Bhaktapur 𑐏𑑂𑐰𑐥𑑅 (Newar) Bhadgaon | |
|---|---|
| Bhaktapur Municipality | |
 Tamārhi, the main square of Bhaktapur which contains theNyatapola. | |
 Seal | |
| Etymology: FromClassical Newari:Khopring,lit. 'rice village'(SeeEtymology). | |
| Nickname: City of Festivals and dance[1] | |
| Motto(s): | |
  Bhaktapur Location in Bagmati Province, Nepal Show map of Bagmati Province Bhaktapur Bhaktapur (Nepal) Show map of Nepal | |
| Coordinates:27°40′20″N85°25′40″E / 27.67222°N 85.42778°E /27.67222; 85.42778 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Province | Bagmati |
| District | Bhaktapur |
| Founded | 12th century |
| Founded by | Ananda Deva |
| Wards | 24 (historical) 10 (current) |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Sunil Prajapati (NWPP) |
| • Deputy Mayor | Rajani Joshi (NWPP) |
| Area | |
• Total | 6.889 km2 (2.660 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,401 m (4,596 ft) |
| Population (2021)[4] | |
• Total | 79,136 |
| • Density | 11,490/km2 (29,750/sq mi) |
| • Ethnicities | Newar people |
| • Religions | Newar Hinduism andNewar Buddhism |
| Demonym(s) | Newar:Khape Nepali:Bhaktapure |
| Language | |
| • Official language | Nepal Bhasa andNepali |
| Time zone | UTC+05:45 (NST) |
| Postal code | 44800 |
| Area code | 01 |
| Website | www |
Bhaktapur (Nepali andSanskrit: भक्तपुर,pronounced[ˈbʱʌkt̪ʌpur]ⓘ;lit. "City of Devotees"), known locally asKhwopa[3] (Nepal Bhasa:𑐏𑑂𑐰𑐥𑑅,Khvapa) and historically calledBhadgaon, is a city in the east corner of theKathmandu Valley inNepal located about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from the capital city,Kathmandu.[3][5] Bhaktapur is thesmallest city ofNepal as well as the most densely populated.[3][6] Along withKathmandu andLalitpur, Bhaktapur is one of the three main cities of theKathmandu Valley and is a majorNewar settlement of the country. The city is also known for its Newar tradition,cuisine and artisans.[7] Bhaktapur suffered heavy damage in theApril 2015 earthquake.
As part of theKathmandu Valley, it shares itshistory,culture andlanguage with the other cities of thevalley. Although chronicles like theGopal Raj Vamshavali put the foundation of Bhaktapur in the 12th century, it has been the site of numerous settlements since at least theLicchavi dynasty.[8] The capital place of Kasthamandu was BhaktapurNepal during the first half ofMalla dynasty from the 12th century to 1482 whenNepal split into three independent kingdoms.[3][9] The Malla dynasty is considered a golden period for Bhaktapur and even after its division in 1428, Bhaktapur managed to stay as a wealthy and a powerful Newar kingdom, mostly due to its position in the ancientIndia-Tibet trade route.[8] In 1769, Bhaktapur was attacked and annexed into the expandingGorkha Kingdom (which later became theKingdom of Nepal).[10] After itsannexation, Bhaktapur remained largely isolated from other parts of Nepal which led to stagnation in the development of its economy and arts and to allowed it to remain as a homogeneous Newar city.[11] Due to being isolated and overlooked by the central government inKathmandu, its infrastructure and economy deteriorated and the1934 earthquake further exacerbated the situation.[12] Bhaktapur's economy and infrastructure would only improve from the 1980s, largely due to tourism and aid provided byWest Germany as part of the Bhaktapur Development Project.[12]
Compared to other Newar settlements, Bhaktapur is predominantlyHindu and speaks a distinct dialect ofNepal Bhasa.[11][2] Bhaktapur is one of the most visited tourist destination ofNepal with the city attracting 301,012 tourists in 2014.[13] TheNyatapola, a five roofed pagoda completed in 1702 is the most famous structure of Bhaktapur and along with theformer royal palace, it forms the tourism center of Bhaktapur. The city is also famous for its numerous festivals and carnivals like the spring festival ofBiskā jātrā and the carnival ofSāpāru (or Gai jatra) both of which are significant part of the local culture and contribute well to tourism.[14] Bhaktapur is also called the "Capital of Music and Dance" (Nepali:नाचगानको राजधानी) inNepal due to presence of over 200 types of traditional dances, most of which are masked dances and expect for a few, are a part of the annual carnival ofSāpāru (or Gai jatra).[15] It is also famous for its cuisine with thejūjū dhau, a type of yogurt made from buffalo milk being the most popular. Bhaktapur's potters and handicraft industries are also known nationwide.[16][17] Due to its well preserved medieval nature,UNESCO inscribed Bhaktapur as aWorld Heritage Site since 1979.[16][13]
The earliest use of the name "Bhaktapur" is from aninscription from 928.[18] It is widely accepted that the name is aSanskrit translation of the city's name in the native language, an early form of theNewar language,Khōpring. The earliest use of this name is from aLicchavi dynastyinscription from 594.[19] The nameKhōpring is a combination of two words from an early form of theNewar language, "kho" and "pring" which translate to "cooked rice" and "village," respectively.[20] The city was also sometimes referred asBhaktagrāma instead ofBhaktapura wheregrāma denoted a village as opposed topura which denoted a town inSanskrit.[20]
FromKhopring also evolved,Khwopa , the name of the city in theclassical and modern form of the nativeNewar language.Khwopa as the name for the city, appeared for the first time in a manuscript from 1004.[18] The termKhwopa was used to describe the city in almost all of theinscriptions, manuscripts and documents from theMalla dynasty.[17]
Another popular name for the city was "Bhatgaon", theHindustani andKhas translation of "Bhaktagrama".[17][21] This name became particularly popular after theconquest of Bhaktapur by the Gorkhali armies ofPrithivi Narayan Shah in 1769. It is believed that the official name was changed back to Bhaktapur in the 1930s by the decree of the Prime MinisterJuddha Shumsher Rana, after witnessing the numerous temples in the city and the devotion of the locals towards it, decreed that the city should be referred asBhaktapur as in "City of devotees" instead ofBhatgaon.[21] "Bhakta" inBhaktapur also means cooked rice in Sanskrit.
The folklore of theKathmandu Valley states that the entire valley and as such Bhaktapur itself was once an enormous lake.[22] Geological surveys conducted by Swiss geologistToni Hagen proved that theKathmandu Valley was in fact a lake which formed when theLower Himalayan Range was being created due to the collision between theIndian andEurasian plate.[23] The lake water started eroding thelimestone hills ofChobhar and starting from around thirty thousand years ago, the lake started to drain.[24] Plain lands appeared in thevalley and between 30,000 and 15,000 years, most of the valley was drained.[24] In folklore, the credit of draining the valley is given to theBodhisattvaManjushri .[22] Believed to be a saint fromGreater China, Manjushri is said to have cut agorge from his sword in order to drain the valley so that he could worship and gain wisdom fromSwayambhunath Buddha who resided in the lake.[22] Manjushri is believed to have entered theKatmandu Valley from the east and his resting place has been made into a shrine where the people of Bhaktapur make a pilgrimage to every year during late winter and before the festival ofShree Panchami.
Apart from above, much of the early history of Bhaktapur is largely unknown.[19] It is clear that people started to settle in the Kathmandu Valley after it was drained due to its fertile soil owing to it being a lakebed.[22] TheGopal Raj Vamshavali, a 14th-centuryNewar language manuscript states that a clan known as Gopāla first settled the Kathmandu Valley.[25] The manuscript further says that Gopāla, who were cow herders, were overthrown by the Mahispāla, who were buffalo herders.[25] Soon, theKirata KingYalambar conquered the valley and established his own Kirānta dynasty. Although no direct proof of the existence of the first three ruling dynasties as mentioned in theGopal Raj Vamshavali has been found, indirect proof such as place names and mentions in the inscriptions of theLicchavi period has been used to support the existence of at least the Kirānta dynasty.[25] For Bhaktapur as well, the existence of a non-Sanskrit name,Khopring, in theSanskrit language stone inscriptions of theLicchavi dynasty supports the existence of a settlement before the arrival of the Licchavi clan fromVaishali.[19] The modern dayJyāpu community of theNewars is believed to be the descendants of the Kirānta clan and the modern dayNewar language is believed to derived from the language that he Kirānta clan spoke.[19]
Threestone inscriptions from the Licchavi dynasty has been recovered so far in Bhaktapur.[19] One of them dated to 594 was recovered inGomārhi district in the eastern part of Bhaktapur was made during the reign ofAmshuverma.[19] Another similar inscription from 594, recovered fromTulāche district in the central part of Bhaktapur was also made during the reign ofAmshuverma.[19] TheGomārhi inscription contains a decree fromAmshuverma that "people fromMākhopring draṅga should be given more rights for a self rule."[26] Similarly, theTulāche inscription contains a similar message but the settlement has been referred as "khōpring grāma".[19] During theLicchavi dynasty, settlements with a minimum of 100 houses and a maximum of 500 houses were classified as "grāma" and wealthy settlements were classified as "draṅga".[19] So, the settlements around the present dayGomārhi district were wealthier than the settlements around the present dayTulāche district.[19] InNepal Bhasa,Mā is a prefix meaning "main or principal", meaning Mākhopring was asub-division of Khopring,most likely the main part of Khopring.[26] Finally, a third inscription recovered atTālako district in the southwestern part of Bhaktapur mention the place name as "mākhoduluṃ" which was probably a separate village fromKhōpring.[26]
Bhaktapur's oldesthiti is also dated from theLicchavi dynasty.[27] It is said that theRajkulo canals, which supplies water inhitis were built and managed by Tulā Rāni, a mythical queen who is believed to have lived in Bhaktapur during the Licchavi dynasty.[27] In folklore, Tulā Rāni made and repaired theRajkulo canals as she is said to only weigh a singletola or 11 grams and hence float on water.[28]
In the 14th centuryGopal Raj Vamshavali, Ananda Deva, who ruledNepal Mandala from 1146 to 1167 is credited to have established the city of Bhaktapur.[8] Since there were already settlements in Bhaktapur likeMākhopring and Mākhoduluṃ during theLicchavi dynasty, it was more likely that Ananda Deva unified these smaller settlements into a single unit.[8] It is traditionally believed that Bhaktapur contained 12,000 houses at the time of its foundation.[30][31] Ananda Deva also established a royal court namedTripura Rājkula in the central part of Bhaktapur and declared it as the new capital ofNepal.[17] The Gopal Raj Vamsavali also state the foundation of shrines of eightMatrikas surrounding the city and a ninth and the most important shrine, that ofTripura Sundari, at the centre of the town.[32] This arrangement of the shrines of mother goddess is used to conceptualize the entire town as a sacredMandala.[32] Within the city itself, there are also ten minor shrines of theMahavidya established by Ananda Deva as well.[33] The later 19th centurychronicles state that Ananda Deva was directed to establish Bhaktapur by the GoddessAnnapurna.[34]
As Bhaktapur became the seat of the government, it also became the target for numerous foreign invasions. The main reasons for these attacks was the internal division among the royal family ofNepal.[35] Soon after Ananda Deva's death, a new royal house emerged from within. Believed to have been started byAri Malla, they used Malla as their surname replacing their ancestral surname, Deva.[35] When the conflictions between both houses worsened, the House of Tripura sought help fromTirhut while the House of Yuthunimam sought help fromKhasa Kingdom.[35] Thus, both of these kingdoms started interfering in the internal politics ofNepal. In the 1310s, the monarch Rudra Malla in order to improveNepal Mandal's relation with Tirhut married off his sister Devaladevi to the Tirhut king,Harisimhadeva.[36] After the marriage, the relation between the two kingdoms smoothed andTirhut's attack onNepal ceased.[36]
In the month of January 1326, Devaladevi along with son, Jagatsimhadeva and her court departed fromTirhut after it was invaded and captured byGhiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, the Sultan of theDelhi Sultanate.[36] Her husbandHarisimhadeva died on the way while Devaladevi and her family arrived at her birth kingdom ofNepal Mandala where she was welcomed by her brother Rudra Malla.[36][37] In July 1326, just six months after the arrival of Devaldevi, her brother Rudra Malla died.[38] Nayakdevi, Rudra Malla's daughter became the new ruler of Nepal Mandala under theregency of her grandmother Padma Lakshmi.[36] In 1326, Nayakdevi was married to Harishchandra, the prince ofKashi by her grandmother but the court rebelled against him after the death of Padma Lakshmi at the age of sixty seven in July 1332 and was eventually assassinated in May 1335.[38] After Harischandra's death, Devaladevi in a bid to gain political power married her son Jagatsimhadeva to her niece Nayakdevi.[36][37] In January 1347, Nayakdevi gave birth to a daughter who was named Rajya Laksmhi Devi (Rajaldevi in short).[38] Nayakdevi died ten days after giving birth to Rajaldevi. Her death triggered a chain of unrests in the palace during which Jagatsimha was imprisoned and he died in custody.[38] Devaldevi established her own rule inNepal Mandala as regent for her granddaughter/grandniece, Rajaldevi.[38]
In 1349, Nepal suffered one of the most devastating attack in its history.[39]Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah, the Sultan ofBengal and his armies plundered theNepal Valley for a week in the winter of 1349.[40] Bhaktapur suffered the most from this attack as not only it was the capital at that time, the city was also in the eastern part of the valley, the same direction the 20,000 forces came from.[39] According to theGopal Raj Vamshavali, Bhaktapur was ransacked and set on fire by the invaders which lasted for seven days and the populace were either killed or escaped in the mountains.[39][41] Some historians cite this invasion as the reason for the disappearance of monuments from theLicchavi and the earlyMalla dynasty.[40] After the invasion, which destroyed much of the city, Bhaktapur was entirely rebuilt under Devaldevi, who like Ananda Deva, did so on the basis ofSanskrit treatises in architecture.[42] The layout of the old part of the city has remained mostly the same since then.[43]
In September 1354, a nine year oldJayasthiti, aDanwar noble fromMithila was brought into Bhaktapur and was eventually married to Rajalladevi Malla in January 1355.[44] After Devaladevi died in 1366, Rajalladevi and her king consort Jayasthiti Malla took control ofNepal Mandala and under their reign Nepal experienced a period of stability and cultural as well as economic growth.[44] Jayasthiti Malla defeated warringnobles and unifiedNepal Mandala under a singular monarch.[44] It is said that Jayasthiti Malla brought Brahmins from Mithila and South India and under their recommendation, revived and improved the already presentHindu caste system based on occupation.[44] Jayasthiti Malla is also credited for making theNewar language as the language of administration, literature and religion.[44] The influentialGopal Raj Vamshavali, aNewar language manuscript about the history of Nepal, was commissioned byJayasthiti Malla.[25] Jayasthiti Malla was also the first monarch of Nepal to claim a divine heritage as theGopal Raj Vamshavali states him as the one blessed bySwayambhunath and the incarnation of theBuddha, a claim inherited by all future monarchs.[45]
His grandson,Yakshya Malla was the last king of a unifiedNepal Mandala who ruled from Bhaktapur from 1428 to 1481.[47] Yaksha Malla had numerous wives and concubines including Sarupādevī, Karpuradevī, Udayādevī, Jīvalakṣmī, Jayatanā, Kṛtilakṣmī, Sarasvatidevī (among which Sarupādevī and Karpuradevī were the most influential) and therefore numerous issue.[48] He is also known to have fortified his capital, Bhaktapur with moats, defensive walls and eight city gates which correspond with the shrines of theEight Matrikas.[46] He also made it mandatory for all citizens of Bhaktapur regardless ofcaste or wealth, to repair and maintain the defensive walls and moats during the annual festival ofSithi Nakha.[46] Yaksha Malla's numerous children caused a huge issue in the kingdom after his death in 1481. His eldest son wasRaya Malla and because of his age, he was crowned as the new king of the country. But his two step-brothersRatna and Ari Malla and his step-sister Ratnādevī, all three of whom shared the same biological mother protested against the coronation and as a result broke off from the capital and established a new one inKathmandu whereRatna Malla declared himself the king.[48] Similarly, Raṇa Malla shared a same biological mother Rana Malla broke off from the capital toBanepa where he declared himself as its new king.[48] In this way, the kingdom of Yaksha Malla was divided among his sons among which Raya Malla, the eldest became the king of the former capital city, Bhaktapur.[49]
Raya Malla is considered a weak figure in theHistory of Nepal.[49] Many historians blameRaya Malla's reluctancy to give up the throne for the division ofNepal Mandala.[48] The newly formedKantipur kingdom and itsking barred him from taking any oaths andDiksha from their tutelary goddess, Taleju whose shrine was located in the palace of Bhaktapur while at the sameRatna Malla would repeatedly take oaths from the Taleju shrine of the Bhaktapur palace.[49] Yaksha Malla's large number of descendants meant that even during his great-grandson –Praṇa Malla's reign there were several other members of the Malla family were still in Bhaktapur. Two such Mallas, Vira and Gosain Malla, both of whom were older than the monarch sought help from Kantipur and the king ofKantipur, Narendra Malla in a bid to weaken Bhaktapur, claimed Vira Malla to be the legitimate ruler.[48] Likely fueled by Narendra Malla, both Vira and Gosain Malla divided the city of Bhaktapur between themselves andPrana Malla and established a border atInācho, Bhaktapur.[50]Ganga Devi, the queen consort ofVishva Malla seized control of the kingdom and started a joint rule with her two sonsTrailokya and Tribhuvan Malla.[49] Ganga Devi, who was also popularly called as "GangaMaharani", was the onlyqueen regnant who ruled the kingdom.[50] During her reign, Bhaktapur would reach its territorial zenith. She is regarded as the first strong ruler of Bhaktapur Kingdom and is widely known for her military conquest and construction works.[49] She is also credited with unifying the city by appointing many of Yaksha Malla's descendants who were living in the palace as fort captains, chiefs of other cities and villages within the kingdom which effectively ended their claims to the throne.[50] She was the first ruler of Bhaktapur to takeDiksha from Taleju along with her two sons, the tutelary goddess of theMallas in 9 April 1567 as previous rulers were barred to do so byKantipur, which provoked Kantipur and launched an attack Bhaktapur in retaliation.[49] Her reign saw numerous cultural changes in the form of festivals as she is credited to have improved the numerous festivals celebrated within the kingdom. The locals of Bhaktapur credit her as the builder of many of thehitis and public rest houses within Bhaktapur as well as numerousNarayana temples of the city but no any inscriptional evidence of it has been found.[51][52]
Ganga Devi's death has not been properly studied yet. It is possible that she died in 1602 as after 1602, her eldest sonTrailokya Malla is the only one addressed as the king in inscriptions and legal documents.[48] Her youngest son, Tribhvana Malla who arguably was more powerful under her disappeared from historical records since 1602.Trailokya Malla ruled alone till his death in 1613 after which his son,Jagajjyoti Malla became the ruler.[54]Jagajjyoti Malla is especially remembered for his contributions inMaithili literature.[17] His work,Haragaurīvivāha, a play about the wedding ofShiva toParvati, is considered one of the greatest works in theMaithili language.[54] After Jagajjyoti Malla died in 1642,Naresha Malla's short rule began.[55] Naresha Malla proved to be a weak king and it was during his reign thatPratap Malla, the king ofKantipur, in his attempt to unify theKathmandu Valley, attacked Bhaktapur.[55] Naresha Malla died at an early age, leaving behind a four year oldJagat Prakasha Malla as the successor to the throne.[55] His aunt, Annapurṇalaksmi served as regent for him till he turned 16.[55] Meanwhile,Pratap Malla made an alliance withSrinivasa Malla, the king ofPatan and both joined forces to start asiege of Bhaktapur.[56] By 1660, the coalition conquered all the hamlets and villages, north of Bhaktapur and managed to reach the northern city gate.[46] The coalition tried to break the gate open for months before being forced to retreat.[46] During their siege, Pratap Malla installed a stone inscription on ahiti in the shrine of Mahakali near the northern gate.[46] During April 1662,Pratap Malla had gathered a massive army in the eastern part of Bhaktapur, in the site outside the city proper where the annualBiska Jatra festival was held demanding the festival will only be held if the kingdom surrendered.[57]Jagat Prakasha Malla released decree cancelling the festival that year, a first time where the festival was cancelled.[57] Eventually, the sieges proved unsuccessful and the coalition were forced to retreat.[56]
Jagat Prakasha Malla died on 8 December 1672 because ofsmallpox after which the reign ofJitamitra Malla began.[58] He is fondly remembered for the construction of a canal which brought water to the city from the hills ofNagarkot.[48] His son,Bhupatindra Malla, who succeeded him in 1696 is likely the most popular ruler from Bhaktapur because of the numerous construction works that took place during his reign. TheNyatapola, today a symbol and landmark of the city was commissioned by him.[59] His sonRanajit Malla was the last ruler of theKingdom of Bhaktapur and is remembered today for his musical contributions and talents. TheNewar language devotional songs he wrote are still sung in Bhaktapur today.[60]
In November 1769, Bhaktapur wasattacked and after suffering a heavy loss, the state eventually surrendered to the expanding Gorkha kingdom, which would become the futureKingdom of Nepal.[48]
After its defeat in 1769, Bhaktapur lost most of its political and cultural importance to Kathmandu and Lalitpur, the capital of the newly formedKingdom of Nepal.[61][62] Bhaktapur was visited by Colonel Kirkpatrick ofEast India Company in 1792 and in his book described the city as being in a better state thanKathmandu orLalitpur.[63] Bhaktapur played a small role during the rise ofJung Bahadur Rana as its former palace was where KingRajendra Bikram Shah was imprisoned in 1847. After the establishment of theRana dynasty in 1846, Rana's brotherDhir Shumsher Rana was appointed as the mayor of the city.[64]Dhir Shumsher oversaw the demolition of many of the old palaces of Bhaktapur and its replacement with British style inspired buildings.[64]
The great earthquake of1833 and1934 devastated most of the city including the palace and temples.[64][68][69] In the earthquake of1833 especially, Bhaktapur suffered the most damage in theKathmandu Valley. Out of 500 total casualties of the earthquake, at least 200 of them were in Bhaktapur.[70][71] Around 25% to 70% of the town suffered major destruction, including at least 2,000 homes and six to eight temples.[70]
When the 8.0 magnitude earthquake struck in 1934, Bhaktapur was one of the most affected towns of Nepal.[72][73] Around 40-100% of residential buildings were directly affected while 6224 buildings were completely destroyed by the earthquake.[73] Many of the old palaces and temples which were already weakened by the earthquake of 1833 were also completely destroyed. Almost all the buildings inBhaktapur Durbar Square were heavily damaged.[74] Around 177 heritages were completely destroyed during the earthquake.[73]
Many of theMalla era temples and palaces of the city like theBasantapur Lyākū,Chaukot Lyākū andThanthu Lyākū were completely destroyed in the earthquakes and many of them were never restored and the few that were, were reconstructed in aMughal style stucco dome by theRanas.[74][75]
The economy of Bhaktapur, which had already been struggling after losing the flow of Tibetan traders, was acceleratedly aggravated by the earthquakes of1833 and1934.[76] The 1934 earthquake also damaged the physical infrastructure of the town and most of the inhabitants were unable to rebuild their houses properly.[76] The earthquake permanently damaged theRajkulo canals that had been providing fresh water to the city since the time of theMallas.[77] Due to the malaise economy and cash-strapped budget, Bhaktapur was unable to revamp these broken canals, as a result, fresh water became scarce in the city.. The sanitation level of Bhaktapur became severely low and poverty and diseases became rampant.[76]
In the 1950s, when the tyrannicalRana dynasty ended and Nepal was open up to the outside world,Kathmandu and the other cities around it likePatan saw a considerable rise in urbanization and population. However, Bhaktapur was farther away from the capital and was left out from the development that occurred in the other cities of theKathmandu Valley.[68][78] Bhaktapur was also greatly isolated and ignored by the central powers. When a newhighway was built, it completely bypassed the city and instead ran through the outskirts.[68][79] Consequently, Bhaktapur was the poorest city of Nepal in the 20th century.[68] TheRajkulo canals that provided fresh water was never repaired and sanitation level was very low.[78] Due to extremely high population density and low sanitation, the city became extremely unhygienic asfeces and litter filled the roads.[76]Diseases and pandemics were rampant and greatly affected the farmers composing the majority population of Bhaktapur, who couldn't afford necessary modern medicine.[80] Just like its inhabitants, the heritages of Bhaktapur also suffered greatly during this period as many arts and artifacts were stolen.[5]
Under the Bhaktapur Development Project which was funded byWest Germany, the city's physical infrastructure and heritage sites were all revitalized and renovated.[30] Tourism started to became a major source for Bhaktapur's economy. A political party namedNepal Workers Peasants Party was started in the city and it gained the support of majority farmer population of the city.
A magnitude of 7.8 Richter earthquake2015 Nepal earthquake that struck on 25 April 2015 (12 Baisakh 2072B.S., Saturday, at local time 11:56 am) damaged 116 heritages in the city. 67 of those heritages were completely damaged while 49 suffered from partial damages. The earthquake badly damaged the Bhaktapur Durbar square, a significant historial heritage site included in the UNESCO world heritage list. The main premises of Taleju Temple also witnessed damages in the disaster.
TheNepal-Bihar earthquake in 1934 demolished several buildings that were never rebuilt.Chyasilin Mandap has been rebuilt in 1990 using contemporary earthquake proof technology. The building survived the 2015 earthquake unharmed.[81]
A song composed byRanajit Malla in 1769 mention Bhaktapur as a city with 12,000 households.[82]Henry Ambrose Oldfield who visitedNepal during the 1850s wrote that there were fifty thousand inhabitants in Bhaktapur.[83]
At the time of the2001 Nepal census, it had a population of 72,543.[84] The2011 Nepal census reports the population of Bhaktapur as 81,748 with 41,081 men and 40,667 women.[85] The results of the2021 Nepal census put the population of Bhaktapur at 79,136 with the population of men at 39,755 and of women at 39,381, respectively, and the total number of households at 18,987.[4] Around 90% of the population of Bhaktapur belong to theNewar ethnic group.[85]
Bhaktapur, being a former capital of aNewar kingdom, contains one of the most elaborate art pieces ofNepal.[3] Only a few artworks from theLichhavi dynasty survive in Bhaktapur and so most art pieces date from theMalla dynasty. Most of Bhaktapur's art were religious in nature and were made by anonymous artists coming from acaste of artisans.[86] A few artisans however are known. For instance, the painter who made the murals on the walls of thepalace of fifty windows has signed his name on one of the murals.[87] However, many of the murals in the palace were damaged when it used as a post office and a police station in the 20th century and the painter's signature has unfortunately been rubbed off, with only his address remaining readable today.[87]
Woodcarving is a major artwork of theKathmandu Valley. Most of the wooden work from theLichhavi dynasty that survives today are woodenstruts or posts which mostly depictedSalabhanjikas, the forest fairies or deities in a similar pose.[89] Four armed deities began appearing since the 16th century and by the end of theMalla dynasty, wooden struts depicted multi armed Hindu deities. This transformation was not viewed fondly by all scholars citing the loss of elegance in later wooden struts.[89]Toraṇa ortympanums are in most cases wooden as well and can be found on most temples, monasteries or palaces. The woodentoraṇa on the entrance to the Taleju temple inBhaktapur Durbar Square is considered one of the best examples of the kind.[90] Similarly,Newar window are an important aspect of Nepalese architecture. TheMhekhājhya, or more popularly the Peacock window from 1750 is the most popular traditional window from Bhaktapur.[91] TheMalla dynasty was, for Bhaktapur a golden age for woodcarving, sculpture and the arts in general.
Similar to woodcarving, very few stone or metal sculptures from theLicchavi dynasty survive in Bhaktapur and so almost all surviving works are from theMalla dynasty. Most stone sculptures are of deities housed in various temples of the city and their leonine guardians. The most celebrated sculptors from Bhaktapur lived during the late 17th to early 18th centuries.[92] These artisans, whose identity has no been properly known yet, carved some of the most popular stone works of the city including theNarasimha,Hanuman,Devi andBhairava sculptures near the entrance toformer palaces, numerous sculptures in the restricted courtyards of the palace and therelief of Devi inside theNyatapola.[92] The ledger work of the construction of theNyatapola mention Tulasi Lohankami as the leader of thirty sculptors, so it is likely that his group may have been the one responsible for all aforementioned works.[92]
TheLuṁ dhvākā or the Golden gate which serves as an entrance to the inner courtyards of theformer royal palace was constructed between 1751 and 1754 by Subhākara, Karuṇākara and Ratikara.[93] It is considered one of the most important works of Nepalese art. Just as popular as the Golden Gate is the gold plated bronze statue ofBhupatindra Malla placed on a stone pillar in front of the gate, crafted by a smith fromKathmandu.[94]
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The entirety ofKathmandu Valley, including Bhaktapur is known for itshiti water supply system which once supplied water from the surroundings hills into the heart of the cities of the valley.[95] These fountains are carved in the form of aHindu andBuddhist mythical creature known as ahitimanga.[96] The hiti water supply system was developed in the Licchavi dynasty and Bhaktapur's oldest hitis also date from the period.[97] Today, there is at least onehiti in each of Bhaktapur's neighborhood totaling to about 104.[a] The hitis were made not only by royals and nobles, but also by common people as well. There was a common belief that building hitis and rest houses grant the builder religious merit.[97]Hitis whose spouts face eastwards, of which there are 18, hold religious significance to the locals as it is considered pious to bathe in these spouts duringSa Paru.[97] This practice has gone extinct today as most of these spouts do not work any longer as the canals that supplied them has been lost to time.[97] Theseaqueduct-like canal system were calledRajkulo, the earliest such canal in Bhaktapur was believed to be built by a mythical queenTulā Rāni, who according to folklore floated on water owing to her light weight.[27] In 1379,Jayasthiti Malla repaired a damagedRajkulo of Bhaktapur and in the same year a new one namedYaṭapāṭa was built in the city.[27] The most famous Rajkulo of Bhaktapur was commissioned byJitamitra Malla in 1677 that brought water from the hills ofNagarkot to the city.[27] All of these Rajkulos in Bhaktapur have gone extinct today.[95]Jahru are a type of water tank made out of stone which can be found around wells andhitis of the city. These are usually carved with floral motifs and the image ofBhagiratha.
There are 50 artificial ponds/lakes (Newar:𑐥𑐸𑐏𑐸,pukhu), constructed in theLicchavi and theMalla dynasty, in the city.[98] Of them the largest four, SIddha Pokhari (Taḥ pukhu),Naḥ pukhu,Bhājyā pukhu and Rani Pokhari (nhu pukhu) are located in the western part of the city and among them the largest one, Siddha Pokhari (Taḥ pukhu) measures 574×249 ft.[99] The two oldest known ponds of the city areTaḥ pukhu andNaḥ pukhu built in 1118 and 1168 respectively.[99] Kamal Pokhari (bāhrepukhu), another large pond on the eastern part of town is believed to be from theLicchavi dynasty, though no definitive proof has been found of its antiquity.[100]
A lot of the smaller ponds in the dense settlements of city were built in theMalla dynasty as a sort of water supply during a fire.[99] These ponds also have cultural and religious significance, along with agricultural ones. For instance, Kamal Pokhari (bāhre pukhu), in the local folklore, is considered the residence of Tula Rani, a mythical queen weighing only oneTula.[100] Bhājyā pukhu, located in the western part of the city and directly south of Siddha Pokhari, is similar toRani Pokhari ofKathmandu as both of them have an island in their centre with a temple in it.[99] It was commissioned by Bhāju Kasa, a late 17th century official of Bhaktapur and has many folklore associated with it.[99] Similarly,Nhu pukhu built in 1629 byJagajjyoti Malla was popularly called Rani Pukhu, meaning queen of ponds, because of its beauty.[99]Naḥ pukhu was believed to have built in a single night by a wizard in 1168, hence it is also calledGuhya pukhu, meaning secretive pond.
Phalchā is aNewar word for communal resting places which has been a part of Nepali culture since theLichhavi dynasty.[101] Usually, they are attached to an existing building or free standing with their front façade colonnaded with widely spaced wooden posts.[101] Thesephalchā see extensive use by the locals as a communal gathering places.[102]
It was considered religiously pious to consecratephalcas and today there are 364phalcas in Bhaktapur consecrated with most dating from the Malla dynasty.[103] The two largest ones are located inBhaktapur Durbar Square, the former royal palace square.[103] Mandapa and Sattal are another type of rest houses found in Nepal. Mandapa, like aphalchā, is a thatch-roofed platform but they are always free-standing and have sixteencolonnades, four on each side.[104] Many mandapa in Bhaktapur have a second storey like theChyāsilim mandapa ofBhaktapur Durbar Square. Sattal are almost always multi-storied public buildings which serves as a shrine for a deity and in the past was used as a habitation for pilgrims and travelers.[104]
Bhaktapur Newar (𑐏𑑂𑐰𑐥𑑅 𑐨𑐵𑐫𑑂,khvapaḥ bhāy) is a distinct dialect ofNewar language spoken in Bhaktapur and its environs.[105] Generally, the vocabulary is similar to that of the standard dialect (standard refers to theNewar spoken inKathmandu andLalitpur) with some pronunciation changes but differences do exist.[106] The most widely known difference is for the wordlaḥ (𑐮𑑅, "water") which becomesnā (𑐣𑐵) in the Bhaktapur dialect.[106] This difference is often used humorously asnā in the standard dialect means "mud" andlaḥ in the Bhaktapur dialect means "drool". Terminologies relating to traditional musical instruments are also different between the two dialects.[107] In a lot of words, the "ā" sound in the standard dialect is replaced with "a" sound and vice versa.[108] Similarly, Bhaktpaur Newar has avoiced velar nasal sound '𑐒', that is not present in the standard dialect.[109] For instance, theNyatapola is called as "𑐒𑐵𑐟𑐵𑐥𑑀𑐮" (ṅātāpola) in Bhaktapur whereas in the standard dialect its name is "𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐟𑐵𑐥𑐿𑐵"(nyātāpau).[110]
Jagat Sundar Malla, born in 1882 is considered one of theFour Pillars of Nepal Bhasa who headed arevival campaign ofNepal Bhasa after its supersession by the royal government.[112] Similarly, Ram Sekhar Nakarmi who was a major modern dayNepal Bhasa writer was also from Bhaktapur.[113]Narayan Man Bijukchhe is also a prominent author, mostly writing political books in theNepali language.[114]
BeforeNepal Bhasa became the official language in theMalla dynasty, most literature was written inSanskrit and even during theMalla dynasty,Sanskrit was an important literary language.[105] Historical documents written in theNewar language first began appearing since the 14th century. Many literary pieces were written in theNewar language in Bhaktapur during theMalla dynasty. The influentialGopal Raj Vamshavali, a book about the history of Nepal was written in Bhaktapur by an anonymous writer fromPanauti.[19] Like other artworks, most literature of Bhaktapur before the 20th century were written by anonymous authors and are generally attributed to the ruling monarch because it was a common practice to mention a monarch's name. However, the names of a few non royal writers from Bhaktapur are known. For instance, two poems written byKeshav Udās is still preserved in the National Archives of Nepal.[115] He was active from 1604 to 1611 and both of his remaining works are romanticnarrative poems.[115] Among royal writers,Ranajit Malla and his queen consortBriddhi Lakshmi who are among the most popular historical authors, the former mostly remembered for his plays and the later for her poems.[111]Ranajit Malla's "hāya hāya rāma rāma" andBriddhi Lakshmi's "ka kha yā mye" are noted for their historical as well as literary importance.[b][111]
Bhaktapur is one of the most visited sites ofNepal popular among both foreign and domestic visitors.[116][117] The most visited site of Bhaktapur are the city's foursquares, which all except for one are concentrated on the middle part of Bhaktapur.[118] The first of them is theDurbar Square, the former royal palace complex of Bhaktapur, composed of houses of the former royal palace and various temples that were built in its vicinity.[69][119] Although, the Durbar Square of Bhaktapur received heavy damage from both the1934 and2015 earthquake, while many of the fallen monuments have been reconstructed.[17] TheDurbar square houses various monuments like the palace of fifty five windows, theSimhādhwākhā Lyākū palace which houses the National Art Gallery, one of the first museum of Nepal, and the stone temples of Vatsala Devi and Siddhi Lakshmi.[119] The temple ofSilu Māhādeo (meaning "theShiva ofSilu") located on the eastern part ofBhaktapur Durbar Square is the tallestShikhara style building inNepal.[65][120][121]
The Taumadhi Square (𑐟𑑅𑐩𑐵𑐬𑐷,Tamārhi) houses theNyatapola temple, the five storeyed temple commissioned by KingBhupatindra Malla and shrines for the tantric goddess Siddhi Lakshmi, the personal deity of the royal couple.[122] Under the shadow of Nyatapola stands the three storey temple associated withBhairava which was first built byVishva Malla and then later remodeled byJagajjyoti Malla in its present form.[123][124] The square also contains the courtyard of Til MādhavNarayana, theAesāmārhi satta (often called theKasthamandap of Bhaktapur)[125], the Betala temple and a goldenhiti.[126][127] TheShikhara temple of Jagannath and the roofed temple of Lakshmi Narasimha are also established near the square.[128]
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The Dattatraya Square located in the Tachapal tole (Nepal bhasa:Devanagari=तचपाल,Pracalit script=𑐟𑐔𑐥𑐵𑐮) is one of the oldest monument of the town. The Dattatraya Square consists of the three-story pagoda-style Dattatraya Temple, dedicated to GuruDattatreya, which is the combined form and avatar of three principal Hindu deities, (Brahma the creator,Vishnu the preserver, andMaheswora the destroyer, respectively), was built during the reign of King Yaksha Malla (1428 A.D. – 1482 A.D.) and was opened to the public around 1486 A.D., only after his demise. The exact date of construction of the Dattatraya temple is still obscure. This temple, according to popular belief, was constructed from a single piece of wood from one tree. At the entrance are two large sculptures of the Jaiput wrestlers(locally known askutuwo), Jaimala and Pata (as in the Nyatapola Temple), a "Chakra", and a gilded metal statue of Garuda, a bird-like divinity. Around the temple are wood carved panels with erotic decorations. It was subsequently repaired and renovated by King Vishwa Malla in 1548 A.D.[129] The Dattatraya Square is also the home to the Pujari Math which was the former palace of the Malla Kings and court and later served as the settlement for the priests of the temple andTibetan traders. Today, the Pujari Math has been converted into a Woodcraft and Bronze Museum. The Pujari Matha is mostly noted for its artisticwindows including the popularMhaykhā Jhyā (lit. Peacock Window). In front of the Dattatraya temple is the Bhimsena Temple, which is dedicated to Bhin:dyo, theNewari deity of commerce often confused with thePandava brotherBhimsena.[130]
Changu Narayan is an ancient Hindu temple located near the modern village ofChangunarayan in theKathmandu Valley on top of a hill at the eastern end of the valley. It is 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to the north of Bhakathapur and 22 kilometres (14 mi) from Kathmandu. The temple is one of the oldest Hindu temples of the valley and is believed to have been constructed first in the 4th century. Changu Narayan is named afterVishnu, and the temple is dedicated to him. A stone slab discovered in the vicinity of the temple dates to the 5th century and is the oldest such stone inscription discovered in Nepal. It was rebuilt after the old temple was devastated. Many of the stone sculptures date to the Licchavi period. Changu Narayan Temple is listed byUNESCO[131] as a World Heritage Site.[132][133]
The temple is a double-roofed structure where the idol of LordVishnu in his incarnation asNarayana is enshrined. The temple has intricate roof struts showing multi-armedTantric deities. A kneeling image ofGaruda (dated to the 5th century), thevahana or vehicle of Vishnu with a snake around its neck, faces the temple. The gilded door depicts stone lions guarding the temple. Gilded windows also flank the door. A conch and a disc, symbols ofVishnu, are carved on the two pillars at the entrance. Non-Hindus are not allowed to enter the temple.[133][129]
In 1974,Pier Paolo Pasolini used Bhaktapur, along with other places in Nepal, as locations for his filmIl fiore delle Mille e una notte (Arabian Nights).[134]
Portions of the 1993 Hollywood filmLittle Buddha starringKeanu Reeves andBridget Fonda were filmed in theBhaktapur Durbar Square. Also, some portions of Indian filmsHare Rama Hare Krishna andBaby were shot in Bhaktapur.[135]
On 13 December 2023, Bhaktapur andLeshan,China signed aMemorandum of understanding regarding establishing asisterly relation between the two cities.[139]
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