Bhavana Upanishad
The text discusses the human body as Srichakra yantra.[1]
Devanagari	भावन
IAST	Bhāvana
Title means	Feeling, internal visualization[2]
Date	~15th-century CE[3]
Type	Shakta[4]
LinkedVeda	Atharvaveda[5]
Chapters	1[6]
Verses	37[6]
Philosophy	Shaktism,Vedanta[7]

TheBhavana Upanishad (Sanskrit:भावन उपनिषद्,IAST: Bhāvana Upaniṣad) is amedieval era minorUpanishad ofHinduism.^[8] Composed in Sanskrit, the text is classified as one of theShakta Upanishads and attached to theAtharvaveda.^[5][6] The Upanishad identifies the human body as Srichakra yantra and elaborates on this theme,^[1] and its worship.^[9]

The author and the date whenBhavana Upanishad was composed are unknown. The text was likely composed, in the same period as other Shakta Upanishads, between the 12th- and 15th-century CE.^[3] While this text is a relatively late composition in the Upanishadic collection, literary evidence confirms that Shakta Tantrism has roots in ancient times and the interaction between Vedic and Tantric traditions trace back to at least the sixth century,^[10] and the surge in Tantra tradition developments during the late medieval period, states Geoffrey Samuel, were a means to confront and cope withIslamic invasions and political instability in and after 14th-century CE in parts of India and Tibet.^[11]

TheBhavana Upanishad is a sister text toTripura Upanishad.^[12] Both of these texts were commented on the 18th-century Tantra andMother goddess scholarBhaskararaya.^[13] The text has been popular in Srividya tradition ofSouth India.^[14][15]

The text was translated by AG Krishna Warrier in 1967. However, scholarly reviews such as those by Brooks have questioned the translation and its conservative modern interpretation that is inconsistent with how the text was interpreted by 15th- to 18th-century Indian scholars such asBhaskararaya in theirbhasya (review and commentary).^[16]

Manuscripts of this text are also found titled asBhavanopanisad.^[1] In theTelugu languageanthology of 108 Upanishads of theMuktika canon, narrated byRama toHanuman, it is listed at number 84.^[17]

The Upanishad describes the human body to beSri Yantra (Sri chakra), by mapping each part of the body to the chakra.^[1] It asserts that the Shakti is theAtman (soul) within. The text is notable for its emphasis onAntaryaga (internal worship) in contrast to external rituals and offerings.^[18] The 18th-century scholar Bhaskararaya, in his commentary, explains verse 29 of the Bhavana Upanishad to be based on the premise "all love their own self".^[19]

The text presentsnondualistic ideas, presenting Goddess as the supreme reality of the universe.^[14][20] The philosophical premises in this text as in many Shakta Upanishads, states June McDaniel, is syncretism ofSamkhya andAdvaita Vedanta schools ofHindu philosophy, calledShaktadavaitavada (literally, the path of nondualistic Shakti).^[21]

• Atharvashiras Upanishad
• Devi Upanishad
• Mahanarayana Upanishad

• Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1990).The Secret of the Three Cities. University of Chicago Press.ISBN 978-0226075693.
• Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1992).Auspicious Wisdom. State University of New York Press.ISBN 978-0791411452.
• Colebrooke, Henry Thomas; Colebrooke, Sir Thomas Edward Colebrooke; Cowel, Edward Byles l (1873).Miscellaneous Essays: Miscellaneous essays, by H. T. Colebrooke. New ed., with notes, by E. B. Cowell. Trübner. p. 101.
• Cush, Denise; et al. (2007).Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Routledge.ISBN 978-0700712670.
• Deussen, Paul (1997).Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass.ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7.
• Narayanaswami, PP (1999)."भावोपनिषत् (Bhavana Upanishad)"(PDF) (in Sanskrit). Retrieved26 February 2016.
• Guru, Narayana (1977).Life divine and spiritual values. Swami Sivananda Spiritual Centre : copies can be had from Satsangha Seva Samithi.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
• Mahadevan, T. M. P. (2006).Los Upanishad Esenciales. LD Books.ISBN 970-732-184-9.
• Mahadevan, T. M. P. (1975).Upaniṣads: Selections from 108 Upaniṣads. Motilal Banarsidass.ISBN 978-81-208-1611-4.
• McDaniel, June (2004).Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-534713-5.
• Tinoco, Carlos Alberto (1996).Upanishads. IBRASA.ISBN 978-85-348-0040-2.
• Warrier, AG Krishna (1967).Śākta Upaniṣads. Adyar Library and Research Center.ISBN 978-0835673181.OCLC 2606086.

• Upanishads

• Articles containing Sanskrit-language text
• CS1 Sanskrit-language sources (sa)
• CS1 maint: publisher location