| Beloniformes | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Exocoetus volitans | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Clade: | Ovalentaria |
| Order: | Beloniformes L. S. Berg, 1937 |
| Type species | |
| Belone belone Linnaeus 1761[1] | |
| Families | |
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| Synonyms | |
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Beloniformes/ˈbɛlənɪmɪfɔːrmiːz/ is anorder composed of sixfamilies (and about 264 species) of freshwater and marineray-finned fish:
With the exception of the Adrianichthyidae, these are streamlined, medium-sized fishes that live close to the surface of the water, feeding on algae, plankton, or smaller animals including other fishes. Most are marine, though a few needlefish and halfbeaks inhabit brackish and fresh waters.[3]
The order is sometimes divided up into two suborders, theAdrianichthyoidei and the Belonoidei, although this clade is referred to asExocoetoidei in the 5th edition ofFishes of the World.[4] The Adrianichthyoidei contain only a single family, the Adrianichthyidae. Originally, the Adrianichthyidae were included in theCyprinodontiformes and assumed to be closely related to thekillifish, but a closer relationship to the beloniforms is indicated by various characteristics including the absence of theinterhyal, resulting in the upper jaw being fixed or not protrusible. The Belonoidei may also be further subdivided into two superfamilies, theScomberesocoidea and theExocoetoidea. The Scomberesocoidea contain the Belonidae and Scomberesocidae, while the Exocoetoidea comprise the Exocoetidae, Hemiramphidae and Zenarchopteridae.[5][4] However, newer evidence shows the flyingfishes are nested within the halfbeaks, and the needlefish and sauries are nested within the subfamily Zenarchopterinae of the family Hemiramphidae, which has been recognized as its own family. The sauries are also nested within the family Belonidae.[6]
The beloniforms display an interesting array of jaw morphologies. Thebasal condition in the order excluding the ricefishes is an elongated lower jaw in juveniles and adults as represented in halfbeaks. In the needlefish and sauries, both jaws are elongated in the adults; the juveniles of most species develop through a "halfbeak stage" before having both jaws elongated. The elongated lower jaw is lost in adults and is lost in most juveniles in the flyingfishes and some halfbeak genera.[6]
They are known for many commercial uses, and have about 260 different species. Beloniformes lack a complete sequence of mitogenomes. This leads to many variations in mtDNA, about 35 different ones. To understand evolution for Beloniformes and to identify the larvae, scientists will use Beloniformes to help them study this.[7]
The oldest known fossil remains of the Beloniformes are from theEarly Eocene-agedMonte Bolca site of Italy. These include the early halfbeak"Hemirhamphus"edwardsi and the early flyingfishesRhamphexocoetus and"Engraulis"evolans.[8] The extinct familyForficidae (containing the generaRhomurus,Forfex andZelotichthys) is known from theLate Miocene-agedLos Angeles Basin deposits insouthern California.[9] Forficidae is one of a few Pacific fish families that was extant during theNeogene but extinct today.[10]
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