Benjamin Waterhouse | |
|---|---|
 Waterhouse portrait byRembrandt Peale from 1833 | |
| Born | (1754-03-04)March 4, 1754 |
| Died | October 2, 1846(1846-10-02) (aged 92) Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
| Academic background | |
| Education | |
| Thesis | Dissertatio medica De sympathia partium corporis humani, ejusque, in explicandis et curandis morbis necessaria consideratione |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | |
Benjamin Waterhouse (March 4, 1754 – October 2, 1846) was a physician, co-founder and professor ofHarvard Medical School. He is most well known for being the first doctor to test thesmallpox vaccine in the United States, which he carried out on his own family.[1]
Waterhouse was born into aQuaker family, although he never adopted the religion as his own.[2] His parents were Timothy Waterhouse, a chair maker who also served on the Governor's Council, and Hannah Waterhouse.[3] Born and raised in Rhode Island, his medical career began at age 16, when he apprenticed for a doctor in his hometown. At age 21, he left the United States to study medicine in Europe at several notable institutions, such as with Dr.John Fothergill in London, England. He was also educated inEdinburgh at theUniversity of Edinburgh Medical School. He matriculated on October 28, 1778, atLeiden University in The Netherlands[4][5] and received at the same University his medical degree April 19, 1780.[6][7] The title description of his thesis isDissertatio medica De sympathia partium corporis humani, ejusque, in explicandis et curandis morbis necessaria consideratione.[8][9][10] This translates to "On the sympathy of the parts of the human body and its necessary consideration in explaining and treating diseases." The thesis was dedicated to John Fothergill, M.D., "inspirer of my studies."[7]
While living in the Netherlands, Waterhouse roomed with future US PresidentJohn Adams.[1]
After returning to the United States in 1782, Waterhouse joined the faculty of the new medical school at Harvard as one of three professors, includingJohn Warren and Aaron Dexter, in the area of Theory and Practice of Physic. He was also elected that same year as a Fellow atRhode Island College (now Brown University), where he taught natural history.[2] He was elected a Fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1795.[11] In 1814, Waterhouse resigned his Harvard professorship after opposing a plan to establish the Medical School in Boston and attempting to found a rival medical school.[2]
Waterhouse first wrote to then-PresidentJohn Adams, his former roommate, hoping to spread the word about cowpox vaccinations preventing smallpox. When he found President Adams unresponsive, he wrote a letter to Vice PresidentThomas Jefferson: "A prospect of exterminating the smallpox."[12]
Jefferson replied with a letter dated Christmas Day, 1800, and soon offered his support. Once Jefferson became President the following year, Waterhouse introducedEdward Jenner's method of cowpox vaccination in the United States.[12] He attempted to maintain a monopoly over the cowpox vaccine, for both financial reasons and to protect the vaccine from incompetent or fraudulent physicians. Waterhouse made the first vaccinations in the United States on four of his children. He commissioned a controlled experiment at the Boston Board of Health in which 19 vaccinated and 2 unvaccinated boys were exposed to the smallpox virus. The vaccinated boys demonstrated immunity, and both unvaccinated boys succumbed to the disease.[3]
In 1788, he married Elizabeth Oliver, with whom he had six children. She died in childbirth in 1815. In 1819, he married Louisa Lee; no children resulted from this marriage.[3]
Waterhouse was a prickly character, with a tendency to become involved in controversy.[13]
Waterhouse had a commission in theU.S. Army during theWar of 1812 in the days before military physicians were accorded rank. Waterhouse was assigned to a Navy Frigate that was eventually captured by the Royal Navy. Waterhouse along with the surviving crew members was held in a British prison ship under harsh conditions until the end of the war. After he was repatriated to the United States, Waterhouse published a critical account of the British POW system. Choosing to remain in the military after the war, Waterhouse held the position of "Hospital Surgeon", in 1818 he was promoted to "Post Surgeon", and in 1821 he was honorably discharged.[14]
Throughout the 1820s, Waterhouse was a strong supporter ofSamuel Thomson's medical system. He died in his home in Cambridge on October 6, 1846, and was survived by his wife Louisa. He is interred atMount Auburn Cemetery, where Louisa erected a small monument in his honor.[citation needed]
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