Ben Davis | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Davis in 1949 | |
| Member of theNew York City Council fromManhattan At-Large | |
| In office March 1, 1943 – November 29, 1949 | |
| Preceded by | Adam Clayton Powell Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Constituency abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Benjamin Jefferson Davis, Jr. (1903-09-08)September 8, 1903 Dawson, Georgia |
| Died | August 22, 1964(1964-08-22) (aged 60) New York City |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Communist |
| Education | Amherst College (AB) Harvard University (LLB) |
| Occupation | Lawyer, Activist, Politician |
| Known for | Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders |
Benjamin Jefferson Davis Jr. (September 8, 1903 – August 22, 1964) was anAfrican-American lawyer andcommunist who was elected in 1943 to theNew York City Council, representingHarlem. He faced increasing opposition from outside Harlem after the end ofWorld War II. In 1949 he was among a number of communist leaders prosecuted for violating theSmith Act. He was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison.
Benjamin J. Davis Jr. – known to his friends as "Ben" – was born September 8, 1903, inDawson, Georgia to Benjamin Davis Sr. and Jimmie W. Porter.[1] The family moved toAtlanta in 1909, where Davis's father, "Big Ben" Davis, established a weekly black newspaper, theAtlanta Independent.[2] It was successful enough to provide a comfortable middle-class upbringing for his family. The elder Benjamin Davis emerged as a prominent black political leader and served as a member of theRepublican National Committee for the state ofGeorgia.[3][4]
The younger Ben Davis Jr. attended the high school program ofMorehouse College in Atlanta.[5] He left the South to study atAmherst College, where he earned his B.A. in 1925.[6] Davis continued his education atHarvard Law School, from which he graduated in 1929. Davis worked briefly as a journalist before starting a law practice in Atlanta in 1932.[7]
Davis became radicalized through his role as defense attorney in the 1933 trial ofAngelo Herndon, a 19-year-old blackCommunist who had been charged with violating a Georgia law against "attempting to incite insurrection", because he tried to organize a farm workers' union. Davis asked theInternational Juridical Association to review his brief.[8] During the trial, Davis faced angry, racist opposition from the judge and public. He was impressed with the rhetoric and bravery of Herndon and his colleagues. After giving concluding arguments, he joined the Communist Party himself.[9]
Herndon was convicted and sentenced to 18–20 years in jail. He was freed after April 26, 1937, when, by a 5-to-4 margin, theUnited States Supreme Court ruled Georgia's Insurrection Law to be unconstitutional.[10]
Davis moved toHarlem, New York in 1935, joining theGreat Migration of blacks out of the South to northern cities. He worked as editor of the Communist Party's newspaper targeted to African-Americans,The Negro Liberator. He later became editor of the CPUSA's official English-language daily,The Daily Worker.
In 1943, Davis was elected under the then-used system ofproportional representation to fill a city council seat being vacated byAdam Clayton Powell Jr. to run for Congress. Davis was reelected in 1945, this time to a four-year term.
Davis lost his 1949 bid for re-election due to a number of factors. First, two years earlier, New York had ceased to use proportional representation and Harlem was broken up into three districts, diluting the black vote.[citation needed] Second, Davis's opponent in the new 21st district was journalistEarl Brown, a fusion candidate for the Democratic, Republican, and Liberal parties.[11] Finally, in July 1948, Davis wascharged with conspiring to overthrow the federal government under theSmith Act – a World War II-era charge that rested on Davis's association with theCommunist Party.[3] He was tried along with eleven other defendants for their communist beliefs and party affiliation in theSmith Act trials.Paul Robeson, noted actor, singer, and civil rights activist publicly advocated for Davis and his fellow defendants. His conviction was announced on October 13, only a few weeks before the election.
With only a month remaining in his last term, Davis was expelled from the city council, a requirement under state law.[12] His former colleagues even passed a resolution celebrating his ouster.[13] He appealed his conviction for two years all the way to theSupreme Court of the United States, without success. On March 1, 1955, after serving three years and four months in the federal penitentiary inTerre Haute, Indiana, Davis was freed.[14] However, he was immediately transferred to the Allegheny County Jail in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to serve an additional 60-day term for contempt of court. He had appeared there in 1953 as a defense witness for another group of five Communists charged under the Smith Act, but was asked and refused to answer questions about unrelated individuals involved in the Communist Party's National Commission of Negro Work.[15] In 1957, the Supreme Court revisited the Smith Act and reversed itself inYates v. United States,[16] which held that theFirst Amendment protected radical and reactionary speech, unless it posed a "clear and present danger."
In subsequent years, Davis engaged in a speaking tour of college campuses and remained politically active, promoting an agenda of civil rights and economic populism. Davis' 1962 speaking circuit drew crowds at schools such asHarvard,Columbia,Amherst,Oberlin and theUniversity of Minnesota.[17] But theCity College of New York – in the New York council district he represented in the 1940s – barred Davis from speaking on its campus in this period. After a student protest, Davis was allowed to speak outside, on the street.[17] He was close to Communist Party chairmanWilliam Z. Foster. Davis continued to publicly defend the actions of the Soviet Union, including the Soviet invasion ofHungary in 1956.[14]
In 1962 Davis was charged with violating theInternal Security Act.[14] He died shortly before the case came to trial.[18]
Ben Davis died oflung cancer in New York City on August 22, 1964. He was less than one month shy of his 61st birthday at the time of his death, and was in the midst of a campaign forNew York State Senate on the People's Party ticket.
While in prison, Davis had written notes for a memoir. These were confiscated by prison authorities and not released until after his death. They were posthumously published under the titleCommunist Councilman From Harlem (1969), with a foreword by his Smith Act codefendantHenry Winston.[19]
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