Bhavnagar | |
|---|---|
City | |
     From top: City view, Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Cable stayed bridge, Crescent tower, Nilambagh Palace | |
| Nicknames: Bhavena Nagari, Gohilwad | |
  Bhavnagar Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India Show map of Gujarat Bhavnagar Bhavnagar (India) Show map of India | |
| Coordinates:21°46′N72°09′E / 21.76°N 72.15°E /21.76; 72.15 | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Gujarat |
| Region | Saurashtra |
| District | Bhavnagar |
| Founded | 1723 |
| Founded by | Bhavsinhji Takhtasinhji Gohil |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipal Corporation |
| • Body | Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation and BADA (Bhavnagar Area Development Authority) |
| • Municipal Commissioner | M. A. Gandhi |
| • Mayor | Bharatbhai M Barad |
| • Member of Parliament | Nimuben Bambhaniya |
| Area | |
• Total | 119 km2 (46 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 5 |
| Elevation | 24 m (79 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
• Total | 643,382 (urban) |
| • Density | 5,410/km2 (14,000/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Bhavnagari |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Gujarati |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 364 001, 364 002, 364 003, 364 004, 364 005, 364 006 |
| Telephone code | (+91)278 |
| Vehicle registration | GJ-04 |
| Website | www |
Bhavnagar is a city and the headquarters ofBhavnagar district in theIndian state ofGujarat. Bhavnagar was founded in 1723 by Bhavsinhji Gohil. It was the capital ofBhavnagar State, which was aprincely state before it was merged into theIndian Union in February 1948.
Bhavnagar is situated 190 kilometres or 120 miles away from the state capitalGandhinagar and to the west of theGulf of Khambhat. It has always been an important city for trade with many large and small scale industries along with the world's largestship breaking yard,Alang which is located 50 kilometres or 31 miles away. Historically, Bhavnagar holds the distinction of being the first princely state to voluntarily merge into theUnion of India in January 1948, a move led by MaharajaKrishnakumarsinhji Gohil.[2]The city is a significant educational center in Gujarat; Shamaldas Arts College, founded by Maharaja Takhtsinhji in 1885, is historically prominent as the institution whereMahatma Gandhi studied in 1888.[3] Gandhi's admission to the college is recorded as one of the earliest milestones in his academic journey before he left for London to study law.[4]. The city serves as the gateway toBlackbuck National Park, Velavadar, which is recognized as the onlytropical grassland in India to be designated as aNational Park.[5][6]Bhavnagar is also famous for its version of the popular Gujarati snack 'Ganthiya' and 'Jalebi'.
TheGohilRajput of theSuryavanshi clan faced severe competition inMarwar. Around 1260 AD, they moved down to the Gujarat's coastal area and established three capitals: Sejakpur (nowRanpur), Umrala, andSihor.[7] Sejakpur was founded in 1194.
In 1722–1723, the forces led by Khanthaji Kadani andMarathaPilaji Gaekwad attempted to raidSihor but were repelled by Maharajah Bhavsinhji Gohil. After thewar, Bhavsinhji realized the reason for repeated attacks was the location of Sihor. In 1723, on auspicious day of vaishakh Shukla Tritiya also known asAkshay Tritiya he established a new capital near Vadva village, 20 km away from Sihor, and named it Bhavnagar after himself[8] . It was a carefully chosen and strategic location because of its potential for maritime trade. Naturally, Bhavnagar became the capital of Bhavnagar State. In 1807, Bhavnagar State became aBritish protectorate.[9][10]
The old town of Bhavnagar was a fortified town with gates leading to other important regional towns. It remained a major port for almost two centuries, trading commodities with Mozambique,Zanzibar,Singapore, and thePersian Gulf.
Bhavsinhji ensured that Bhavnagar benefited from the revenue that was brought in from maritime trade, which was monopolized bySurat andCambay. As the castle of Surat was under the control of theSiddis ofJanjira, Bhavsinhji brokered an agreement with them, giving the Sidis 1.25% of the revenue by Bhavnagar port. Bhavsinhji entered into a similar agreement with theBritish when they took overSurat in1856. Whilst Bhavsinhji was in power, Bhavnagar grew from a small chieftainship to a considerably important state. This was due to the addition of new territories as well as the income provided by maritime trade. Bhavsinhji's successors continued to encourage maritime trade through Bhavnagar port, recognizing its importance to the state. The territory was further expanded by Bhavsinhji's grandson, Vakhatsinhji Gohil, when he took possession of lands belonging toKolis andKathis, obtainedRajula from the Navab Saheb Ahmad Khan, and mergedGhogha Taluka into the state.
In 1793, Vakhatsinhji conquered the forts of Chital and Talaja, and laterconqueredMahuva, Kundla, Trapaj, Umrala andBotad. Bhavnagar remained the main port of the state, with Mahuva and Ghogha also becoming important ports. Because of the maritime trade, the state prospered compared to other states. During the late 19th century, theBhavnagar State Railway was constructed. This made Bhavnagar the first state that was able to construct its railway system without any aid from the central government, which was mentioned inThe Imperial Gazetteer of India. Mr. Peile, a political agent, described the state as follows:
With flourishing finances and much good work in progress. Of financial matters I need say little; you have no debts, and your treasury is full.[11]
Between 1870 and 1878, the state were put under joint administration, due to the fact that PrinceTakhtsinhji was a minor. This period produced some notable reforms in the areas of administration, revenue collection, judiciary,the post and telegraph services, and economic policy. The ports were also modernized. The two people who were responsible for those reforms were E. H. Percival of theBombay Civil Service andGaurishankar Udayshankar Oza, Chief Minister of Bhavnagar State Bhavnagar Boroz.[citation needed]
In 1911,HH Maharani Nundkanvarba of Bhavnagar was awarded theOrder of the Crown of India, the highest Imperial award for women of theBritish Empire. The former princely state of Bhavnagar was also known as Gohilwad, "Land of the Gohils" (the clan of the ruling family).
Until theindependence of India in 1947, Bhavnagar was an independent state ruled by the Rajput Gohil family. In 1947, the Deputy Prime Minister of the newly independent Indian UnionSardar Vallabhbhai Patel undertook the ambitious and complex process ofunifying 562 princely states with the Union of India. The last ruling Maharajah of Bhavnagar,Krishna Kumarsinhji handed over the administration of hisBombay State to the people's representative in 1948.
Kumarsinhji was one of the first to merge his princely state to the Union of India.[12]
The erstwhile royal family of Bhavnagar continues to lead an active role in the public eye as well as in business (hotels, real estate, agriculture, and ship-breaking) and is held in high regard by the population both in the city as well as areas that comprised the former princely state of Bhavnagar.[13] The city celebrated its 300th anniversary (tercentenary) in 2023.[14]
Bhavnagar is a coastal city on the eastern coast of Saurashtra, also known asKathiawar, located at21°46′N72°09′E / 21.77°N 72.15°E /21.77; 72.15.[15] It has an average elevation of 24 metres or 78.7 feet. It occupies an area of 53.3 square kilometres or 20.6 square miles and is the fifth most populated city of Gujarat. The general slope dips towards the northeast at the apex ofGulf of Khambhat. A small non-perennial river named Kansara Nala passes through the outer area of the city.
Theregion of Saurashtra is a geologically active part ofWest India, and falls in theseismic zone 3 of the Zoning Map of theBureau of Indian Standards. The region as a whole and the area around Bhavnagar, in particular, has been tectonically unstable.
Between 9 August 2000 and 15 December 2000, there was a series of earthquakes in east Saurashtra withepicenters in Bhavnagar. 132 earthquakes between magnitude 0.5 to 3.8 were recorded. There were five earthquakes greater than magnitude 3, with a maximum magnitude of 3.8. These events were confined to an area which covered the southern part of Bhavnagar city and Tarsamiya village on the outskirts of the town. There was no loss of life recorded due to this earthquake.
According to historical records, an earthquake of magnitude 7 occurred near Bhavnagar in February 1705.Earthquake swarm activity also occurred in and around Paliyad (60 km north of Bhavnagar) during July–August 1938 for about two months, with four earthquakes of magnitude greater than or equal to 5 and a maximum magnitude of 6.0.[16]
Like most of Gujarat, Bhavnagar has ahot semi-arid climate (Köppen:BSh), with sweltering, dry summers from March to mid-June, the hot and humidsouthwest monsoon from mid-June to October, and the very warm "winter" from November to February. There is essentially no rainfall outside the monsoon season, whilst during the monsoon the city receives around 715 millimetres or 28 inches of rain on average, though variability is extreme as can be seen from annual totals as high as 1,428.9 millimetres or 56.26 inches in 1970 but as little as 157.2 millimetres or 6.19 inches in 1974.[17] The semi-arid classification is due to the city's highevapotranspiration. The average temperature from November to February is around 23 °C or 73.4 °F, with low humidity.
| Climate data forBhavnagar Airport, (1991–2020, extremes 1969–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 35.0 (95.0) | 39.4 (102.9) | 43.3 (109.9) | 45.0 (113.0) | 47.3 (117.1) | 45.4 (113.7) | 41.6 (106.9) | 40.2 (104.4) | 41.1 (106.0) | 41.3 (106.3) | 38.3 (100.9) | 35.0 (95.0) | 47.3 (117.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.9 (82.2) | 30.7 (87.3) | 35.1 (95.2) | 38.2 (100.8) | 39.8 (103.6) | 37.4 (99.3) | 33.5 (92.3) | 32.4 (90.3) | 33.3 (91.9) | 35.0 (95.0) | 32.5 (90.5) | 29.2 (84.6) | 33.8 (92.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.0 (57.2) | 16.4 (61.5) | 20.9 (69.6) | 24.6 (76.3) | 26.9 (80.4) | 27.5 (81.5) | 26.2 (79.2) | 25.2 (77.4) | 24.7 (76.5) | 23.2 (73.8) | 19.1 (66.4) | 15.3 (59.5) | 22.0 (71.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) | 2.8 (37.0) | 8.3 (46.9) | 12.8 (55.0) | 19.4 (66.9) | 17.8 (64.0) | 21.6 (70.9) | 21.2 (70.2) | 19.7 (67.5) | 13.3 (55.9) | 6.1 (43.0) | 5.0 (41.0) | 0.6 (33.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 1.8 (0.07) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.04) | 1.7 (0.07) | 2.2 (0.09) | 141.6 (5.57) | 239.0 (9.41) | 163.6 (6.44) | 142.2 (5.60) | 20.9 (0.82) | 2.9 (0.11) | 1.1 (0.04) | 718.0 (28.27) |
| Average rainy days | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 5.3 | 10.3 | 9.3 | 5.5 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 32.6 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%)(at 17:30IST) | 36 | 28 | 23 | 27 | 39 | 54 | 70 | 72 | 65 | 41 | 36 | 38 | 44 |
| Source:India Meteorological Department[18][19][20] | |||||||||||||
As of 2011[update] India census,[22] Bhavnagar had a population of 593,768. Bhavnagar has an average literacy rate of 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 91% and female literacy of 80%. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.[23] Adult males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%.[24]
Multiple town planning schemes were designed and implemented under the guidance of the progressive rulers of Bhavnagar. During the reign of SirTakhtsinhji, the British State Engineer Proctor Sims supervised the construction of Barton Library, Sir Takhtsinhji Hospital.[7]
A few architectural examples include:
Modern Bhavnagar comprises Takhteshvar Plots, Krishnanagar, Sardarnagar and surrounding area. During 1935–1937, Krishnanagar area was planned and developed by late Shri Virendrabhai C. Mehta, the official town planner for the State of Bhavnagar. In 1961, he extended his Krishnanagar plan towards Sardarnagar. In 1975, he created a master plan for Bhavnagar.
A salient feature of town planning is to have gardens at the junction of roads. Gardens are located at Ghogha Circle, Mahila College Circle, Rupani Circle, Meghani Circle, Shivaji Circle, Sardarnagar Circle, Jewels Circle and Crescent Circle.
The city of Bhavnagar was one of the earliest towns in Gujarat to have underground drainage,[26] and also among the state's first cities to have a water filtration plant.
 | This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(February 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Bhavnagar has a research and development centre known asCentral Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSMCRI).[27]
Bhavnagar port had trade links with Southeast Asia, Africa, Arabia and ports of Red Sea since the early 18th century. The old portBhavnagar Harbar was built by the state of Bhavnagar, and hosted a light beacon since 1860.Bhavnagar port was later modernized in 1930 under the supervision of J. Johnston, then port officer of Bhavnagar state. Wharfs, warehouses, and railway transportation were added. A new port, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of the old port, was built and made operational in the 1950s due to heavy silting at the location of the old port. This port also had a lighthouse, which was damaged in the2001 earthquake.[30][31]
| This sectionneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Bhavnagar has produced many reformists, thinkers, socialists, poets, writers, artists, educationists, and independence activists.
{{cite web}}:|archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
| Topics |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Regions of Gujarat | ||
| Districts | ||
| Major cities | ||
| Ecoregions | ||
| Economy | ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
