket.[d][49]
As an exception, the qualified business income deduction under26 U.S.C. § 199A is not subject to the limitation.[49]
Public companies are not allowed to take a tax deduction for compensation paid to certain executives that exceeds $1 million per year.[50] Effective tax years beginning after December 31, 2026, the compensation paid to the five most highly compensated executives is expanded to all members of a covered corporation's controlled group and affiliated service group. The tax deductible portion of compensation is allocated to each control group member based on the pro-rata portion of the compensation paid by that member.[51]
For qualified production property of a taxpayer, the law makes permanent a 100%Section 179 depreciation deduction for theadjusted basis for the property acquired after January 19, 2025.[52][53][54]
Businesses are allowed to take asection 179 tax deduction for the cost of certain business property, software, leasehold improvements, and water utility property rather than deduct only the amount depreciated each year. Under the law, the maximum tax deduction is permanently increased from $1 million to $2.5 million and then phased out to $4 million, all of which will be indexed for inflation in future years. These changes are effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2024.[55]
The law also created a new depreciation allowance for nonresidential real property that is used as an essential part of an activity that includes the manufacturing, production, or refining of certain tangible products that significantly transforms the product. Types of property that do not qualify include nonresidential real property used for offices, administrative services, lodging, parking, sales activities, software development, and software engineering. The property's construction must begin between January 20, 2025, and December 31, 2028, and it must be placed in service in the U.S. or U.S. possessions on or before December 31, 2030.[38]
The law allows full expensing of domestic research and experimentation expenditures for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2025.[38]
The law allows businesses to hold an election to amortize domestic research and experimentation expenditures that are otherwise capitalized (other than property that would be depreciated or depleted) over a five-year period.[38]
The law allows certain businesses to elect to claim a tax deduction for unamortized domestic research and experimentation costs in the first tax year beginning after 2024 or ratably over a two-year period.[38]
The law allows certain small businesses[e] to retroactively expense its domestic research and experimentation costs for tax years that began on or after January 1, 2022.[38]
The law changes the calculation of the limit on interest expense tax deductions such that deductions for depreciation, amortization, or depletion are excluded when calculating adjusted taxable income.[38]
The 20% deduction for qualified business income for owners of pass-through entities was made permanent.[56]
The law increases theCHIPS and Science Act's tax credit for advancedsemiconductor manufacturing from 25% to 35%.[4]
The tax credit for energy efficient commercial buildings is no longer available for any property if the construction begins after June 30, 2026.[57]
The law expands theLow-Income Housing Tax Credit with a housing credit allocation increase and a bond threshold test reduction, projected to add up to 1.22 million additional affordable rental homes from 2026 to 2035.[58] To incentivize business investments in poorer neighborhoods, the law makes the LIHTC permanent, along with theNew Markets Tax Credit Program andOpportunity Zones, restructuring the latter with tighter accountability standards, although the law does not create any new affordable housing or industrial lands cleanup incentives.[59]
The law allows a tax deduction for restaurants and caterers for the cost of providing a free meal to workers while on shift. Companies can also take a tax deduction for the cost of free meals provided to workers on offshore oil rigs and gas platform workers. Companies that are required to provide meals to maritime crew under federal law may also take a tax deduction for the cost of those meals.[38]
Beauty service businesses are now allowed a tax credit for the FICA taxes they pay on their employees' tips that bring them up to thefederal minimum wage. Prior to this, onlyfood orbeverage businesses were eligible for this tax credit. The change is effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2024.[60][61]
The law establishes a new 2.5% tax credit formetallurgical coal.[62][f]
As of 2026, corporations may take a tax deduction for charitable contributions for the amount that exceeds 1 percent of its taxable income and does not exceed 10 percent of its taxable income. Charitable contributions that do not qualify for a tax deduction because of this change may be carried forward for five years.[38]
The law reduced the tax rate on foreign-derived intangible income to 14 percent.[38]
The law increases the tax deduction forwhaling boat captains.[64][65]
Effective in 2026, certain tax-exempt organizations[g] must pay an excise tax on compensation exceeding $1 million paid to any current and former employee, rather than only to its top five most highly compensated employees for current and prior years.[38]
The law changes the excise tax on the investment income of tax-exempt educational institutions. There are three different excise tax rates, and the highest excess tax rate is 8 percent. The excise tax rate depends on the institution's ratio of its investment assets to its eligible students. Institutions with higher ratios are subject to higher excise tax rates.[38]
The law establishes a $50 billion Rural Hospital Fund, up from $25 billion, to support health care providers inrural areas, providing a safety net against Medicaid cuts;[13]
The law cuts over $1.2 trillion in federal spending,[13] primarily from the low-income health insurance programMedicaid[17] and the nutrition funding programSNAP.[66] The law:
The law increases taxes on investment income fromcollege endowments, estimated to raise $761 million over 10 years. Colleges with more than 3,000 students and an endowment per student ratio of $500,000 would be taxed starting at 1.4%, with the tax rate increasing to 8% for the wealthiest colleges. The original House bill proposed a tax of up to 21% with no exemptions based on size. An exemption for religious colleges was removed for violating theByrd Rule.[74]
The law creates Trump Accounts, a tax-advantaged savings investment account.[75]
Any individual is allowed to contribute to a child's account, up to $5,000 per year per child.[76][77] Employers are allowed to contribute to their employees' accounts and their employees' children's accounts, up to $2,500 per year.[78][79] Contributions by an employer count against the $5,000 annual limit per child, but contributions by the federal government do not.[79][80] As an exception to the annual limit,tax-exempt organizations are allowed to contribute an unlimited amount into a child's account.[79]
Contributions into a child's account are allowed until the end of the end of the year in which the child turns 18.[79]
The federal government will contribute $1,000 into a Trump Account for each U.S. citizen child with a social security number who was born between January 1, 2025, and December 31, 2028.[78][75]
Funds in the account must be invested inmutual funds orexchange-traded funds that mirror theS&P 500 or another U.S.stock index.[81] Investment earnings aretax-deferred.[76]
A child with a qualified disability[h] is allowed to rollover the funds into anABLE account when they reach age 17.[76]
For other children, rollovers and withdrawals from the account are allowed starting on the January 1 of the year in which the child turns age 18.[79] When the child reaches age 18, the funds will be rolled into atraditional IRA.[76]
Contributions by the federal government or an employer are tax-exempt, while contributions by the child or their parents are neither tax-exempt nor tax-deductible.[77][79]
Withdrawals are subject to taxation in the same way as traditional IRAs are.[i][80]
Trump accounts cannot be opened before July 4, 2026.[77]`
The law phases out tax credits passed in theBiden-eraInflation Reduction Act. Credits will continue for wind and solar projects which either start construction by June 2026 or which go online by December 2027, under "safe harbor" and expanded "foreign entity of concern" provisions.[83][j][k] The OBBBA directed the Treasury Department to issue more stringent standards for documenting supply chains and construction of solar and wind facilities in August 2025.[86] The OBBBA also severely limits the credits' transferability in dedicated markets.Electric vehicle tax credits would be phased out by September 2025, andEV charging tax credits would be phased out by June 2026.[87][88]
Green hydrogen production credits are terminated by December 2027, rather than 2033.Home electrification credits are terminated by December 2025. Advanced manufacturing,carbon sequestration,biofuel, andnuclear power credits remain largely intact (nuclear power even gets a new 10% bonus credit), subject to the aforementioned foreign entity of concern rules.[89][90][91] Fees onmethane emissions that polluters have to pay the government would be postponed for 10 years, while tax credits for biofuels would be extended an additional four years to 2031.[13]
The law also rescinds various funds, appropriated in the IRA. These include:
The law rescinds unobligated IRA funding for the Conservation Stewardship Program, Environmental Quality Incentives Program, Agricultural Conservation Easements Program, and Regional Conservation Partnership Program, and adds it to theUSDA budget baseline. The OBBBA outlaws climate action-related goals for agriculture. The law also lifts income caps on households that rely on agriculture for more than 75% of their income, potentially empoweringcorporate farming.[93]
The law raises reference prices under the Price Loss Coverage and Agricultural Risk Coverage programs, resulting in $54 billion in additional spending over 10 years.[94] The law increases spending oncrop insurance programs by $6.3 billion over 10 years and disaster relief programs atUSDA by $2.9 billion in the same timeframe.[94]
The law requires the leasing of at least 50% of public lands that private companies desire to lease for drilling, mining or logging. It cuts the royalties (the share of revenue) that thepetroleum industry has had to pay for oil and gas extracted from public lands—costing taxpayers around $6 billion over a decade. It cuts the fee per acre that oil and gas companies have had to pay for initiating leasing of public lands. The law reinstates "noncompetitive leasing" of public lands for drilling, mining or logging that allows companies to purchase at a cheap price public lands that were not sold at auction.[95]
Over the next decade, the law requires four lease sales to oil and gas companies of lands insideArctic National Wildlife Refuge, and six lease sales in theNational Petroleum Reserve-Alaska along Alaska's northern coast.[95]
The law requires theBureau of Land Management to hold quarterly onshore oil and gas lease sales.[13]
The law raises theUnited States debt ceiling by $5 trillion.[9]
The law reverses aspects of Medicare's price negotiation program, allowing more drugs to be exempt and increasing costs for consumers. The Congressional Budget Office estimated $5 billion in lost savings for the government over ten years.[96]
Thedefense portion of the law allocates an additional $150 billion in defense spending. This figure includes:
The law includes $170 billion for spending on border security, creating the capacity to deport up to one million people each year.[99]
The law increases the funding forImmigration and Customs Enforcement from $10 billion to more than $100 billion by 2029, making it the single most heavily funded law enforcement agency in the federal government.[100][101] These funds include:
The law establishes a $100 annual fee to apply forasylum, down from $1,000 in the House bill, a $550 fee to apply for employment authorization for asylum seekers and migrants onhumanitarian parole ortemporary protected status, and a $500 fee to apply for temporary protected status.[106] It also increases the fees fornon-immigrant visas to $250.[13]
The law:[93]
The law:
A529 plan will be allowed to distribute funds for the cost to attend an elementary or secondary school, including a public, private, or religious school, after July 4, 2025. Eligible costs include tuition, curriculum and curricular materials, books, instructional materials, online educational materials, and tuition for certain tutoring or educational classes outside one's home.[112]
A 529 plan will be allowed to distribute funds for eligible costs of a state and federal licensing program, an industry certification program, or a registered apprenticeship program after July 4, 2025. Eligible costs include tuition, fees, books, supplies, required testing, and continuing education needed to maintain the credential.[112]
As of January 1, 2026, the employer-provided childcare credit (26 U.S.C. § 45F) is increased from 25% to 40% (or 50% for eligible small businesses[l]) of qualified childcare expenses. The maximum employer-provided childcare tax credit is increased from $150,000 to $500,000 per year (or $600,000 for eligible small businesses[l]).[33]
The act also expands qualified childcare expenses to include contracted third parties that provide childcare to the employees.[33]
The annual limit for a dependent careflexible spending account is increased from $5,000 per year (or $2,500 if married filing separately) to $7,500 (or $3,750 if married filing separately).[56]
The temporary tax credit for employers who give paid leave to an employee while they are onFamily and Medical Leave Act leave has been made permanent.[33]
In order to qualify for the tax credit, the employer must pay the employee at least 50% of the employee's usual wages. The amount of the tax credit used to be equal to 12.5% of eligible wages paid to an eligible employee, but it now increases by 0.25% for each percentage point paid above the 50% threshold, up to a maximum credit of 25%.[33]
In order to be eligible for the tax credit, the employee must have worked at least six months for the employer, which is up from 12 months previously.[33]
Paid family and medical leave that is required under state or local law is now eligible for the tax credit, as are employer-paid amounts for qualifying paid leave insurance policies.[33]
Food or beverage provided to employees on certain fishing vessels or certain fish processing facilities for the employer's convenience is 100% tax deductible to the employer, up from 50% previously.[33]
Employer-paid moving expense benefits were temporarily considered taxable income to the employee, but they are now permanently taxable income.[33][56] Moving expense benefits for employees who are active-duty members of theU.S. Armed Forces or members of theU.S. Intelligence Community continue to be tax-free to the employee.[33][56]
For employer-reimbursed bicycle commuting benefits, these payments are considered taxable income to the employee.[56]
Student loan repayments made by employers to their employees were temporarily tax-free to the employees but they are now permanently tax-free. The tax-free limit per year will be indexed for inflation starting in 2026.[56]
Individuals covered by a bronze-level or a catastrophic health plan offered in the individual market on a state insurance exchange are now allowed to make and receiveHealth Savings Account contributions.[56]
The law made permanent a temporary rule that allowed health plans to covertelehealth services without a deductible and still be compatible with an Health Savings Account.[56]
The law allows ahigh-deductible health plan to provide benefits for direct primary care to enrollees who have not yet met the deductible and still be eligible for a Health Savings Account. In order to qualify, the direct primary care services needs to be for a flat fee of up to $150 per month for a single individual (or $300 per month for multiple individuals). These services are also added to the definition of medical expenses for aHealth Savings Account.[113]
A payor must report payments for goods or services via payment apps, online marketplaces, and payments from credit, debit, or gift cards to theInternal Revenue Service and the payee onForm 1099-K. The law changes the threshold for reporting; now reporting on Form 1099-K is required if a person received at least 200 transactions and received at least $20,000.[114]
The law increases the reporting threshold forForm 1099-MISC andForm 1099-NEC from $600 to $2,000 in 2026. The threshold will be adjusted for inflation for future years.[114]
Effective January 1, 2026, the law establishes a 1% excise tax on certain electronic transfers of funds from the United States to a foreign country.[m] The tax is on the electronic transfer of funds from an individual located in any U.S. state, U.S. territory, or the District of Columbia to a recipient in a foreign country for personal, family, or household purposes.[116]
The excise tax is assessed on electronic transfers sent using cash,money orders,cashier's checks, prepaid card reloads, wire transfers, online bill payments, and similar methods.[117] The excise tax is assessed on the amount transferred and not on any fees that the sending institution charges the sender to complete the transfer.[117] The excise tax is supposed to be paid by the sender of the remittance; the transfer provider must pay the excise tax if the sender does not.[118]
Certain transfers are exempt, such as those from financial accounts held at institutions subject to theBank Secrecy Act, such asU.S. banks,U.S. credit unions,U.S. investment companies, and certain U.S. branches of foreign banks; transfers paid with a U.S.-issued debit or credit card; and transfers ofcryptocurrency.[116][117][118]
Theestate,gift, andgeneration-skipping transfer tax exemption will increase from $13.99 million in 2025 to $15 million in 2026. The exemption amounts for subsequent years will be indexed for inflation.[119]
The law contains the following additional provisions:[13]
Initially, on February 21, 2025, the Senate approved S. Con. Res. 7 by 52–48, intended to be the first of two reconciliation instruction bills. The resolution allowed for a future reconciliation bill containing $175 billion for immigration and border enforcement, $150 billion for the military and would not extend the 2017 Trump tax cuts. SenatorRand Paul ofKentucky was the only Republican to oppose the resolution.[125] The Senate intended to allow the House to pass reconciliation instructions first. At the time of the bill's passage, the House faced opposition to its one-bill approach fromfiscally conservative members.[126]
On February 25, 2025, the House of Representatives approved H. Con. Res. 14 by a 217–215 vote. The resolution would allow Republicans to pass a budget containing tax cuts while reducing federal spending. The resolution would also allow Congress to raise the debt limit by $4 trillion. The resolution was briefly pulled due to opposition fromfiscally conservative RepublicansThomas Massie of Kentucky,Tim Burchett ofTennessee,Warren Davidson ofOhio, andVictoria Spartz ofIndiana. Leadership convinced all but Massie to support the resolution, and the vote happened as scheduled.[127] Initially, somemoderate Republicans also expressed opposition over the possibility that the resolution would necessitate cuts toMedicare and Medicaid. In the end, Massie was the only House Republican to vote against the resolution.[128]
In the early hours of April 5, 2025, the Senate approved an amended version of H. Con. Res. 14 by a 51–48 vote. The Senate budget resolution calls for $4 billion in spending cuts, significantly lower than the $1.5 trillion in cuts called for by the House. The Senate resolution also calls for a $5 trillion raise in the debt limit, $1 trillion more than the House resolution. The House and the Senate resolutions would each extendTrump's 2017 tax cuts.[129]
Republican SenatorsSusan Collins ofMaine andRand Paul of Kentucky joined all Democratic senators in opposing the resolution. After the vote,Reuters reported that non-partisan analysts believe that the resolution, if enacted as currently written, would add $5.7 trillion to thenational debt of the United States over the next 10 years. Republicans argue that the extension of the 2017 tax cuts, which expire at the year's end, should not be counted as new debt, which means that only $1.5 trillion would be added to the national debt over the next 10 years.[130]
The House had to pass the Senate's amended resolution to continue the reconciliation process. House Republican leadership intended to vote on the resolution on April 9. The resolution was pulled due to opposition from 12 fiscally conservative Republicans.[131] The resolution passed the following morning in a 215–214 vote after the Senate pledged also to seek at least $1.5 trillion in cuts. Fiscally conservative Republicans Thomas Massie and Victoria Spartz were the only members of their party to vote against the resolution.[132]
Followingmarkups by various House committees on their relevant portions of the bill, the House Budget Committee met on May 16, 2025, to combine the various markups into a single reconciliation bill. Some fiscally conservative Republicans opposed the bill over a desire for greater spending cuts, and the bill was rejected in a 21–16 vote, with RepresentativesChip Roy ofTexas,Ralph Norman ofSouth Carolina,Andrew Clyde ofGeorgia, andJosh Brecheen ofOklahoma joining all Democratic committee members to vote against it. RepublicanLloyd Smucker ofPennsylvania changed his vote from yes to no so that he would be allowed to bring amotion to reconsider the bill at a later time.[133]
On May 18, the Budget Committee voted to advance the bill in a 17–16 vote. Roy, Norman, Clyde, and Brecheen changed their votes topresent after House Republican leadership agreed to make Medicaid work requirements—previously scheduled to begin in 2029—kick in sooner and decrease future subsidies for clean energy. Despite this, the four Republicans said they would not support the bill's final passage unless more changes were made.[134] Republicans did not secure these votes until May 21, when the bill was amended.[135][136]
On the morning of May 22, theUnited States House of Representatives passed OBBBA by a vote of 215–214–1, mostly alongparty lines.[137][138] Fiscally conservative RepublicansThomas Massie andWarren Davidson broke from their party to vote against the bill.Freedom Caucus ChairAndy Harris ofMaryland voted present. RepublicansDavid Schweikert of Arizona andAndrew Garbarino of New York did not vote on the measure. House Democrats unanimously opposed OBBBA.[139]
On June 10, Republicans announced that they would amend OBBBA through aprocedural rule.[140] By using a procedural rule to amend the bill, Republicans voting against amendments would also be voting against consideration of other, unrelated bills. The rule passed, 213–207, with Massie the only present Republican to vote against the rule.[141]
The narrow passage of OBBBA led to internal backlash and division in theDemocratic Party. Three elderly Democratic representatives (Raúl Grijalva of Arizona, age 77;Sylvester Turner of Texas, age 70; andGerry Connolly of Virginia, age 75) died in the first five months of 2025. If any of the three had been alive when the vote was taken, the result of the vote could have been different. The vote "quickly reignited an intraparty debate aboutgerontocracy and aging politicians clinging to power".[142][143]
Following the House passage of OBBBA, the bill moved to the Senate for consideration.[144]
The Republican-led Senate amended the bill.[145] Fiscally conservative Republican Senators (nicknamed "deficit hawks") such asRon Johnson of Wisconsin,Rick Scott of Florida,Mike Lee of Utah, andRand Paul of Kentucky, pushed for deeper spending cuts.[145][146] Moderate Republicans such asSusan Collins of Maine,Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, andJerry Moran of Kansas, along with populistJosh Hawley of Missouri, expressed concerns about Medicaid cuts.[145][147] Other moderates such asJohn Curtis of Utah andThom Tillis of North Carolina, along with Murkowski and Moran, expressed concerns over the end of green energy tax credits.[145] Defense hawks such asMike Rounds of South Dakota were opposed tospectrum auction provisions in the bill.[145]
Democrats in the Senate sought to use theByrd Rule, which prevents reconciliation from being used to pass "extraneous" measures in bills which increase federal spending in the Senate, in order to strip certain provisions from the bill. Democrats argued that the extension of Trump's 2017 tax cuts, a proposed 10-year ban on state level AI regulations, language that limits the power of federal court to enforce contempt of court citations, a provision to end a tax on the manufacturing ofgun silencers, a provision to defundPlanned Parenthood, a provision banning Medicaid from funding gender-affirming care for people of all ages and a provision to streamline permits forfossil fuel projects, violated the Byrd Rule.[148][149][150]
Senate Majority LeaderJohn Thune set a goal of passing the Senate's version of OBBBA by July 4, 2025.[151]
On June 20, 2025, theSenate Parliamentarian,Elizabeth MacDonough, ruled that several provisions from the Senate committees on Banking, Environment and Public Works, and Armed Services violated the Byrd Rule and could not be included in a 50-vote reconciliation bill. The bill will no longer be able to include a funding cap on theConsumer Financial Protection Bureau, $1.4 billion in pay cuts toFederal Reserve staff, a $293 million cut in funding for the Office of Financial Research, the elimination of thePublic Company Accounting Oversight Board, a repeal of portions of theInflation Reduction Act, a repeal of theEnvironmental Protection Agency's "multipollutant emissions standards" for certain vehicles built after the 2026 model year, and a provision to cut funding for theDepartment of Defense if spending requests are not made on time.[152]
By June 24, the Parliamentarian also ruled against a provision that would make it harder for a plaintiff to sue in order to impose injunctions or restraining orders against the federal government, a provision allowing states to conduct enforcement at the United States border, a provision forcing theUnited States Postal Service to sell electric vehicles, theREINS Act, a provision to allow developers to bypass environmental review by paying a fee, and a provision forcing states to pay at least 5% of SNAP costs.[153][154] By June 27, the Parliamentarian had ruled against a provision to removetaxes on gun silencers and against a provision to expand Pell grants for short term training programs for workforces.[155][156]
On June 28, the Senate voted on a procedural motion to begin debate on the bill. Initially, fiscal conservatives Ron Johnson and Rand Paul, along with moderateThom Tillis, voted against the motion, while fiscal conservativesRick Scott,Mike Lee, andCynthia Lummis, as well as moderateLisa Murkowski, withheld their votes. After hours of negotiations, which resulted in Alaska specific provisions for Murkowski and Republican leadership support for an amendment vote that would result in increased Medicaid cuts targeted at the fiscal conservatives, Johnson, Scott, Lee, Lummis and Murkowski voted for the motion.[157]
The passage of the motion to proceed began the "vote-a-rama" process, in which senators can propose an unlimited number of amendments to the bill. Before it could begin, Democrats required the clerks of the Senate to read the entire 940 page bill in order to highlight Medicaid cuts.[158] The vote-a-rama began two days later, on June 30, in the early morning.[159] One of the few successful amendment votes, passing 99–1, removed the proposed AI law moratorium.[160] The vote-a-rama set a record for the most amendment votes in Senate history.[161]
After an over 24-hour vote-a-rama, the bill passed the Senate on July 1, 2025, in a mostly party-line 51–50 vote.[162] All Senate Democrats voted against the bill, and Republicans Rand Paul, Thom Tillis, and Susan Collins of Maine broke from their party to vote against the bill as well.[163] Faced with a tie vote, Republican Vice PresidentJD Vance cast a tie-breaking vote in favor of the bill.[162]
The House of Representatives needed to pass the Senate version of the OBBBA for the bill to reach the President's desk. On July 1, 2025, President Trump and Senate Majority Leader Thune expressed confidence that the bill would pass in the House.[164] House Republican moderates such asDavid Valadao andYoung Kim of California, andJeff Van Drew of New Jersey, who are against Medicaid cuts,Nick LaLota of New York, who is against SALT changes, and fiscal conservatives such asChip Roy andKeith Self of Texas, who oppose federal deficit increases, had expressed opposition by June 30 to the bill in its then-current form.[165]
TheHouse Rules Committee voted 7–6 on July 1, 2025, to advance the bill to the floor. Fiscal conservative Republicans Chip Roy andRalph Norman voted against advancing the bill. Usually, the members of the majority party on the Rules Committee always vote to advance the bill to the floor.[166]
A procedural vote on July 2, 2025, while negotiations were ongoing off the House floor, was the longest vote in House history.[167]
In the early morning of July 3, 2025, the House approved the final procedural rule vote 219–213. The vote, which began on the evening of July 2, was initially opposed by five Republicans: moderateBrian Fitzpatrick of Pennsylvania and fiscal conservatives Victoria Spartz of Indiana,Andrew Clyde of Georgia, Keith Self of Texas, and Thomas Massie of Kentucky. Eight other fiscal conservative Republicans, including Tim Burchett of Tennessee and Chip Roy of Texas, withheld their votes. After hours of negotiations with President Trump and Speaker Johnson, all but Fitzpatrick flipped their votes to advance the rule.[168]
Starting at 4:52 a.m., House minority leaderHakeem Jeffries delivered a lengthy speech using the "magic minute" to delay the passage of the bill, eventually breaking the 8 hour and 32 minute record set byKevin McCarthy in 2021.[169]
On July 3, the House of Representatives passed the Senate version of the OBBBA in a final mostly party-line vote of 218–214.[170] Republican moderate Brian Fitzpatrick and fiscal conservative Thomas Massie, along with all Democrats, voted against the bill.[171][172]
The following provisions were at one point included in the bill, but were removed:
Additionally, many provisions in the House bill were removed to comply with theByrd rule in the Senate. These included:
TheCongressional Budget Office (CBO) initially estimated that the OBBBA would add $2.4 trillion to thenational debt of the United States by 2034.[n] The CBO later raised the estimated increase in the budget deficit to $2.8 trillion which was disputed by multipleRepublican Party members, including House SpeakerMike Johnson and PresidentDonald Trump.[193]
CBO estimates OBBBA would cause 10.9 million Americans to lose health insurance coverage.[o] The bill's cuts to Medicaid were the largest in the program's history and put rural hospitals at risk of closure with one clinic attributing their announced closure to the bill.[194][195] The loss of coverage for millions of Americans is expected to strain the finances of hospitals, nursing homes, and community health centers, which will be left to absorb more of the cost of treating the uninsured.[196] Further CBO analysis released August 11, 2025, estimated that the highest 10% of earners would see incomes rise by 2.7% by 2034 mainly due to tax cuts, while the lowest 10% would see incomes fall by 3.1% mainly due to cuts to programs such as Medicaid and food aid.[197] Analysis of the bill by the CBO and multiple think tanks found it to be one of the most regressive bills in decades.[198]
The Center for a Responsible Federal Budget estimates that the bill will accelerate the estimated insolvency ofSocial Security andMedicare by one year.[199] Experts have argued that the bill would create the largest upward transfer of wealth from the poor to the rich in American history due to large-scale benefit cuts paired with tax breaks for high-income earners and corporations.[200][201]
The bill was described byThe New York Times as derailing renewable energy production and research in the United States, and possibly ceding the clean energy race to China.[202] Its policies favor fossil fuel companies over renewable energy such as solar, wind, and EV manufacturing, and are expected to lead to large clean energy job losses, factory closures, and deter investment in clean technologies.[203][204] Specifically, the law phases out most clean-energy tax incentives introduced under the Biden-areaInflation Reduction Act such as credits for low-carbon electricity (wind, solar), electric vehicle rebates, home electrification, clean hydrogen, and domestic manufacturing of batteries and solar panels.[205] The law rescinds various IRA funds for grants related tofreeway removal improving biking and walking in poorer neighborhoods, electric truck and bus manufacturing, faster state and local environmental reviews and place-based green industrial policy and home electrification.[13][92]
The U.S. government has allocated unprecedented funding to ICE for detention facilities, deportation operations, and additional funds to hire new agents.[206] The law allocates ICE with more funding than any federal law enforcement agency in U.S. history and more than the federal prison system.[207] The expanded ICE funding is expected to lead to mass detentions and deportations, restricted access to asylum, and anticipated economic and humanitarian consequences.[208]
The law adds new accountability rules for colleges and expanded grant eligibility to short-term training programs, eliminates subsidized graduate loans, sets an annual limit on unsubsidized graduate loan amounts,[209] and restructures income-driven repayment plans that could raise monthly payments and delay loan forgiveness.[210][211] In K–12 education, it established a federal tax credit for donations to private school scholarship funds.[212] Critics warned the law could reduce college access for low-income and working students, divert public funds to private schools, and increase pressure on under-resourced school systems.[213][212]
Multiple polls were conducted in June 2025 with general skepticism and disapproval from Americans.[214]
NPR noted that the bill's passage fulfilled several of Trump's campaign promises, but also violated his promise not to touch Medicaid benefits.[219] CNN described its passage as made possible despite intraparty opposition as an example of "Trump's iron grip on his own party" and an "omnipresent" effort to get Republicans on board despite its unpopularity with the American public.[220]
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According to the White House's website,whitehouse.gov, more than 200 organizations have stated their support for the OBBBA, includingAT&T,Comcast,American Airlines,Delta Air Lines, theNational Retail Federation, and theNational Taxpayers Union.[221][222]
Trump has claimed that the bill is the "single most popular bill ever signed", a claim that CNN disputed.[223]
The Atlantic,[224]CNBC,[225]The New York Times,[226] andVox[201] argued that the bill would create the largest upward transfer of wealth from the poor to the rich in American history, withFortune[227] andCNN[228] nicknaming it the "Reverse Robin Hood Bill", Senate Minority LeaderChuck Schumer (D-NY) mockingly called the bill the "We're All Going to Die Act",[229] alluding to comments made by Republican SenatorJoni Ernst (R-IA) at a town hall.[230]
Public health and policy researchers atYale University and theUniversity of Pennsylvania sent a letter to Senate leaders warning that cuts to health programs in the bill would lead to over 51,000 preventable deaths annually.[231][232]
Many Democratic and legal organizations have shared warnings about the expansion of immigration enforcement.[233][207] Rep.Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez shared, "I don't think anyone is prepared for what they just did with ICE. This is not a simple budget increase. It is an explosion—making ICE bigger than the FBI, US Bureau of Prisons, DEA, and others combined. It is setting up to make what's happening now look like child's play. And people are disappearing."[233]
The nonpartisan think tank Energy Innovation found that the bill's efforts to dismantle clean energy incentives would cost more than 830,000 jobs across the country.[234] Cutting clean energy incentives would also raise energy costs for households,[235][236] with wholesale power prices rising by roughly fifty percent by 2035 due to the loss of new generation capacity.
The tax cuts included in the bill are predicted to greatly increase the federal debt in proportion to the GDP of the U.S. economy. Among other destabilizing effects, this may increase the cost of government borrowing as bond buyers demand a higher interest rate on new debt.[237][238]Moody's, which rates bonds, was the final of thethree credit rating agencies to downgrade U.S. debt from AAA, citing efforts to pass the bill.[239]
On June 28, the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget (CRFB) said of the Senate version of the bill:[240]
Although we have not produced a full estimate of the bill, it appears to add roughly $4 trillion to the debt through 2034, including interest – which is roughly $1 trillion higher than the House-passed version of the bill. That cost could rise above $5 trillion if temporary provisions were made permanent.
Polling indicates that a majority of Americans opposed its previous provisions to ban stateregulation of artificial intelligence.[241][242] The provision was seen as irresponsible by researchers who believe that artificialsuperintelligence is imminent.[243][244][245] Others feared that it would have prevented regulation of AI-generatedchild pornography anddeepfakes, made certainprivacy laws obsolete, and further centralized power in the federal government.[246][247] RepresentativeMarjorie Taylor Greene (R-GA) stated that she would have voted against the bill if it had returned to the House with the restrictions on AI legislation.[248]
Former close allyElon Musk, then-de facto head of theDepartment of Government Efficiency (DOGE), denounced the bill as a massive spending bill;[249][250][251] he later called it a "disgusting abomination".[252][253] Some Republican senators have come out in support of Musk's opinion.[254] Republican opposition to the bill has been associated with thelibertarian faction of the party.[255] As Rand Paul backed Musk's criticism of the bill, others have criticized Paul's Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee proposals for requiring new federal employees to be required to pay a higher FERS contribution rate if they opt for Title 5 benefits while "at will" employees would pay a lower FERS contribution rate. The concern is that the increase in the number of at-will federal employees could allow the president to eliminate a large number of employees for any reason.[256] The bill is credited with startinga public feud between Musk and Trump.[257]
John Hatton, staff vice president for policy and programs atNational Active and Retired Federal Employees Association (NARFE), warned about the following:[258]
It would tax retirement benefits, creating a 5% pay cut for somebody under the system, while also undermining the merit-based civil service by having an additional 5% cut if you decide to retain those merit-based civil service protections. Those protections don't exist for the purpose of the employee – they exist to protect against politically based firings of federal employees.
American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE) National PresidentEverett Kelley stated that:[259]
This so-called reconciliation bill is in fact a big retaliation bill—retaliation against AFGE and other unions for successfully standing up for our members and fighting this administration’s illegal attempts to obliterate our federal agencies and the patriotic civil servants who run our federal programs. These provisions represent a direct assault on federal employees and their labor unions and will make it that much harder for federal agencies to recruit and retain the qualified employees they desperately need to serve the American public.
The 2001 recipient of theNobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences,Joseph Stiglitz, was asked about the OBBBA in an interview withSwiss Radio and Television (SRF) as to how he would describe the legislation, to which he had replied:[260]
Outrageous. It exacerbates inequality and social division—one of the main problems of the USA. It deprives vulnerable groups of access to health care. Life expectancy is already declining, and the health differences between rich and poor are enormous. This law exacerbates this.
The nonpartisanTax Foundation had mixed opinions of the bill, saying it made "some smart cuts", in particular praising the extension of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 which it argued would provide stability for households. It also expressed support for its impacts on counting international business income. It criticized the political nature of the bill, calling it filled with carve-outs and political gimmicks that increased the complexity of the tax code. It also criticized the bill's non-equal application of taxation on citizens.[261]
The Economist described the bill's policies and passage as an example of "America's creeping dysfunction", criticizing its impact on increasing the deficit and describing its tax cuts as "gimmicks". It also criticized Trump's handling of the economy more broadly, saying the bill "illustrates the long-term damage Mr Trump is doing to the foundations of America's economy" and describing its passage as exacerbating the effects of Trump's attacks on the Federal Reserve, defunding of scientific research, high tariff policy, and erosion to the rule of law. It described these cumulative effects as threatening America's economic stability and making it a riskier place to invest.[262]
The New York Times criticized Trump and his Republican allies' promotion of the bill, finding they made multiple false and misleading statements about the bill's impacts with inaccurate claims.[263] It also described it as filled with "a series of novel, populist and temporary cuts that Mr. Trump cooked up during the 2024 campaign to try to win the support of key constituencies" and that it was ultimately an "apotheosis of a traditionally conservative, supply-side philosophy". It described it as "generating little additional economic growth and still returning the largest savings to the rich". It interviewed several conservative tax experts and former Republican aides who described it as "incoherent" and clinging to a traditional Republican economic agenda, only partially offering more temporary benefits to the working class paid for by cutting Medicaid and federal food assistance and refusing to raise taxes on the rich.[264]
On July 3, Social Security Administration sent an email suggesting that federal income taxes on Social Security benefits would be eliminated under the bill, but tax experts stated the message was misleading.[265] The law introduces a temporary $6,000 tax deduction for persons aged 65 and older with a certain income, which can reduce federal tax liability from that otherwise owed, but the law does not directly eliminate the taxes on Social Security benefits, which remain in effect under26 U.S.C. § 86.[265] All revenue from the taxation of Social Security benefits is earmarked for reinvestment into the Social Security Trust Fund, so the deduction would accelerate the insolvency of the Social Security benefits system by limiting this revenue stream.[266]
TheNo Tax on Tips provisions only reduce federal income tax liability and do not affect tax liability for purposes of theFederal Insurance Contributions Act, which funds Social Security and Medicare, or any other federal, state, or local tax law.[267] The new provision is expected to benefit roughly two thirds of tipped workers.[267][268] Workers would still need to report tips as taxable income, but the deduction can reduce the federal tax liability otherwise owed.[269]
The bill prompted claims that illegal immigrants receive Medicaid.[270] Illegal immigrants are already ineligible for full Medicaid benefits under thePersonal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, so many illegal immigrants access state-funded health programs instead.[271] According to a CBO analysis, the bill's provisions could lead some states to cut back those state-funded health programs, potentially causing an estimated 1.4 million people to lose state-level health coverage, including illegal immigrants.[272][273]
When commenting on the bill's impact on the economy,U.S. Secretary of AgricultureBrooke Rollins stated that 34 million able-bodied adults onMedicaid should be able to replace the of farm workers who have been deported.[274] According to theU.S. Government Accountability Office, roughly 70% of adults enrolled in Medicaid andSupplemental Nutrition Assistance Program work at least 35 hours per week; they qualify for assistance because they have low income rather than no income.[275] Overall, it is estimated byThe New York Times that only around 3% of Medicaid recipients are both able to work and long-term unemployed.[276]
jump-styart was invoked but never defined (see thehelp page).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)The Republican megabill now before the Senate cuts taxes for high earners and reduces benefits for the poor. If it's enacted, that combination would make it more regressive than any major tax or entitlement law in decades.
The legislative effort fulfills key campaign pledges that Trump made during his reelection bid — including making hefty tax cuts passed during his first term permanent. But it violates a key promise too: Trump promised repeatedly during the campaign not to touch Medicaid benefits, the joint federal and state program that provides health care for more than 70 million low-income, elderly and disabled Americans.
But Trump's iron grip on his own party, combined with what a White House official described as an "omnipresent" effort by the president to get Republicans on board, culminated in the bill's passage in the House on Thursday with only two GOP defections in the chamber.
... when public sentiment hears about this 'We're All Going to Die Act', they're going to hate it, and they're going to tell their senators they hate it.
'Over the past year or two, what used to be called "short timelines" (thinking that A.G.I. would probably be built this decade) has become a near-consensus', Miles Brundage, an independent A.I. policy researcher who left OpenAI last year, told me recently.
As artificial intelligence continues to advance, there are renewed calls for regulation. But that might not happen because of a provision in President Trump's One Big Beautiful Bill
SRF News: Sie haben gemeinsam mit anderen einen offenen Brief zur sogenannten «big beautiful bill» verfasst. Wie würden Sie es in einem Satz beschreiben? Joseph Stiglitz: Empörend. Es verschärft die Ungleichheit und gesellschaftliche Spaltung – eines der Hauptprobleme der USA. Es entzieht vulnerablen Gruppen den Zugang zur Gesundheitsversorgung. Schon jetzt sinkt die Lebenserwartung, und die Gesundheitsunterschiede zwischen Arm und Reich sind enorm. Dieses Gesetz verschärft das noch.
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