Benjamin Harrison V | |
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.jpg) Miniature portrait, 18th century, unknown artist | |
| 5th Governor of Virginia | |
| In office December 1, 1781 – December 1, 1784 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas Nelson Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Patrick Henry |
| Delegate to the Continental Congress from Virginia | |
| In office 1774–1777 | |
| Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates | |
| In office 1785–1786 | |
| Preceded by | John Tyler Sr. |
| Succeeded by | Joseph Prentis |
| In office May 7, 1781 – December 1, 1781 | |
| Preceded by | Richard Henry Lee |
| Succeeded by | John Tyler Sr. |
| In office May 4, 1778 – March 1, 1781 | |
| Preceded by | George Wythe |
| Succeeded by | Richard Henry Lee |
| Member of theVirginia House of Delegates | |
| In office October 15, 1787 – December 29, 1790 Serving with Henry Southall | |
| Preceded by | William Christian |
| Succeeded by | Stith Hardiman |
| Constituency | Charles City County |
| In office October 17, 1785 – October 16, 1786 | |
| Preceded by | John Allen |
| Succeeded by | John Allen |
| Constituency | Surry County |
| In office May 5, 1777 – December 1, 1781 | |
| Preceded by | Samuel Harwood |
| Succeeded by | William Green Munford |
| Constituency | Charles City County |
| Member of theVirginia House of Burgesses fromCharles City County | |
| In office 1752–1776 Serving with William Kennon, William Acrill | |
| Preceded by | Edward Broadnax |
| Succeeded by | Legislature dissolved |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1726-04-05)April 5, 1726 |
| Died | April 24, 1791(1791-04-24) (aged 65) Charles City County, Virginia, U.S. |
| Resting place | Berkeley Plantation, Charles City County, Virginia, U.S. |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 8, includingBenjamin VI andWilliam Henry |
| Parent(s) | Benjamin Harrison IV Anne Carter |
| Relatives | Harrison family of Virginia |
| Alma mater | College of William & Mary |
| Profession |
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| Signature |  |
Benjamin Harrison V (April 5, 1726 – April 24, 1791) was an American planter, merchant, and politician who was aFounding Father of the United States. He served as a delegate to theUnited States Continental Congress, and was a signer of theContinental Association and the Declaration of Independence. He also served as Virginia's governor (1781–1784), affirming a tradition of public service in theHarrison family.
Benjamin was born at the family homestead,Berkeley Plantation, where in 1619 there was established one of the first annual observances of a day ofThanksgiving. It is also the location where the Army bugle call of"Taps" was written and first played in 1862.[1][2] Benjamin served an aggregate of three decades in the VirginiaHouse of Burgesses, alternately representingSurry County andCharles City County. He was among the earlypatriots to formally protest measures that KingGeorge III and theBritish Parliament imposed upon theAmerican colonies, leading to theAmerican Revolution. Although a slaveholder, Harrison joined a 1772 petition to the king, requesting that heabolish the slave trade.
As a delegate to the Continental Congress and chair of itsCommittee of the Whole, Harrison attended and presided over the final debate of theDeclaration of Independence. He was one of its signers in 1776. The Declaration included a foundational philosophy of the United States: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."
Harrison was elected as Virginia's fifth governor; his administration was marked by its futile struggle with a state treasury decimated by the Revolutionary War. He later returned to the Virginia House for two final terms. In rare disagreement with his traditional allyGeorge Washington, Harrison in 1788 cast one of his last votes, opposing ratification of the nation'sConstitution for its lack of abill of rights. He left two descendants who becameUnited States presidents—sonWilliam Henry Harrison and great-grandsonBenjamin Harrison.
Harrison was born April 5, 1726, in Charles City County, Virginia; he was the eldest son and 3rd oldest of ten children ofBenjamin Harrison IV (1693–1745) and Anne Carter (1702–1743); Anne was a daughter ofRobert Carter I. Benjamin Harrison I (1594–1648) arrived in the colonies around 1630 and by 1633 began a family tradition of public service when he was recorded as clerk of theVirginia Governor's Council.[3]
Benjamin Harrison II (1645–1712) andBenjamin Harrison III (1673–1710) followed this example, serving as delegates in the VirginiaHouse of Burgesses. Benjamin IV and his wife Anne built the family's manor house atBerkeley Plantation; he served as a justice of the peace and represented Charles City County in the Virginia House of Burgesses.[4] (Biographer Clifford Dowdey notes that the family did not employ the roman numeral suffixes, which historians have assigned for clarity.[5])
Benjamin V, was described in his youth as "tall and powerfully built," with "features that were clearly defined, with a well-shaped mouth above a strong pointed chin."[6] He spent a year or two at theCollege of William & Mary.[7] His brotherCarter Henry (1736–1793) became a leader inCumberland County. Brother Nathaniel (1742–1782) was elected to the House of Burgesses, then to theVirginia Senate. Brother Henry (1736–1772) fought in theFrench and Indian War and later establishedHunting Quarter Plantation inSussex County, brotherCharles (1740–1793) became a brigadier general in theContinental Army.[4]
Harrison's father, at age 51 and with a child in hand, was struck by lightning as he shut an upstairs window during a storm on July 12, 1745; he and his daughter Hannah were killed.[8] Benjamin V inherited the bulk of his father's estate, including Berkeley and several surrounding plantations, as well as thousands of acres extending to Surry County and the falls of theJames River. Also among his holdings was a fishery on the river and a grist mill inHenrico County.[9] He also assumed ownership and responsibility for the manor house's equipment, stock, and numerous enslaved people.[10] His siblings inherited another six plantations, possessions, and enslaved people, as the father chose to depart from the tradition of leaving the entire estate to the eldest son.[11]
Harrison and his ancestors enslaved as many as 80 to 100 people. Harrison's father was adamant about not breaking up slave families in the distribution of his estate.[12] As with all planters, the Harrisons sustained enslaved people on their plantations. Nevertheless, the enslaved people's status was involuntary, and according to Dowdey, "among the worst aspects of their slaveholding is the assumption that the men in the Harrison family, most likely the younger, unmarried ones, and the overseers, made night trips to the slaves' quarters for carnal purposes."[13] Benjamin Harrison V ownedmulattoes, though no record has been revealed as to their parentage.[14] Dowdey portrays the Harrisons' further incongruity, saying the enslaved people in some ways "were respected as families, and there developed a sense of duty about indoctrinating them in Christianity, though other slaveholders had reservations about baptizing children who were considered property."[13]
In 1748, Harrison married Elizabeth Bassett (1730–1792) ofNew Kent County; she was the daughter of Colonel William Bassett (1709–1744) and Elizabeth Churchill (1709–1779), daughter of burgessWilliam Churchill (1649–1710). Harrison and his wife had eight children during their 40-year marriage.[15] Among them was eldest daughter Lucy Bassett (1749–1809), who married Peyton Randolph (1738–1784). Another daughter, Anne Bassett (1753–1821), married David Coupland (1749–1822). The eldest son wasBenjamin Harrison VI (1755–1799), a briefly successful merchant who served in the Virginia House of Delegates but who died a self-indulgent, troubled, young widower.[16] Another wasCarter Bassett Harrison (c. 1756–1808), who served in the Virginia House of Delegates and theU.S. House of Representatives.[17] The other children were Elizabeth Harrison (1751–1791), who married physicianWilliam Rickman (c. 1731–1783) and Sarah Harrison (1770–1812), who married John Minge (1771–1829).
The youngest child was GeneralWilliam Henry Harrison (1773–1841), who became a congressional delegate for theNorthwest Territory and also was governor of theIndiana Territory. In the1840 United States presidential election, William Henry defeated incumbentMartin Van Buren but fell ill and died just one month into his presidency. Vice PresidentJohn Tyler, a fellow Virginian and Berkeley neighbor succeeded him.[18] William Henry's grandson,Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901), was a brigadier general in theUnion Army during theAmerican Civil War. Benjamin served in theU.S. Senate and waselected president in 1888 after defeating incumbentGrover Cleveland.[19]
According to one researcher, in 1749, Harrison first took his father's path in being elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses, initially for Surry County, and notes that Harrison was not of legal age to assume his burgesses seat until 1752. Either he or a relative succeeded the deceased Edward Broadnax as Charles City County's representative in the House of Burgesses in 1748 and won each election at least until 1769.[20][21][22] Researchers agree that this man and William Acrill continually won re-election and represented Charles City County in the House of Burgesses from 1769 until Virginia's last colonial governor ended that assembly in 1776.[23] Then Charles City County voters elected Harrison and Acrill to the first two Revolutionary Conventions, and Acrill with this man and his son Benjamin Harrison VI as alternates to the third and fourth convention, and Acrill with Samuel Harwood and this man as alternates to the fifth convention.[24] Harrison, Acrill and Samuel Harwood then jointly represented Charles City County in the new Virginia House of Delegates at its inaugural session, then Acrill and Harrison, then John Tyler joined Harrison as Charles City County's other legislator beginning in 1778 until 1781. When fellow legislators elected Harrison Virginia's governor, he was replaced as delegate by William Green Munford.[25] At the end of his gubernatorial term (he was ineligible for re-election), Harrison was briefly elected from Surry County across the James River, where he moved and which he represented for a term alongside his sonCarter Bassett Harrison, and fellow delegates also elected him as their Speaker.[26] Harrison then returned to Charles City County, and voters elected him as one of their representatives until his death (he died before taking his seat in the fall 1791 session).[27] :[28]
In his first year in the House of Burgesses in 1752, Harrison was appointed to the Committee of Propositions and Grievances and thereby participated in a confrontation with King George and hisParliament and their appointed Governor of Virginia,Robert Dinwiddie. There developed a dispute with the governor over his levy of apistole (a Spanish gold coin) upon all land patents, which presaged the core issue of the American Revolution two decades later—taxation without representation.[29] Harrison assisted in drafting a complaint to the governor and the Crown, which read that the payment of any such levy would be "deemed a betrayal of the rights and privileges of the people."[30] When theBritish Privy Council received the complaint, it replied: "that the lower house is a subordinate lawmaking body, and where the King's decisions are concerned, it counts for nothing."[29] On this occasion, a compromise was reached, allowing the governor's levy on parcels of less than 100 acres lying east of the mountains.[29]
Harrison again joined the fray with Britain after it adopted theTownshend Acts, formally asserting the Parliament's right to tax the colonies. He was appointed in 1768 to a special committee to draft a response for the colony. A resolution asserted the right of British subjects to be taxed only by their elected representatives.[31] The American colonies achieved their objective with a repeal of the Townshend Acts through the action ofLord North, who nevertheless continued the tax on tea.[32]
Clearly this man in 1770 was a signer of theVirginia Association, an association of Virginia lawmakers and merchants boycotting British imports until the British Parliament repealed its tea tax.[33] He also sponsored a bill declaring that Parliament's laws were illegal without the colonists' consent.[32] Harrison, at this time, also served as a justice in Charles City County. When the city ofWilliamsburg lacked the funds for the construction of a courthouse, he and fellow delegate James Littlepage organized a group of "Gentlemen Subscribers" who purchased an unused building and presented it to the city in 1771.[34] Early in 1772, Harrison and Thomas Jefferson were among a group of six Virginia house delegates assigned to prepare and deliver an address to the king which called for an end to the importation of enslaved people from Africa. Reportedly that the request was delivered and was unambiguous in its object to close the slave trade; the king rejected it.[35]
In 1773, colonists protested the British tax on tea by destroying a shipment during theBoston Tea Party. While all of the colonies were inspired by the news, some patriots, including Harrison, had misgivings and believed the Bostonians had a duty to reimburse theEast India Company for its losses at their hands. The British Parliament responded to the protest by enacting more punitive measures, which colonists called theIntolerable Acts.[36] Despite his qualms, Harrison was among 89 members of the Virginia Burgesses who signed a new association on May 24, 1774, condemning Parliament's action. The group also invited other colonies to convene a Continental Congress and called for a convention to select its Virginia delegates.[37] At theFirst Virginia Convention, Harrison was selected on August 5, 1774, as one of seven delegates to represent Virginia at the Congress, to be located inPhiladelphia.[38]
Harrison set out that month, leaving his home state for the first time. He was armed with a positive reputation built in the House of Burgesses, whichEdmund Randolph articulated to the Congress: "A favorite of the day was Benjamin Harrison. With strong sense and a temper not disposed to compromise with ministerial power, he scruples not to utter any untruth. During a long service in the House of Burgesses, his frankness, though sometimes tinctured with bitterness, has been the source of considerable attachment."[28]
Harrison arrived in Philadelphia on September 2, 1774, for theFirst Continental Congress. According to biographer Smith, he gravitated to the older and more conservative delegates in Philadelphia; he was more distant from the New Englanders and the more radical, particularlyJohn andSamuel Adams.[39] The genuine and mutual enmity between the Adams cousins and Harrison also stemmed from theirPuritan upbringing in aversion to human pleasures and Harrison's appreciation for bold storytelling, fine food, and wine.[40] John Adams described Harrison in his diary as "another SirJohn Falstaff," as "obscene," "profane," and "impious."[41] However, he also recalled Harrison's comment that he was so eager to participate in the Congress that "he would have come on foot."[42] Politically, Harrison aligned withJohn Hancock and Adams withRichard Henry Lee, whom Harrison had adamantly opposed in the House of Burgesses.[43] Investments and commercial interests of the centrists such asRobert Morris,Thomas Willing,Carter Braxton, and Harrison informed their conservatism.[44]
In October 1774, Harrison signed theContinental Association, an association with the other delegates dictating a boycott of exports and imports with Britain, effective immediately. This was modeled after the Virginia Association, which Harrison had earlier signed in his home state. The First Congress concluded that month with aPetition to the King, signed by all delegates, requesting the king's attention to the colonies' grievances and restoration of harmony with the crown. Upon his return home, Harrison received a letter fromThomas Jefferson advising of his order for 14 sash windows from London just before the passage of the boycott and apologizing for his inability to cancel the order.[45]
In March 1775, Harrison attended a convention at St. John's Parish inRichmond, Virginia, made famous byPatrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death!" speech. A defense resolution was passed by a vote of 65–60 for raising a military force. It represented Virginia's substantial step in transitioning from a colony to a commonwealth. Biographer Smith indicates Harrison was probably in the minority, though he was named to a committee to carry the resolution into effect. He was also re-elected as a delegate to the new session of the Continental Congress.[46]
When theSecond Continental Congress convened in May 1775, Harrison took up residence in north Philadelphia with two roommates—his brother-in-lawPeyton Randolph andGeorge Washington.[47] The two men left him to reside alone when Randolph suddenly died, and Washington assumed command of the Continental Army.[48] Harrison was kept busy with the issues of funding and supplying Washington's army and corresponded with him at length.[49]
In the spring of 1775, an effort was made in Congress to seek reconciliation with the King of Britain through theOlive Branch Petition, authored byJohn Dickinson. A heated debate ensued with Dickinson's remark that he disapproved of only one word in the petition: "Congress." Harrison angrily rose from his seat and replied, "There is but one word in the paper, Mr. President, of which I do approve, and that is the word 'Congress.'" The petition passed and was submitted to the Crown but remained unread by the king as he formally declared that the colonists were traitors.[50]
In November 1775, Harrison was appointed to a select committee to review the army's needs. He went toCambridge, Massachusetts with Washington,Benjamin Franklin, andThomas Lynch to assess the needs, as well as the morale, of the forces. After a 10-day inspection, the committee concluded that the pay for the troops should be improved and that the ranks should be increased to over 20,000 men.[51] Harrison then returned to Philadelphia to work closely with fellow delegates for the defense of his state as well as South Carolina, Georgia, and New York.[52]
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Harrison attended until the session's end in July 1776, frequently serving as chair of the Committee of the Whole.[54] As such, he presided over the final debates of theLee Resolution offered by Virginia delegateRichard Henry Lee. This was the Congress' first expression of its objective of freedom from the Crown. Harrison oversaw the final debates and amendments of the Declaration of Independence.[39] TheCommittee of Five presented Thomas Jefferson's draft of the Declaration on June 28, 1776, and the Congress resolved on July 1 that the Committee of the Whole should debate its content.[55] The Committee amended it on July 2 and 3, then adopted it in final form on Thursday, July 4. Harrison duly reported this to Congress and gave a final reading of the Declaration.[56] The Congress unanimously resolved to have the Declaration engrossed and signed by those present.[57]
Harrison was known for his audacious sense of humor. Even detractor John Adams conceded in his diary that "Harrison's contributions and many pleasantries steadied rough sessions."[58] Pennsylvania delegateBenjamin Rush in particular recalled the Congress' atmosphere during a signing of the Declaration on August 2, 1776. He described a scene of "pensive and awful silence". He said that Harrison singularly interrupted "the silence and gloom of the morning" as delegates filed forward to inscribe what they thought was their ensuing death warrant. Rush said that the rotund Harrison approached the diminutiveElbridge Gerry, who was about to sign the Declaration, and said, "I shall have a great advantage over you, Mr. Gerry, when we are all hung for what we are now doing. From the size and weight of my body I shall die in a few minutes and be with the Angels, but from the lightness of your body you will dance in the air an hour or two before you are dead."[59]
From December 1775 until March 1777, the Congress was on two occasions threatened by British forces and forced to remove itself—first toBaltimore and later toYork, Pennsylvania–circumstances that Harrison distinctly disliked. This has been attributed to some unspecified illness he was experiencing then. In 1777, Harrison became a member of the newly createdCommittee of Secret Correspondence for Congress. The committee's primary objective was to establish secure communication with American agents in Britain concerning the colonies' interests.[52] Harrison was also named as Chairman of theBoard of War, whose initial purpose was to review the movements of the army in the north and the exchange of prisoners.[60]
At that time, Harrison found himself at odds with Washington overMarquis de Lafayette's commission, which Harrison insisted was honorary only and without pay.[61] He also stirred controversy by endorsing the rights ofQuakers not to bear arms per their religion.[62] He unsuccessfully argued throughout the formation of theArticles of Confederation that Virginia should be given greater representation than other states based on its population and land mass.[63] His Congressional membership permanently ended in October 1777; biographer John Sanderson indicates that when Harrison retired from Congress, "his estates had been ravaged" and "his fortune had been impaired."[62]
Harrison returned to Virginia, where he quickly renewed his efforts in the Virginia legislature.[64] In May 1776, the House of Burgesses had ended and was replaced by theHouse of Delegates, according to Virginia's new constitution.[65] He was elected Speaker in 1777, defeating Thomas Jefferson by a vote of 51–23; he returned to the speakership on several occasions.[66] He concerned himself in the ensuing years with many issues, including Virginia's western land interests, the condition of Continental forces, and the defense of the commonwealth.[67]
In January 1781, a British force of 1,600 was positioned at the mouth of the James River, led by turncoatBenedict Arnold; Harrison was called upon to return immediately to Philadelphia to request military support for his state.[68] He knew that Berkeley was one of Arnold's primary targets, so he relocated his family before setting out.[69] In Philadelphia, his pleas for Virginia were heard, and he obtained increased gunpowder, supplies, and troops, but only on a delayed basis.[70] Meanwhile, Arnold advanced up the James, wreaking havoc on both sides of the river. The Harrison family avoided capture in Arnold's January raid on Berkeley, but Arnold, intent that no likeness of the family survive, removed and burned all the family portraits there. Most of Harrison's other possessions and a large portion of the house were destroyed. Other signers were similarly targeted with more horrific consequences.[71] Harrison took up the rehabilitation of his home, returned to his correspondence with Washington, and continued efforts to obtain armaments, troops, and clothing supplies for other southern states.[72]
The new nation secured its Revolutionary War victory in October 1781 atYorktown, Virginia–this provided only brief respite for Harrison, who began to serve a month later as the fifth Governor of Virginia.[73] He was also thefourth governor to assume the office in that year–wartime events in Virginia occasioned multiple successions.[74] Money was the primary problem he confronted, as the war had drained the coffers of the Virginia treasury, and creditors, both domestic and foreign, plagued the government.[75] Hence, there was no capacity for military action outside of the immediate area, so Harrison steadfastly opposed offensive action against combative Indians in the Kentucky and Illinois country.[76] He instead pursued a policy of treating with theCherokee,Chickasaw, andCreek Indian tribes, which allowed peace to last for the remainder of his term. The situation resulted in some contentious exchanges with GeneralGeorge Rogers Clark who urged aggressive operations in the west.[77]
Harrison received a recently-revealed letter from Thomas Jefferson, dated December 31, 1783, in which Jefferson relates the wave of enthusiasm of Europeans for taking up arms against autocratic leaders. Jefferson was sharing the affirmation of his own promotion of the right to bear arms that brought about the American Revolution. The letter also conveys Jefferson’s anxiety over the final ratification of theTreaty of Paris formally ending the revolutionary war. Signed initially by the parties in September, the still-outstanding consent of two colonies was required in London (then a two-month journey) by the following March. The deadline was ultimately but barely met, with the required signatures in mid-January.[78]
As Harrison's term was ending, Washington accepted an invitation to visit with the Harrisons in Richmond, saying, "And I shall feel an additional pleasure, in offering this tribute of friendship and respect to you, by having the company of Marsqs. de la Fayette". The general visited in November 1784, though Lafayette could not accompany him. Harrison's service as governor was lauded, despite his inability to solve the financial problems that plagued his administration.[79]
In 1786, Harrison and other legislature members were deeply divided over the issue of state aid to religion. He joined with his brother (and fellow delegate) Carter Henry Harrison in supporting a measure offered by Patrick Henry to provide funds for teachers of the Christian religion. The proposal failed, and the assembly enacted Thomas Jefferson's famousVirginia Statute for Religious Freedom, establishing a separation of church and state.[80]
Harrison participated as a member of theVirginia Ratifying Convention for the United States Constitution in 1788, representing Charles City County.[81] However, along with Patrick Henry,George Mason, and others, he was skeptical of a large central government and opposed the Constitution because of the absence of a bill of rights.[82] He was in the minority when the constitution won ratification with a margin of 5 out of 170 votes cast. He overcame his ill health sufficiently to address those who opposed the result, imploring them to seek redress through the legitimate channels of amendments to the Constitution. Though Washington had promoted the Constitution, he praised Harrison, saying, "Your individual endeavors to prevent inflammatory measures from being adopted redound greatly to your credit."[83]
Despite his chronic gout and weakened financial condition, Harrison continued his work in the House, and was a candidate for bothVirginia's 10th congressional district andVirginia governor in 1788.[84][85] Harrison wrote George Washington in early 1789, seeking appointment as naval officer of the Norfolk district, but Washington politely declined his request.[86] Harrison sought and won re-election to the legislature in 1790, and that year again declined to run for a second gubernatorial term, although his name was placed in contention against Beverly Randolph; even his son Carter Basset Harrison (upon his father's instructions) voted against him.[87][88]
Harrison died on April 24, 1791, at his home days after celebrating his unanimous re-election to the legislature. His specific cause of death is not stated.[87] He was buried at his home, and his wife, Elizabeth Bassett, who died a year later, was buried at his side. His youngest son,William Henry, aged 18, had just begun medical studies in Philadelphia. Still, adequate funds were lacking, so he soon abandoned medicine for military service and his own path of leadership.[89]
His alma mater, theCollege of William & Mary named a residence hall for Harrison.[90] A major bridge spanning the James River nearHopewell is theBenjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge.[91]
TheMemorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence in Washington, D.C. also includes Harrison.
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