According toMinnesota Geographic Names, its name derives from theOjibweBuh-mid-ji-ga-maug (Double-Vowel orthography:bemijigamaag),[9] meaning "a lake with crossing waters".[10][11] This name stems from the way that theMississippi River flows directly through the Lake.Shay-now-ish-kung, an Ojibwe leader, moved to the area in 1882 and became the first permanent settler of Bemidji.[12] He informed early white settlers of the name of the lake, but they misunderstood him to mean thatbemidji was his own name.[11] Consequently, he was known to them asChief Bemidji.
On occasion, in Ojibwe, Bemidji is calledWabigamaang ("at the lake channel/narrows"), because part of the city is situated on the Lakes Bemidji/Irving narrows, on the south end of Lake Bemidji, and extends to the eastern shore of Lake Irving.[citation needed]
Bemidji Township was surveyed by European Americans in 1874. It was organized in 1896, 24 days after the village of Bemidji was chartered, and is the oldest township in the county. In 1897, the county attorney declared the original Bemidji township organization illegal (no reason given) and the township reorganized on June 26, 1897.[13]
About 50 Leech Lake Indians lived along the south shore of the lake prior to the 1880s. They called the lakeBemidjigumaug, meaning "river or route flowing crosswise". Freeman and Besty Doud claimed 160 acres west of and including present-day Diamond Point; they were Bemidji's first homesteaders. The Porter Nye family soon followed them.
John Steidl's sawmill was on the east bank of the Mississippi River, close to Carson's Trading Post. Remore Hotel and Carl Carlson's blacksmith shop were on the west side of the river. Bemidji was incorporated on May 20, 1896, and by that time there were three publishing companies, Alber Kaiser, The Bemidji Pioneer, and the Beltrami County News. William Bartleson's Stage and Express Service was created to carry mail between Bemidji and Park Rapids. He was advertised by Speelman's Eagle, owned by Clarence Speelman, along with other stores. By 1898, railroads came to Bemidji and brought even more business. By 1900 the Village of Bemidji's population had grown to 2,000.
Thomas Barlow Walker and John S. and Charles Pillsbury invested millions into timber in 1874, since beaver pelts were nearing depletion by the mid-1890s. Walker owned Red River Lumber Company of Crookston, which claimed almost half of Beltrami County's timber. He soon sold his sawmill and timber claim to Thomas Shevlin and Frank Hixon. Logging was done in the winter and sawmilling in the summer. Crookston opened 13 logging camps, which provided jobs and homes for lumberjacks. Between 1907 and 1910 drought and forest fires came to northern Minnesota. Lumber production was Bemidji's major industry, but on July 19, 1914, a sawmill burned down, causing disaster for business. It was later rebuilt. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Bemidji's business profited, providing food, materials, and services for theCivilian Conservation Corps and Youth Conservation Corps programs. During the war years lumber business stopped, but when men came back from war lumber business boomed, since many people needed homes.
By the 1870s, timber cruisers were already making forays into the great pine forests that surrounded Bemidji. They were seeking new timberlands for Walker, the Pillsburys, Henry Akeley, Charles Ruggles and Frederick Weyerhaeuser, the barons of the wood industry.
Art Lee created the story that the folkloric figurePaul Bunyan came from the Northwoods. Tales aboutPaul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox led to public sculptures of them in the 1930s.[citation needed] According to Discover America, the Paul and Babe statues are "the second most photographed statues in America," surpassed only byMount Rushmore.[14] The Rotarians of Bemidji commissioned the statue of Paul Bunyan during theGreat Depression as a tourist attraction. It was unveiled on January 15, 1937, to kick off a Winter Carnival that drew more than 10,000 visitors.
Today Bemidji is an important educational, governmental, trade and medical center for north central Minnesota. The wood industry is still a significant part of the local economy, with Georgia-Pacific, Potlatch, and Northwood Panelboard all having waferboard plants in the local area. They use wood species that were once classified as waste trees.[15]
The Paul Bunyan State Trail runs fromBrainerd, Minnesota, and Lake Bemidji State Park. It is used for walking, biking, snowmobiling, and cross-country skiing.[16] There is also a bike trail around Lake Bemidji about 17 miles long. Each year an event is held where families and individuals can bike around the lake, with rest stops along the way.[17]
Art in the Park, hosted by Paul Bunyan Communications and Watermark Art Center, is held every year at Bemidji Library Park, across from the Watermark Art Center. Art in the Park has been a summer highlight for Bemidji residents since 1967. The event features more than 100 artists, food vendors, and live entertainment. A variety of items are sold, made in such materials as wood and ceramics, along with clothing and jewelry, photography, metalworking, greeting cards, homemade preserves, food, candles, and soaps. Roughly 4,000 people attend annually.[18] The festival has been renamed the Watermark Art Festival and was held at Library Park on July 16–17, 2022.
Every year, in the first week of August, teams compete in the Dragon Boat races. There are also many food vendors, kids' activities, and musical and cultural performances. In the early 21st century, dragon boat racing was the fastest growing water sport in the nation.[19]
The Bemidji Polar Days, also known as Winterfest, is a weeklong festival that includes many different activities, such as a polar plunge, and sled derby, broomball, a 5k polar walk/run,curling, pond hockey, and a cornhole tournament.[20]
The Paul Bunyan Triathlon takes place the third Saturday in August. The Minnesota Finlandia Ski Marathon is also held in Bemidji.[21]
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 22.335 square miles (57.85 km2), of which 17.440 square miles (45.17 km2) is land and 4.895 square miles (12.68 km2) (21.90%) is water.[1]
The largest earthquake on record for the Bemidji area was recorded on September 3, 1917. It is claimed that it shook houses in Bemidji and across northern Minnesota.[22] The epicenter was about 95 miles (153 km) away inStaples, Minnesota, and it affected an area of 48,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi); it had amagnitude 4.4 with a maximum intensity of VI to VII. The closest and most recent quake occurred inWalker, Minnesota, on September 27, 1982, with a magnitude of 2.0.[23]
Bemidji has ahemiborealhumid continental climate, Dfb in theKöppen climate classification: short, warm summers, and long, severe winters. The average mean annual temperature in Bemidji is 38.6 °F (3.7 °C). The coldest month is January with an average daily high of 16 °F (−9 °C) and an average daily low of −5 °F (−21 °C). The warmest month is July with an average daily high of 77 °F (25 °C) and an average daily low of 57 °F (14 °C). The average annual humidity is 47%. The average annual snowfall is 46.7 inches (118.6 cm) and the average annual rainfall is 26.6 inches (676 mm). The average day Lake Bemidji freezes over is November 26 and the average day the ice goes off the lake is April 26.[citation needed]
Annual snowfall in the Bemidji Area increased 5% in the 21st century vs. the 1930–1999 period, according to the National Weather Service.[24]
Climate data for Bemidji, Minnesota 1981–2010 Normals, snowfall 1987–2018
As of the2020 census, there were 14,574 people and 6,014 households, and 2,669 families residing in the city.[29] Thepopulation density was 999.6 inhabitants per square mile (385.9/km2). There were 6,571 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 73.6%White, 2.8%African American, 14.4%Native American, 0.9%Asian, 0.0%Pacific Islander, 0.8% from some other races and 7.4% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 4.0% of the population.[30] 20.1% of residents were under the age of 18, 6.8% were under 5 years of age, and 15.9% were 65 and older.
As of the2010 census, there were 13,431 people, 5,339 households, and 2,557 families residing in the city. Thepopulation density was 1,039.6 inhabitants per square mile (401.4/km2). There were 5,748 housing units at an average density of 444.9 per square mile (171.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 81.3%White, 1.2%African American, 11.3%Native American, 1.4%Asian, 0.1%Pacific Islander, 0.3% fromother races, and 4.4% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 1.9% of the population.
There were 5,339 households, of which 24.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.7% weremarried couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 52.1% were non-families. Of all households, 38.6% were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.83.
The median age in the city was 27.1 years. 19.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 26.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.6% were from 25 to 44; 17.5% were from 45 to 64; and 14.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.
TheConcordia Language Villages are near Bemidji. They have supported several language conversational groups (includingFrench,Chinese,Norwegian,Spanish,Italian, andGerman) that meet weekly in local coffeehouses. In 2018 Concordia'sKorean Language Village received a $5 million grant. The Korean village is the newest of the Villages.[50]
During the summer, the Paul Bunyan Playhouse operates a non-Equity,summer stock theater at the Chief Theater.[52] The Bemidji Community Theatre provides live theatre there when the Paul Bunyan Playhouse is not in operation.[53] Bemidji is also home to the Bemidji Symphony Orchestra (BSO), which was established in 1938 under the auspices of (what was then) Bemidji State College. In 2000, the BSO became an independent arts organization.[54]
The statues of Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox are popular tourist destinations, and people photograph themselves in front of them. The statues are next to the Bemidji Tourist Information Center, where tourists can learn about local activities, events, and attractions. The center also includes many artifacts of the lumberjack's legend and a giant visitors' book in which travelers can sign their names; the list of signatures goes back decades. An old fireplace there was built with 900 stones, the stones having been taken from every state in the United States, most of the Canadian provinces, and Minnesota national parks.[55]
The city is well-known to hockey fans. As a Division II team, Bemidji State was a hockey dynasty in the 1980s and '90s. Bemidji State was in the title game eight straight years, winning five titles. It became a Division I team in 1999, and has not won any Division I titles.[citation needed]
In 2013, runners signed up for the firstBemidji Blue Ox Marathon. The race, run in October, draws athletes and recreational runners from around the region. The events spawned a weekend of races that includes two kids races, a 5K, 10K, half-marathon and a 26K that circles Lake Bemidji.[57]
Bemidji is home toBemidji State University,Northwest Technical College, andOak Hills Christian College. Public education, served byBemidji Area Schools, is a part of Independent School District 31, and includes eight elementary schools, a middle school, and a high school. Also in the district are TrekNorth Charter Jr. and Sr. High School, Voyagers Charter High School, Schoolcraft Charter School, and Bemidji is home to four private schools: St. Philip's Catholic School, St. Mark's Lutheran School, Kingdom Builders and Heartland Christian Academy.
Bemidji is a regional hub for shopping, arts, entertainment, education, health services, worship, government services and more. The Bemidji area includes parts or all ofBeltrami (pop. 46,380),Hubbard (pop. 21,715),Cass (pop. 30,639),Itasca (pop. 45,070),Koochiching (pop. 11,941),Lake of the Woods (pop. 3,823),Marshall (pop. 8,988),Pennington (pop. 13,780),Red Lake (pop. 3,933),Clearwater (pop. 8,576), andMahnomen (pop. 5,414) counties, theWhite Earth (pop. 9,726) andLeech Lake (pop. 11,388) Reservations and theSovereign Nation of Red Lake (pop. 5,506). Lexington Realty International places the Bemidji Area population at 200,259 in the 2021 Estimate.[58]
The Bemidji Pioneer is the local newspaper, published twice weekly on Wednesday and Saturday.[59] Now owned byForum Communications Company, it was founded as a weekly in 1896.[60]
inBemidji, a quarterly lifestyle magazine focused on the Bemidji area. First published in December 2013 (asinMagazine) byThe Bemidji Pioneer.[61]
Northwoods Woman, a bimonthly magazine published from 2008 to 2013, launched in Bemidji, Walker and Park Rapids, included articles about women who live and work in northern Minnesota.[62]
^John Hinderaker (January 27, 2019)."The Al Gore Effect Comes to Minnesota".Center of the American Experiment. Archived fromthe original on January 28, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 28, 2019.The nearest weather station to Bemidji is Cass Lake, just a few miles away. The National Weather Service records show that from 1930 through 1999, the average annual snowfall at Cass Lake was 50.2 inches. From 2000 through 2018, it was 52.5 inches–more snow, not less. And the 2008–09 total of 73.7 inches was the most since 1955–56.