Betaxolol is most commonly ingested orally alone or with other medications for the management ofessential hypertension.[3] It is a cardioselective beta blocker, targeting beta-1 adrenergic receptors found in the cardiac muscle. Blood pressure is decreased by the mechanism of blood vessels relaxing and improving the flow of blood.[4][5]
Ophthalmic betaxolol is an available treatment forprimary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and optical hypertension. Betaxolol effectively prevents the increase of intracellular calcium, which leads to increased production of the aqueous humor. In the context of open angle glaucoma, increased aqueous humor produced by ciliary bodies increases intraocular pressure, causing degeneration ofretinal ganglion cells and the optic nerve.[6]
Furthermore, betaxolol is additionally able to protect retinal neurones following topical application fromexcitotoxicity orischemia-reperfusion, providing a neuroprotective effect. This is thought to be attributed to its capacity to attenuate neuronal calcium and sodium influx.[7] Betaxolol is also an effective treatment forIntraocular pressure[8]
Betaxolol was approved by the U.S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ocular use as a 0.5% solution (Betoptic) in 1985 and as a 0.25% solution (Betoptic S) in 1989.
^Buckley MM, Goa KL, Clissold SP (July 1990). "Ocular betaxolol. A review of its pharmacological properties, and therapeutic efficacy in glaucoma and ocular hypertension".Drugs.40 (1):75–90.doi:10.2165/00003495-199040010-00005.PMID2202584.S2CID46962082.
^abTajran J, Goyal A (2022)."Betaxolol".StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.PMID32491793. Retrieved2023-01-12.
^Wood JP, Schmidt KG, Melena J, Chidlow G, Allmeier H, Osborne NN (April 2003). "The beta-adrenoceptor antagonists metipranolol and timolol are retinal neuroprotectants: comparison with betaxolol".Experimental Eye Research.76 (4):505–516.doi:10.1016/s0014-4835(02)00335-4.PMID12634114.
^Goldberg I, Goldberg H (February 1995). "Betaxolol eye drops. A clinical trial of safety and efficacy".Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology.23 (1):17–24.doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.1995.tb01640.x.PMID7619450.
^Boyce TG, Ballone NT, Certa KM, Becker MA (2021). "The Use of β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists in Psychiatry: A Review".J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry.62 (4):404–412.doi:10.1016/j.jaclp.2020.12.009.PMID34210401.
^Yen CF, Hsu CK, Lu CW (June 2018). "Topical betaxolol for treating relapsing paronychia with pyogenic granuloma-like lesions induced by epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors".Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.78 (6):e143 –e144.doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.01.015.PMID29339238.S2CID39861588.
^Buckley MM, Goa KL, Clissold SP (July 1990). "Ocular betaxolol. A review of its pharmacological properties, and therapeutic efficacy in glaucoma and ocular hypertension".Drugs.40 (1):75–90.doi:10.2165/00003495-199040010-00005.PMID2202584.S2CID46962082.
