The oldest presence of the word "Bhojpuri" is found asBodjpooria in 1789 in the translator's preface of a book titledA Translation of the Sëir Mutaqherin, which is a translation of aPersian book written in 1780 byGhulam Hussain Khan.[15] The paragraph in which reads:
"Don't make so much noise" said of them in his Bhojpooria idiom, "we go to-day with the Frenghees, but we all are servant toChëyt Singh, and may come back tomorrow with him and then question will not be about your roots, but about your wives and daughters."
— A Translation of the Sëir Mutaqherin, Translator's Preface
The wordBhojpuri is derived fromBhojpur. After the conquest ofChero andUjjainiyaRajputs in 12th century, who were the descendants ofRaja Bhoj fromUjjain,Malwa,Madhya Pradesh captured Shahabad and named their capital Bhojpur (City of Raja Bhoj).[16] The seat of their government was Bhojpur village which was nearDumraon inBuxar. Two villages named Chhotka Bhojpur and Barka Bhojpur still exist in Buxar, where the ruins of their Navratna Fortress can still be seen. Slowly the wordBhojpur became the synonyms of the Shahabad orArrah region (Today'sBhojpur district,Buxar,Kaimur andRohtas)[17] and the adjectiveBhojpuri orBhojpuriya extended to mean the language or people of Bhojpur and even beyond it. Apart fromBhojpuri in the Eastern UP and Western Bihar, there were other names also for the language and people, at different places, the Bhojpuriya in Mughal armies were used to calledBuxariya.[18] In Bengal, they calledPaschhimas (Westerners) and Bhojpuri people also called themDeshwali orKhoṭṭa, in upper provinces likeOudh they calledPurabiya. Besides these,Banarasi,Chhaprahiya, andBangarahi has also used for the language and People.Rahul Sankrityayan has suggested two names for it i.e.Mallika orMalli (due to ancient tribe ofMalla) andKashiki (due to ancientKashi).[19] TheGirmityas who were taken to British colonies called it simplyHindustani orHindi and it becameFiji Hindi inFiji andCaribbean Hindustani in theCaribbean region.[20] Similarly, inSouth Africa, while often locally referred to by speakers as 'Hindustani', the variety brought by indentured labourers who embarked at Calcutta was also known as 'Kalkatia'.[10]
Some scholar enthusiasts like to trace the literary history of Bhojpuri fromSiddha Sahitya, as early as the 8th century A.D.[24][25].[page needed] But it's not widely accepted.[26]
1100–1400 A.D.
Between the 11th and 14th centuries A.D., much Bhojpuri folklore such asLorikayan,Sorathi Birjabh, Vijaymal, Gopichand, Raja Bharthariar came into existence.[27] Alongside these, theNath Saint composed literature in Bhojpuri. In this period, the Bhojpuri language altered and its regional boundaries were established.[28]
Period of saints (1400–1700 A.D.)
In this era, saints from different sects such asKabir,Dharni Das,Kina Ram andDariya Saheb used Bhojpuri as their language of discourse. In the same period Arabic and Persian words came into Bhojpuri. Folk songs are also said to have been composed in this era.[29]
Early research period (1700–1900 A.D.)
A document of Horil Siha, the King of Bhojpur, dated 1728, script: Kaithi
स्वोस्ति स्रि रिपुराज दैत्यनाराएनेत्य-आदि बिबिध बिरदवली बिराजमान मनोनत स्री माहाराजाधिराज राजा स्री-जिव देव देवानाम् सदा समर बिजैना। आगे सुवंस पांड़े परा-आग के उपरोहित पाछिल राजन्ह के उपरोहित हऊही से हमहु आपन उपरोहित कईल। जे केउ परा-अग माह आवे से सुवंस पांड़े के माने, उजेन नाव ॥। ११३६ साल मोकाम दावा धुस समत १७८५ समै नाम बैसाख सुदि तिरोदसि रोज बुध। प्रगने भोजपुर गोतर सवनक मुल उजेन जाति पावार
सुवंस जे पाछिला राजन्ह के उपरोहित हऊही से हमहु कईल अपन उपरोहित
English Translation
The statement is that: Suvansa pande of Prayag is the priest of the past Rājās, so I also made him my priest. Whosoever among the Ujjen (Rajputs) comes to Prayag should have regard for him. Year 1136 place Dawa (The old place of the Rajas of Bhojpur, now a village) samat 1785 (A.D. 1728) date 13th of the bright part of Baisakha, Wednesday Paragana Bhojpur, Gotra Sawanak, origin Ujen, caste Pawara.
Suvans, who is the priest of the past Rājās, him I also made my priest.
Horil Siha (King of Bhojpur), Origin and Development of Bhojpuri, pp 218-219
In this period the British established themselves as the colonial power in India, and scholars from Britain conducted the first academic study of Bhojpuri. Bhojpuri folk literature was researched, and the Bhojpuri region was mapped for the first time. In this period Bhojpuri became an international language.[30] Between 1838 and 1917 labourers from the Bhojpuri region were taken toBritish Colonies likeFiji,Mauritius,Guyana,Trinidad and Tobago andSouth Africa, as well as the Dutch colony ofSuriname as plantation workers. Linguistic analysis of the South African context indicates that while the majority of migrants arriving viaCalcutta (1860-1911) originated from Bhojpuri-speaking areas of Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh, there was also a substantial presence of speakers from Awadhi-speaking regions. This resulted in a process of language coalescence and the formation of a distinctkoiné variety of Bhojpuri in South Africa, influenced by contact between these related dialects.[10] Music genres based onBhojpuri folk music such asChutney music,Baithak Gana, Geet Gawanai and Lok Geet arose in those countries.[31][32] In theCaribbean, particularlyTrinidad, the evolution from Bhojpuri folk traditions performed at weddings led to the development ofChutney music as a distinct genre, often incorporating English lyrics and Soca rhythms alongside Bhojpuri elements.[33]
Statue namedBaba en Maai commemorating the arrival of first Indian couple inSuriname[34]
British scholars like Buchanan,Beames andGeorge Abraham Grierson studied the language in details. Beames published the grammar of Bhojpuri for the first time in 1868.Grierson compiled and published the folksongs of Bhojpuri in 1884. He published the folklore of Bhojpuri and also made the dictionaries in Bhojpuri. He also conducted theLinguistic Survey of India.[35] In his work, Grierson characterised Bhojpuri as "a practical language of an energetic race"[36]
Bhojpuri is listed as a potentially vulnerable language in the UNESCO world atlas of languages due to the influence of Hindi.[14] Words likeBujhã are being replaced by Hindi words likeSamjhã.[37]
Geographic distribution
The Bhojpuri-speaking region covers the area of 73,000 square kilometres approximately in India and Nepal[38] and borders theAwadhi-speaking region to the west, theNepali-speaking region to the north, theMagahi andBajjika-speaking regions to the east and theChhattisgarhi andBagheli-speaking regions to the south.[8] In Nepal, Bhojpuri is a major language in south-western districts bordering Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.[39] There are a number of Bhojpuri-speaking Muslims that are part of theMuhajir community inPakistan, as well as inBangladesh, where they are referred to asStranded Pakistanis due to them speaking Bhojpuri andUrdu as their native tongue and not Bengali as most Bangladeshis do. They migrated to Bangladesh there during thePartition of India when the area was part ofEast Pakistan, before gaining independence as Bangladesh.
Arrival of Bhojpuri speaking people in Trinidad and Tobago
Bhojpuri is spoken by descendants ofindentured labourers brought in the 19th and early 20th centuries for work in plantations in British colonies. These Bhojpuri speakers live inMauritius,Fiji,South Africa,Trinidad and Tobago,Guyana,Suriname,Jamaica, and other parts of theCaribbean.[10][39][40] In South Africa, speakers were historically concentrated in the Natal province. However, the language experienced significant decline throughout the 20th century, undergoing language shift towards English, with intergenerational transmission largely ceasing by the late 1900s. This South African variety also experienced language contact effects fromEnglish,Zulu, andFanagalo.[10] In Mauritius, music is considered a primary vehicle for maintaining the language, with songs often reflecting adaptation to new environments and mixing Bhojpuri withMauritian Creole. InTrinidad and Tobago, whileCaribbean Hindustani remains, popular music forms like Chutney often feature significant English admixture, reflecting linguistic creolisation, as exemplified by artists likeSundar Popo.[33]
Bhojpuri is classified as an Eastern Indo-Aryan Language because it has similar inflexion system to the other languages of the same family such asBengali,Maithili andOdia. For example, the pronunciation of the vowela is broad in Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, and sounds likeo in Bengali, on moving westwards it becomes less broad but still can be differentiated from the sharp cuta in Middle Indo-Aryan.[clarification needed] In Bhojpuri, the clear cuta and the drawleda, which sounds likeaw in the wordawl[clarification needed] are present and the contrast between the two gives a different tone to the language.[43] This drawleda is represented byAvagraha (ऽ), for instance, the worddekh'la, you see, is written as देेखऽलऽ.[44] Other property of Eastern Indo Aryan languages is that the adjectives does not change with the noun. For instance,moṭā is the feminine form ofmoṭī in Hindi. However, as with Bengali, in Bhojpuri, onlymoṭ is used. The past and future tense in Bhojpuri is formed in same way as other Eastern Indo-Aryan Languages, by adding a suffix stating from -la and-ba respectively to the verb. Form example,I shall See, in Bengali isdekh-bo and in Bhojpuri isdekh-ab.[45]
Some scholars has also divided the East Indo Aryan orMagadhan languages in to three sub-groups viz. Western, Central and Eastern. Bengali, Assamese, Odia belongs to Eastern Magadhan, Maithili and Magahi to Central and Bhojpuri to western.[46][47][48][49] Bhojpuri is classified as Western Magadhan because it has some properties which are peculiar to itself and are not present in other Magadhan Languages. Some striking differences are:[45]
raürā orraüwā as an honorfic pronoun for second person along with theapne form is used Bhojpuri.apne form is their in other Magadhan Languages butraüwā is totally absent.
Verb substantive in other Magadhan language is of-acch for but Bhojpuri has-baṭe andhawe.[50][51]
The simple present is made by Bhojpuri by adding a suffix starting from-la with the verb, but this is totally absent in the other languages of Magadhan group. Hence,he sees, isdēkhe-lā in Bhojpuri but in butdekhait-chhi in Maithili anddekhechhi in Bengali.
Dialects
Bhojpuri has several dialects: Southern Standard Bhojpuri, Northern Standard Bhojpuri, Western Standard Bhojpuri,[52] and Nagpuria Bhojpuri.[53][39]
A more specific classification recognises the dialects of Bhojpuri as Bhojpuri Domra, Madhesi, Musahari, Northern Standard Bhojpuri (Basti, Gorakhpuri, Sarawaria), Southern Standard Bhojpuri (Kharwari), Western Standard Bhojpuri (Benarsi, Purbi) and Nagpuriya Bhojpuri.
Mauritian Bhojpuri
Bhojpuri is a major language spoken by Indo-Mauritians, as the majority of the nearly 450,000 indentured labourers who arrived in Mauritius between 1834 and the early 1900s were Bhojpuri speakers who did not return to India. The speech that evolved inMauritius is not based on a single dialect, but is rather a blend of several varieties of Indian Bhojpuri.[58]
Over time, Mauritian Bhojpuri has undergone grammatical simplification when compared to its Indian counterpart. The most notable change is in the system of personal pronouns and honorifics. The multiple levels of honorifics (e.g., formalap, informaltu) found in Indian Bhojpuri have been reduced, with Mauritian Bhojpuri primarily using a single form,tou, for "you". Similarly, the second and third-person plural pronouns have been simplified.[58]
In present Mauritius, the language exists in a complex relationship withMauritian Creole andHindi. There is a degree of mutual intelligibility with Hindi, partly due to the teaching of Hindi in schools and access to Hindi-language television. Mauritian Bhojpuri has also been influenced by Mauritian Creole, particularly in its sentence structure and through lexical borrowing, with younger and more urban speakers tending to use more Creole words. The influence is bidirectional; it has been documented that Mauritian Creole has borrowed more than 300 words from Indo-Aryan languages, the majority of which are likely from Bhojpuri.[58]
Linguist Robert L. Trammell published the phonology of Northern Standard Bhojpuri in 1971.[59][21] According to him, thesyllable system is peak type: every syllable has the vowel phoneme as the highest point ofsonority.Codas may consist of one, two, or three consonants. Vowels occur as simple peaks or as peak nuclei indiphthongs. Theintonation system involves 4 pitch levels and 3 terminal contours.[59][63]
Word-stress in Bhojpuri is phonemic, meaning the placement of stress can change the meaning of a word. For example, the noun सौटा /ˈsota/ ('a short stick') is distinguished from the verb सोटा /soˈta/ ('to be slim') solely by the shift in stress. Additionally, it contains a series of devoicing aspiratesonorants (such as म्ह /mʱ/, न्ह /nʱ/) that function as independent phonemes, distinct from their unaspirated counterparts (like /m/ and /n/).[64]
Linguistically, Bhojpuri is an inflecting and almost entirely suffixing language. Nouns are inflected for case, number, and gender, while verbs are inflected for tense, aspect, mood, and person-number-gender agreement. A notable feature is its system of verbal honorifics, which marks politeness towards the subject directly in the verb form. Syntactically, Bhojpuri is a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) language, though it allows for considerable free word-order.[9] Unlike Hindi, it uses a nominative-accusative case system, does not have an oblique case.[9]
According toGeorge Abraham Grierson, the grammar of Bhojpuri is simpler than other languages of the same family.[45] Nouns in Bhojpuri have three forms: short, long and redundant. The adjectives of nouns do not change with genders. Plurals are made by adding either the suffix-na orni with the nouns or adding the multitudes such assabh (all) orlōg (people).
Except few instances theVerb forms of Bhojpuri depend only on the subject and the object has no effect on it. Unlike otherEastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bhojpuri has a different verb form for the present tense, which corresponds to the Future forms ofNepali. It is formed by adding the suffix-lā to the present subjunctive. Therefore, for the verbto see the Bhojpuri verb isdekhe and the present form isdhekhelā, which is peculiar to itself and is not found in other languages of the same family likeMagahi (dekhaït haï),Maithili (dekhaït achi) andBengali (dekhechī). The Verbs forms of second person singular (dekh'be; you will see) is considered vulgar in Bhojpuri, plural form (dekhab') is used in general. When it is desired to show respect the first person singular form (dekhab; I will see) is used instead of second person plural (dekhab'). To show plural number the suffix-sa' or-ja is also used with the 2nd and third person forms, thusdekhe-la'-sa isthey see. The present perfect form is made by addingha' to the past form. Thus,ham dekh'li (I saw) is the past from and its present perfect form isham dekh'li ha' (I have seen). Past perfect in regular verbs are made by adding the suffix-al to the verb (dekh - dekhal), but in some cases it has irregular forms likekar (kail),mar(mual) etc.[45]
Numerals of Bhojpuri take the classifiergō andṭhō, which emphasises the countability and totality both. To show inclusiveness and exclusiveness, Bhojpuri used the suffixes-o and-e as inham āmo khāïb (I will eat mangoes too) versesham āme khāïb (I will eat only mangoes). These suffixes can be added to any lexical category such as numerals, adjectives etc.[65]
The auxiliaries in Bhojpuri are formed on five bases viz.ha,ho,hokh,bāṭ,rah. These also act as theCopula. Thebāṭ form provides for the tenses and thehokh orho form provides for the modes, where asrah is the past of other three.[38]
Writing system
Bhojpuri story written inKaithi script by Babu Rama Smaran Lal in 1898
Bhojpuri was historically written inKaithi script,[8] but since 1894Devanagari has served as the primary script. Kaithi has variants as the locality changes, the three classified varianta are Tirhuti, Magahi and Bhojpuri variants. The Bhojpuri variant is used for writing Bhojpuri.[45] Kaithi is now rarely used for Bhojpuri.
Kaithi script was used for administrative purposes in theMughal era for writing Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Maithili, Magahi, and Hindustani from at least the 16th century up to the first decade of the 20th century. Government gazetteers[who?] report that Kaithi was used in a few districts of Bihar throughout the 1960s. Bhojpuri residents of India who moved to British colonies in Africa, the Indian Ocean, and the Caribbean in the 19th and early 20th centuries used both Kaithi and Devanagari scripts.[10]
Signboard at Purbi Gumti Arrah with "Lock no. 11" written on the board in Bhojpuri usingKaithi Script (on the left side),Persian script (on the right side) andRoman script (above).
By 1894 both Kaithi and Devanagari became common scripts to write official texts in Bihar. At present almost all Bhojpuri texts are written in Devanagari, even in islands outside of India where Bhojpuri is spoken. In Mauritius, Kaithi script was historically considered informal, and Devanagari was sometimes spelled asDevanagri. In modern Mauritius, the major script is Devanagari.[66]
Politeness
This article or sectionappears to contradict itselfon the number of levels of politeness. Please see thetalk page for more information.(July 2022)
Bhojpuri syntax and vocabulary reflects a three-tier system of politeness. Any verb can beconjugated through these tiers. The verbto come in Bhojpuri isaail and the verbto speak isbolal. Theimperativescome! andspeak! can be conjugated in five ways, each marking subtle variation in politeness and propriety. These permutations exclude a host ofauxiliary verbs and expressions, which can be added to verbs to add another degree of subtle variation. For extremely polite or formal situations, the pronoun is generally omitted.
Literary
[teh] āō
[teh] bōl
Casual and intimate
[tu] āō
[tu] bōl
Polite and intimate
[tu] āv'
[tu] bōl'
Formal yet intimate
[rau'ā] āīñ
[rau'ā] bōlīñ
Polite and formal
[āpne] āīñ
[āpne] bōlīñ
Extremely formal
āwal jā'e
bōlal jā'e
Similarly, adjectives are marked for politeness and formality. The adjectiveyour has several forms with different tones of politeness:tum (casual and intimate), "tōhār" (polite and intimate), "t'hār" (formal yet intimate),rā'ur (polite and formal) andāpke (extremely formal). Although there are many tiers of politeness, Bhojpuri speakers mainly use the formtu to address a younger individual andraua for an individual who is older, or holds a higher position in workplace situations.
In the digital and technology spheres, Bhojpuri was long considered a "low-resource language" due to a scarcity of standardised digital data and advanced computational tools. Early academic efforts, such as doctoral research atJawaharlal Nehru University in 2018, focused on creating the first large-scale digital corpora (text collections) and experimental machine translation systems to begin addressing this gap.[9]
A major milestone in the language's digital presence occurred in May 2022, whenGoogle Translate officially added Bhojpuri to its platform. This significantly improved the language's accessibility and utility for millions of speakers globally. Despite this progress, challenges remain in developing more advanced NLP applications due to wide dialectal variations and the lack of a single, universally adopted standard for writing the language.[73]
Sociolinguistic Context
Bilingualism and Code-Switching
Due to the prevalence ofHindi as the formal language of education and media, a majority of Bhojpuri speakers arebilingual. This has led to frequent code-switching and the emergence of a mixed language variety sometimes referred to as Bhojpuri-Hindi. For many speakers, Bhojpuri remains the dominant language of the home and informal settings, used for understanding, expression, and inner thought. Hindi, however, is often preferred in formal situations or urban environments, sometimes as a means of showing social status. This dynamic is a central aspect of the language's current context, with some scholars questioning whether it will lead to a new mixed language or the gradual decline of Bhojpuri in certain domains.[74]
Linguistic Tensions
The close interaction between Bhojpuri and Hindi has sometimes led to linguistic tension and activism. A notable example occurred in the Bhojpuri-speaking areas ofPatna in the 1960s with the"ne-hatao aandolan" (remove 'ne' movement). This movement was a direct reaction against the Hindi grammatical particlene (a marker for the agent in certain past-tense constructions), which is absent in Bhojpuri. Bhojpuri speakers found this particle "unnecessary and revolted against its use," organising demonstrations with banners and loudspeakers demanding its removal from Hindi. While the movement was viewed as humorous by some outsiders, it represented a serious assertion of Bhojpuri linguistic identity.[74]
Grammatical and Lexical Transfers
The influence of Bhojpuri is evident in the Hindi spoken by bilinguals, who often transfer grammatical features and vocabulary from their native tongue. Some common transfers are:
Use of the definite noun suffix-wa: For example, usinglaikwa (the boy) in Hindi instead of the standard Hindilaṛka.
Substitution of adverbs and interrogatives: Using Bhojpuri words likelage (near) in place of the Hindipa:s.
Lexical transfer: Introducing Bhojpuri words into Hindi, which can sometimes lead to a narrowing of the Hindi word's meaning. For example, using the Bhojpuri word for a mature jack-fruit,kaTahar, may lead to the Hindi word being used in a more specific sense.
Lorikayan, the story ofVeer Lorik contains Bhojpuri folklore from Eastern Uttar Pradesh.[75]Bhikhari Thakur'sBidesiya is a play, written as a book.Phool Daliya is a well-known book byPrasiddha Narayan Singh. It comprises poems ofveer ras (A style of writing) on the theme ofazaadi (Freedom) about his experiences in theQuit India movement and India's struggle with poverty after the country gained independence.
Although Bhojpuri is not one of the established literary languages of India, it has a strong tradition of oral literature.[76] This "persistent orality" continues in the diaspora, where the language often thrives more through performance, particularly song and music (like folk songs and Chutney), than through formal print literature, adapting across multiple media platforms like radio, recordings, and digital formats.[33]
The oral traditions of Bhojpuri have been a topic of academic research. In the 20th century, scholars documented and analysed the region's folklore.W.G. Archer published collections of folk songs, as did Durga Shankar Prasad Singh, whose work was primarily sourced from women in theShahabad district. Other researchers like Satya Vrata Sinha focused on the academic classification of folktales. Thematic analysis was also conducted; for instance, V.S. Gautam wrote about the role of folk songs such asBidesiya in the development of national consciousness during the colonial period.[36]
Media
The first journal to be published in Bhojpuri was Bagsar Samāchar which was published in 1915, but was closed in 1918.[77] The first Bhojpuri weekly was published on 15 August 1947. Bhojpuri journalism rose massively in the 1960s and 1970s. Prominent publications from this era include Anjor, published by theBhojpuri Parivar organisation in Patna, and journals fromBhojpuri Mandal (Motihari) andBhojpuri Samaj (Arrah). Another important folkloric journal was Purvaiya from Varanasi..[78] Many Bhojpuri magazines and papers are published in Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh. Several Bhojpuri newspapers are available locally innorthern India.Parichhan is a contemporary literary-cultural Maithili-Bhojpuri magazine, published by a Maithili-Bhojpuri academy and the government ofDelhi, and edited byParichay Das.The Sunday Indian, Bhojpuri[79] is a regular national news magazine in Bhojpuri.Aakhar is a monthly online Bhojpuri literature magazine.[80] Other media in Bhojpuri includeLok Lucknow,[81] and the channelsMahuaa TV andHamar TV.Bhojpuri Wikipedia was launched in 2003.[82] On 22 May 2022,Google Translate added Bhojpuri as one of their languages.[73]
Vocabulary
Bhojpuri vocabularies have similarity with other Indo Aryan languages and also have loanwords from Persian. Tiwari has classified the words of Bhojpuri in to 6 parts:[83]
Sanskrit words either in original or modified form
Words of non-Aryan Indian origin
Foreign origin (Arabic, British etc.)
Words of Persian origin are roughly classified under the following head:[84]
Words pertaining to kingly states: amīr, kābū, hajūr
Words relating to Revenue, Administration and Law: darogā, hak, huliyā
Words relating to Islam: Allāh, tobā, mahjid
Words of intellectual culture, music, education: ilīm, ijjat, munsi
Words of material culture: kāgaj, kismis, sāl
Since Bengal has been one of the greatest centre for Bhojpuri-speaking people, Bhojpuri has taken a number of words fromBengali. It is also probable that words of European origin came to Bhojpuri through Bengali.[85] The specific vocabulary of South African Bhojpuri also reflects contact with other languages prevalent in the region, notably incorporating loanwords from Zulu and the pidgin Fanagalo, alongside English.[10]
asaṭāṭ (𑂃𑂮𑂗𑂰𑂗/असटाट): From English verbStart.sṭāṭis used in South Aftican Bhojpuri. It was borrowed in sense of starting aMotor vehicle or any other mechanical device.[87]
Bhojpuri (Devanagari) – अनुच्छेद १: सबहिं लोकनि स्वतंत्रे जन्मेलन अउर ओखिनियहूं के समान सम्मान अउरी अधिकार प्राप्त हवे। ओखिनियो के पास समझ-बूझ अ अंत:करण के स्वर होखता आओर हुनके हुं के दोसरा के साथ भ्रातृत्त्व के बेवहार करय के चाही।[88]
Sarnámi Hindustani (a dialect of Caribbean Hindustani) – Aadhiaai 1: Sab djanne aadjádi aur barabar paidaa bhailèn, iddjat aur hak mê. Ohi djanne ke lage sab ke samadj-boedj aur hierdaai hai aur doesare se sab soemmat sè, djaane-maane ke chaahin.[89]
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