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Bhor Ghat
Bhor ghat map
Elevation	622 metres (2,041 ft)[1]
Location	Maharashtra, India
Range	Sahyadri
Coordinates	18°28′N73°13′E / 18.46°N 73.22°E /18.46; 73.22
Location of Bhor Ghat

Bhor Ghat^[2][3] is a mountain pass located betweenPalasdari andKhandala for railway and betweenKhopoli andKhandala on the road route inMaharashtra,India, on the crest of theWestern Ghats.

In February 1781, Bhorghat was the site of a battle between theMaratha Empire centered inPune and the foreign powers inMumbai. They dispatched a large force to capture Pune, which had to pass through the Bhorghat pass, where they were intercepted by Maratha forces. In the battle that ensued, the Marathas inflicted a crushing defeat on the British in what would be known as the Battle of Bhorghat.^[4]

The discovery of a route to make a motorable pass in Bhor Ghat came after information was provided by a localDhangar tribesman called Shigroba. Later, theGreat Indian Peninsula Railway laid a railway line fromMumbai toPune. The section through Bhor Ghat with 28 tunnels, and old bridges was opened in 1863.^[5] The Ghat opened Mumbai to theDeccan plains of Peninsular India.^[6]

Building a railway over the Bhor ghat was an exercise in imperial engineering, as noted in an article inEngineering Magazine in 1899, where it was described as "a more certain and enduring form of attack than military power, and that the railway, the canal and harbour are the real weapons in the conquest of a colony."^{[7] p. 347}

The number of staff during construction increased from 10,000 in 1856, over 20,000 in 1857 to a peak of 42,000 in January 1861. The original incline included building 25 tunnels, eight arched masonry viaducts, blasting and removing of 54mio cubic feet (1.5 mio m³) of hard rock and building embankments from 67.5 mio cubic feet (1.9 million m³) of material at a total cost of£ 1,100,000, i.e. £70,000 per mile.^{[7] p. 352}

The project was marred by industrial unrest, disease and accidents. As many as 24,000 workers died during the project.^[8] The first contractor awarded the section,William Frederick Faviell, mistreated his workers and underpaid his subcontractors, leading to riots by the workers that resulted in the death of one of the European managers attempting to subdue the unrest. Following a Government investigation, Faviell's contract was taken away from him and granted to Solomon Tredwell, who arrived in 1859 to restart the works. Tredwell died within days, of dysentery or cholera. His wife,Alice then took over the contract, completing it with success by 1863.^[9]

During the grand ceremony at the official opening, which was held atKhandala near the highest point of the incline on 21 April 1863, the governor of Bombay, SirBartle Frere, gave a speech, in which he felt "assured, that in the future ages the works of our English engineers on these Ghats will take the place of those works of their demigods, the greatcave temples of western India, which have so long, to the simple inhabitants of these lands, been the type of superhuman strength, and of more than mortal constructive skill."^{[7] p. 351}

Bhor Ghat
Legend
Legend: Railway NH48/AH47 Expressway River Ulhas
to Mumbai CST (ViaPanvel/Kalyan) Palasdari Kelavli Dolavli Lowjee Thakurvadi toMumbai (ViaPanvel) Khopoli One way tunnel on Expressway from Khandala to Khopoli Catch Sliding Monkey Hill (halt) Khandala Tunnel (2.304 km) Khandala toPune km

TheBhor Ghat Railway is a part of theMumbai–Chennai line and cuts a distance of 21 km betweenKhandala andPalasdari. There are 28 tunnels across the railway ghat.^{[citation needed]} This ghat comes under the proposedGolden Quadrilateral Freight Corridors. During construction of this ghat almost 25,000 workers lost their lives due to steepness of this ghat.^{[7] p. 343} Initially steam traction was used to haul trains across this ghat. In 1929–30 theGreat Indian Peninsula Railway electrified Mumbai – Pune section with a 1.5 kV DC system. This led to end of steam era on this ghat. The electrification system of the Mumbai – Pune section completed its conversion to a 25 kV 50 Hz AC system in June 2015.

The first DC locomotives were EF/1 class locomotives (later classified as WCG1) for freight trains. Later Express trains were hauled by EA/1 class locomotives (later classified as WCP1).^[10]

Reversing station

There used to be a reversing station on this ghat which trains ofGreat Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR) used earlier. This was shut down due to new tunnels on the ghat.^{[11][failed verification]} The reversing station was located betweenMonkey Hill andKhandala after tunnel no. 26. During night time lights ofKhopoli can be seen from here.^{[12][better source needed]}

The road ghat lies betweenKhopoli andKhandala and is 18 km long. There are six lanes on theMumbai – Pune express highway and four lanes on the old Mumbai–Pune road. There is a proposal to dig two four-lane tunnels between Khalapur toll booth near Khopoli and Sinhagad institute, Lonavala to bypass this ghat on Mumbai – Pune express-way which will be expanded from six-lane to eight-lane road. Similarly, old Mumbai – Pune highway will use the existing express highway route and will be expanded from four to six lanes. This will also reduce the distance on express highway by 6 km i.e. from 18 km to 12 km.^[13]

• 
  Bhor Ghat in 1870

• Thal Ghat

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• Lonavala-Khandala
• Mountain passes of Maharashtra
• Geography of Raigad district
• Mountain passes of the Western Ghats
• Rail mountain passes of India

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