| Bengali literature বাংলা সাহিত্য | |
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   (clockwise from top to bottom :) The oldest bengali script 'Thecharyapada' (top),Kazi Nazrul Islam (Bottom right),Rabindranath Tagore (Bottom left). | |
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Bengali literature (Bengali:বাংলা সাহিত্য,romanized: Bangla Shahittô) denotes the body of writings in theBengali language and which covers Old Bengali, Middle Bengali and Modern Bengali with the changes through the passage of time and dynastic patronization or non-patronization.[1] Bengali has developed over the course of roughly 1,400 years. If the emergence of the Bengali literature supposes to date back to roughly 650 AD, the development of Bengali literature claims to be 1600 years old. The earliest extant work in Bengali literature is theCharyapada, a collection ofBuddhist mystic songs inOld Bengali dating back to the 8th century. The timeline of Bengali literature is divided into three periods: ancient (650–1200), medieval (1200–1800) and modern (after 1800). Medieval Bengali literature consists of various poetic genres, including Hindu religious scriptures (e.g.Mangalkavya), Islamic epics (e.g. works ofSyed Sultan andAbdul Hakim),Vaishnava texts (e.g. biographies ofChaitanya Mahaprabhu), translations ofArabic,Persian andSanskrit texts, and secular texts by Muslim poets (e.g. works ofAlaol). Novels were introduced in the mid-19th century.Nobel laureateRabindranath Tagore is the best known figure of Bengali literature to the world.Kazi Nazrul Islam, notable for his activism and anti-British literature, was described as the Rebel Poet and is now recognised as theNational poet ofBangladesh.
The first works inBengali appeared between 8th and 12th centuries C.E.[2] It is generally known as theCharyapada and are 47 mystic hymns composed by variousBuddhist monks, namely;Luipada,Kanhapada,Kukkuripada, Chatilpada, Bhusukupada, Kamlipada, Dhendhanpada, Shantipada and Shabarapada amongst others. The manuscript was discovered on a palm leaf in theNepal Royal Court Library in 1907 by theBengali linguistHaraprasad Shastri. Due to the language of these manuscripts only being partially understood, they were classified by Shastri with the nameShôndha Bhasha (সন্ধ্যা ভাষা), meaningdusk language.
This period is considered to be the time in which many common proverbs and rhymes first emerged. TheBengali alphabet became a lot like what it currently is.Ramai Pandit and Halayudh Misra were notable writers of this period.[3]
Nath Literature is a distinctive branch of medieval Bengali literature, rooted in the teachings and spiritual practices of the Nath yogis. Originating from the 10th century, it combines elements of Buddhist, Shaiva, and folk traditions, and centers on themes like yoga, devotion to the guru, and mystical discipline. Notable works include ‘Goraksha Bijoy’ and songs about Maynamati and Gopichandra, which blend supernatural stories with lessons on renunciation, self-control, and spiritual achievement. Passed down through both oral and written traditions, Nath Literature has played a key role in shaping Bengal’s religious culture, rural society, and folk heritage, and remains influential in Bengali folk songs even today.[4]
Muslim writers were exploring different themes through narratives and epics such as religion, culture, cosmology, love and history; often taking inspiration from or translating Arabic and Persian literary works such as theThousand and One Nights and theShahnameh.[5] The literary romantic tradition saw poems byShah Muhammad Sagir onYusuf and Zulaikha, as well as works ofZainuddin and Sabirid Khan. TheDobhashi culture introducedArabic and Persian vocabulary into Bengali texts to illustrate Muslim stories.Epic poetry includedNabibangsha bySyed Sultan andRasul Bijoy by Shah Barid.[6]
Chandidas was the celebrated Hindu lyrical poet of this period, famed for translatingJayadeva's work from Sanskrit to Bengali and for producing thousands of poems dedicated to the love betweenRadha and Krishna such as theShreekrishna Kirtana. Majority of Hindu writers in this period drew inspiration from a popularMaithili language Vaishnavite poet known asVidyapati.Maladhar Basu'sSri Krishna Vijaya, which is chiefly a translation of the 10th and 11th cantos of theBhagavata Purana, is the earliest Bengali narrative poem that can be assigned to a definite date.[7] Composed between 1473 and 1480 C.E., it is also the oldest Bengali narrative poem of theKrishna legend.[8][7] TheRamayana, under the title ofSri Rama Panchali, was translated byKrittibas Ojha.[9]
Bengali literature flourished inArakan followingits reconquest. It was home to prominent writers patronised in the Arakan royal court such asAlaol, who wrotePadmavati, as well asDaulat Qazi,Dawlat Wazir Bahram Khan, Quraishi Magan Thakur who wrote Chandravati and Maradan who wrote Nasirnama. Qazi was the first poet under the court patronage. He started writing Satimayna O Lorchandrani, considered to be the first Bengali romance. Teamwork was common in the court, and Alaol finished off Qazi's romance as the latter had died before managing to complete it.[15]Heyat Mahmud, a judge by profession, is considered to be the last poet of Middle Bengali literature.[16]
The modern period of Bengali literature can roughly be categorized into six phases.[17]
The first Bangla books to be printed were those written by Christian missionaries.Dom Antonio'sBrahmin-Roman-Catholic Sambad, for example, was the first Bangla book to be printed towards the end of the 17th century. Bangla writing was further developed as Bengali scholars wrote textbooks forFort William College. Although these works had little literary values, prose-writing was greatly developed with the practice of these didactic works.Raja Rammohan Roy contributed to Bengali collection of religious and educational books. As more journals and newspapers were published by missionaries andBrahmo Shamaj, the culture of writing to communicate novel ideals made rapid growth.
Michael Madhusudan Datta's first epicTilottama Sambhab Kabya published in 1860 was the first Bengali poem written inblank verse.Bankim Chandra Chatterjee was considered one of the leading Bengali novelists and essayists of the 19th century. He also wroteVande Mataram, the national song of India, which appears in his novelAnandamath (1882).[19] In the 1880s, Chatterjee critically analysed Hindu scriptures such as theBhagavad Gita as well as the problems ofKrishnaism from a historical perspective in hisDharmatattva andKrishna Charitra.[19]
Romesh Chunder Dutt andMir Mosharraf Hossain are notable for their works of fiction.Girish Chandra Ghosh andDwijendralal Ray were prominent playwrights of the time, whereasAkshay Kumar Boral andRamendra Sundar Tribedi are famous for their influential essays.Rassundari Devi authored the first full-fledgedautobiography in modern Bengali literature in 1876.[20]
The pre-Tagore era also saw an undercurrent of popular literature which was focused on daily life in contemporary Bengal. The prose style, as well as the humour in these works, were often crass, blunt and accessible. A masterpiece in this regard was "Hutom Pechar Naksha" (The Sketch of the Owl) written byKaliprasanna Singha, and satirically depicts "Babu" culture in 19th century Kolkata. Other notable works in this regard are "Alaler Ghorer Dulal" (The Spoilt Brat) byPeary Chand Mitra, "Ramtanu Lahiri o tatkalin Banga shamaj" (Ramtanu Lahiri & contemporary Bengali society) byShibnath Shastri and "Naba Babu Bilas" & "Naba Bibi Bilas" by Bhabanicharan Bandopadhyay. These books arguably portrayed contemporary Bengali dialect and popular society effectively, and also incorporated now-extinct music genres such as Khisti, Kheur and Kabiyal gaan by stalwarts like Rupchand Pakhi and Bhola Moyra. Books like these have become rarer since the emergence of Tagore culture, and the burgeoning preference for literary elegance and refinement in Bengali society.[21]
![Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's first novel Durgeshnandini was considered a benchmark in the history of Bengali literature.[19]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aBankim_Chattapadhyay.jpg)
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Bankim Chandra Chatterjee'sVande Mataram played a vital role in theIndian independence movement and he is widely respected in India. His novels are popular to a lesser extent in Bangladesh.[citation needed]Bankim Memorial Award is the highest literary award which is given by theGovernment of West Bengal, India.
Rabindranath Tagore andKazi Nazrul Islam are the most well-known prolific writers of Bengal in the 20th century. Tagore is celebrated as the writer of both India's national anthem,Jana Gana Mana and Bangladesh'sAmar Shonar Bangla as well as being a source of inspiration for theSri Lanka Matha. Tagore’s short stories are celebrated for their profound exploration of human emotions and social issues. Through characters like Phatik in "The Homecoming" and the themes of class in "The Babus of Nayanjore," Tagore masterfully depicts the complexities of Indian society and the human experience.[22] Similarly Nazrul is celebrated as thenational poet of Bangladesh.[23][24][25]
Sarat Chandra Chatterjee wrote novels, novellas, and stories. He also wrote essays, which were anthologized inNarir Mulya (1923) andSvadesh O Sahitya (1932).Shrikanta, Charitrahin, Devdas, Grihadaha, Dena-Paona andPather Dabi are among his most popular works.
Bengali literature is also famous for short stories. Some famous short story writers areRabindranath Tagore,Manik Bandopadhyay,Tarashankar Bandopadhyay,Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay,Rajshekhar Basu (Parasuram),Syed Mujtaba Ali,Premendra Mitra,[26] Bengal is also known for its detective stories and novels written bySatyajit Ray,Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay and others.
Rajshekhar Basu (1880–1960) was the best-known writer of satiric short story in Bengali literature.[27] He mocked the charlatanism and vileness of various classes of the Bengali society in his stories written under the pseudonym "Parashuram".[27] His major works include:Gaddalika (1924),Kajjwali (1927),Hanumaner Swapna (1937),Gamanush Jatir Katha (1945),Dhusturimaya Ityadi Galpa (1952),Krishnakali Ittadi Galpa (1953),Niltara Ittadi Galpa (1956),Anandibai Ittadi Galpa (1958) andChamatkumari Ittadi Galpa (1959). He received theRabindra Puraskar, the highest literary award ofPaschimbanga in 1955 forKrishnakali Ityadi Galpa.[28] Rajsheskhar was also a noted lexicographer, translator and essayist. HisChalantika (1937) is one of the most popular concise Bengali dictionaries, while his Bengali-language translations ofMeghaduta (1943), theRamayana (1946), theMahabharata (1949) and theBhagavat Gita (1961) are also acclaimed.[27] His major essays are included inLaghuguru (1939) andBichinta (1955).[27] Other three well-known authors of that time wereBibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay,Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay andManik Bandyopadhyay; popularly known asBandyopadhyay Troyee (Trio ofBandyopadhyays).[29]Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay, who wrote under the pen name ofBanaphul, was another noted author of that period. He is most noted for his shortvignettes, often just half-page long, but his body of work spanned sixty-five years and included "thousands of poems, 586 short stories (a handful of which have been translated to English),[30] 60 novels, 5 dramas, a number of one-act plays, an autobiography calledPaschatpat (Background), and numerous essays."[31][32]Saradindu Bandyopadhyay, who was also a renownedhistorical fiction writer, created the detectiveByomkesh Bakshi. Other noted authors of this period includedSamaresh Basu,Premendra Mitra,Shibram Chakraborty,Narayan Gangopadhyay,Subodh Ghosh, andNarendranath Mitra.
Prakalpana Movement, branded by Steve LeBlanc, the noted US critic, as 'a tiny literary revolution', 'nurtured' by Kolkata, has been fostering its new genres of Prakalpana fiction, Sarbangin poetry and Chetanavyasism for over four decades, spearheaded by Vattacharja Chandan, beginning in 1969. It is probably the only bilingual (Bengali -English)literary movement in India mothered by Bengali literature, that has spread its wings worldwide through the participation of well known internationalavant-garde writers andmail artists such asRichard Kostelanetz,John M. Bennett,Sheila Murphy,Don Webb, with notable Bengali poets, writers and artists like Vattacharja Chandan.[33]
Humayun Ahmed, created his own style of simplistic writing that became immensely popular. His characters like Himu, Misir Ali, Baker Bhai etc. continue to be household names loved by all. His teacher, Natyaguru Nurul Momen, regarded as the Shakespeare of Bangladesh was the pioneer in simultaneously three fields of literature:- Playwrighting, Belle Lettres & Satire. Other prominent writers includeMuhammed Zafar Iqbal,Humayun Azad,Ahmed Sofa,Selina Hossain,Taslima Nasreen,[34][35] and many others.[18]
West Bengal Bengali literature was influenced by a flock of modernist thinkers who steered Bangla literature.Sunil Gangopadhyay, a poet, novelist, and children's story writer, was one of the most prolific writers of his time.Satyajit Ray created his own detectiveFeluda, who is accompanied by Tapesh Ranjan Mitra, regarded by his nickname 'Topshe' by Feluda andLalmohan Ganguly. Ray also created the charactersProfessor Shonku andTarini Khuro, a revolutionary scientist and an adventurer and storyteller respectively. Additionally, others who left marks includeNarayan Sanyal,Buddhadeb Guha,Mahashweta Devi,Nirendranath Chakraborty,Samaresh Majumdar,Samaresh Basu,Suchitra Bhattacharya, Purusottom Kumar Debnath,Nabaneeta Dev Sen,Syed Mustafa Siraj, Baren Gangopadhyay,Amiya Bhushan Mazumdar,Debesh Roy,Atin Bandyopadhyay,Shankha Ghosh,Shakti Chattopadhyay,Moti Nandi,Kamal Kumar Majumdar,Shankar,Malay Roy Choudhury, Haripada Mondal, andBani Basu.
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