There are 13church bells in the cathedral ofNotre-Dame de Paris; 10 main bells are mounted in the two mainbell towers and 3 smaller bells in the sanctuary. Notre-Dame used to have other bells in thespire, but these were destroyed in afire in 2019.

For most of the cathedral's history, the bells have been primarily used as astriking clock, to call to prayer for theAngelus, and to announce and participate inDivine Offices and special services. They have also sometimes been used as atocsin or to commemorate historic events. As such they have become a familiar part of life in Paris, where they are known as "the cathedral's voice."

The largest, oldest, and most well-known of Notre-Dame's bells is thebourdonEmmanuel, which was cast in 1686. Emmanuel is considered bycampanologists as one of Europe's finest bells and was designated a national historic landmark in 1944 when it rang during theliberation of Paris.

The earliest named bells of Notre-Dame, mentioned in 13th and 14th century records, includeMarie (the bourdon),Gilbert,Guillaume,Pasquier,Chambellan,Louis,Nicholas, andLuc, all initially housed in the north tower. Historian Dany Sandron speculated that Gilbert may have been given by bishop Gilbert, the bishop of Paris from 1116 to 1123. If so, the earliest bells may have predated the cathedral itself. BishopEudes de Sully made the first record of bell ringing at Notre-Dame in 1198 during the construction of the cathedral. The earliest verified bell is Guillaume, donated by bishopGuillaume d'Auvergne in 1230, five years before the completion of the north tower.^[1][2] A total of eight bells were mounted there by 1311.^[3]

Thespire, completed in about 1250, originally held a seven-bellcarillon, which includedla Pugnaise, a bell used to signal the bell ringer in the main towers, and the chapter bellla Clopette, used to announce gatherings of the cathedralchapter.^[4] During the Middle Ages, the carillon accompanied Notre-Dame's main bells, as did the bells of several surrounding buildings, such as thecloister [fr] andSaint-Denis-du-Pas [fr] to the east, theepiscopal palace to the south, and theHôtel-Dieu andSaint-Christophe [fr] to the west.^[5]

In 1400,Jean de Montaigu, an advisor to the king, donated a new larger bourdon which he namedJacqueline after his wife Jacqueline de la Grange. It was not initially hung in the church, possibly because of its great weight and the poor condition of the north belfry at the time. Between 1403 and 1407, a new belfry was built in the south tower, which had remained empty since its construction in 1250. Jacqueline was hung in the new belfry, and in 1414, some of the north tower bells were temporarily hung there as well while repairs were made to the north belfry.^[6] Between 1378 and 1480, the two bourdons Marie and Jacqueline were recast a combined 10 times. By 1430, Marie was the larger bell and was permanently moved to the south tower, mounted beside Jacqueline.^{[citation needed]}

In 1453, Thibault de Vitry, counselor of theParlement of Paris, donatedThibault and in 1472, Canon Jean Hue donatedGabriel, named afterthe archangel.^[7] The later replaced Gilbert as the largest bell in the north tower. Gilbert was melted down and the metal added to Marie when it was again recast later that year.Jean also first appeared in the 15th century.^{[citation needed]}

In 1551, the carillon was either recast or replaced.^[8] From this point, the names of four of the carillon bells were recorded asCatherine,Magdelaine,Barbe (named afterSaint Barbara),^[5] andAnne. With the addition of an unnamed fifth bell, La Pugnaise, and La Clopette, the spire held seven bells in 1612, but by 1763 this was reduced to six.^[9]

When Jacqueline broke in 1680, the chapter decided to recast the bell with about twice its original mass. It was also decided to rename the bellEmmanuel (first spelled "Emanuel")^[10] in honour of a chaplain by that name who financed the project. It was also felt that the new name held morereligious significance.Cordelier friar Jean Thibault recast the bell that year, but this bell was deemed unsuccessful and was never mounted in the church.^[11]

In 1681, four master-founders collaborated to recast the bell—Nicolas Chapelle, Jean Gillot, François Moreau, and Florentin le Guay. The work was carried out on the Terrain, an open space of land on the eastern end of the Île de la Cité, near whereSquare Jean-XXIII [fr] and theDeportation Memorial are located today. The bell was cast on 31 October and removed from its mould and rung for the first time on 20 November. It was brought into the cathedral through the north portal where thetrumeau had to be removed so the bell could fit through.^[12] The bell's baptism was held on 29 April 1682,^[13] officiated by archbishopFrançois de Harlay de Champvallon. The chapter invited the king and queen,Louis XIV andMaria Theresa, to serve as the bell's godparents. It was mounted in the south tower next to Marie on 14 July.^{[citation needed]}

Shortly later, the chapter later asked the founders to remake the bell, believing it to be improperly tuned. When the founders refused, the chapter sued them in 1684. An initial trial, held at theGrand Châtelet, found them not liable, but this was later overturned by the Parlement of Paris. This third version of the bell was namedEmmanuel-Louise-Thérèse to include the names of its godparents. This was in particular meant to memorialize Maria Theresa who had died in 1683. The queen's name was also added to the inscription. Emmanuel was completed in 1686 (evidently behind schedule, as the inscription reads "made in 1685"). This is the bell which has survived to the present day, and is renowned for both its history and musical quality.^[14][15] Emmanuel was the largest bell in France until 1891 when La Savoyarde was cast for theSacré-Cœur.^{[citation needed]}

External audio
Projet Cloche
Digital recreation of the sound of Notre-Dame's bells from 1769 to 1791,31 January 2012, retrieved 18 January 2021

Most of the north tower bells were recast in the 18th century.Claude is first mentioned in 1711, although it likely originated earlier. In 1766, three dedicated clock bells were installed in one of the north transept's turrets.^[16]François was added to the north tower in 1769.^{[citation needed]}

During theFrench Revolution, about 80% of church bells throughout the country were melted down,^[18] or almost 100,000 bells. Despite the widespreadiconoclasm of the era which affected many ofNotre-Dame's statues, the melting of bells was more a pragmatic decision based on the need for cheap raw materials at the time. TheNational Constituent Assembly had confiscated all church property in 1789 and began to melt down Parisian church bells in 1790. Between May 1791 and August 1792, Marie, Gabriel, Guillaume, Pasquier, Thibault, Jean, Claude, Nicholas, and Françoise were removed, broken apart, and melted down. The metal would be used for coins and cannons. The only bells to survive were the three clock bells and Emmanuel. The latter was rung for theFestival of Reason in 1793^[19] before being taken down and put into storage in 1794.^{[citation needed]}

It was also during the Revolution that the original spire was taken down along with its carillon, although this was not related to the events of the Revolution.^{[citation needed]}

The upper inscriptions were written in Latin; the lower inscriptions were written in French with someMiddle French spellings.

1681 inscription:

QVÆ PRIVS IACQVELINA IOANNIS DE MONTE ACVTO COMITIS DONVM POND. XV. M. NVNC EMANVEL VOCOR, A CAPITVLO PARISIEN. DVPLO AVCTA. REGNANTE LVDOVICO MAGNO. SEDENTE FRANCISCO HARLÆO PRIMO EX ARCHIEPISCOPIS PARISIENSIBVS DVCE AC PARI FRANCIÆ. A. DNI. M. DC. LXXXI.

NICOLAS CHAPELLE, IEAN GILLOT, FRANÇOIS MOREAV, ET FLORENTIN LE GVAY, TOVS MAISTRES FONDEVRS M'ONT FAIT L'AN M. DC. LXXXI.^[10]

Translation:

[I am] what was first Jacqueline,Jean de Montaigu the count's gift of 15,000 pounds,^[24] now Emanuel I am named by the Parisian chapter, enlarged by double, during the reign ofLouis the Great and the tenure ofFrançois de Harlay, first of the archbishops of Paris [to hold the title]duke and peer of France, AD 1681.

Nicolas Chapelle, Jean Gillot, François Moreau, and Florentin le Guay, all master-founders, have made me in the year 1681.

1686 inscription (extant):

QUÆ PRIUS IACQUELINA IOANNIS COMITIS DE MONTE ACUTO DONUM POND XV M NUNC DUPLO AUCTA EMMANUEL LUDOVICA THERESIA VOCOR A LUDOVICO MAGNO AC MARIA THERESIA EIUS CONIUGE NOMINATA ET A FRANCISCO DE HARLAY PRIMO EX ARCHIEPISCOPIS PARISIENSIBUS DUCE AC PARI FRANCIÆ BENEDICTA DIE XXIX APRILIS M DC LXXXII

FLORENTIN LE GVAY NATIF ET MAISTRE DE PARIS M'A FAICTE—N CHAPELLE J GILLOT F MOREAU M'ONT FAICT EN 1685^[25][12]

Translation:

[I am] what was first Jacqueline, Jean the count of Montaigu's gift of 15,000 pounds, now enlarged by double, Emmanuel-Louise-Thérèse I am named by Louis the Great andMaria Theresa his wife; and by François de Harlay, first of the archbishops of Paris [to hold the title] duke and peer of France, blessed on 29 April 1682.^[26]

Florentin le Guay, native and master [founder] of Paris, has made me.—N. Chapelle, J. Gillot, F. Moreau have made me in 1685.

AfterNapoleon Bonaparte returned the use of the cathedral to the Catholic church with theConcordat of 1801, Emmanuel was remounted in the south tower. In 1812, the three clock bells were moved from the north transept to the north tower.

In 1850 during the restoration of the cathedral,Jean-Baptiste Lassus andEugène Viollet-le-Duc temporarily removed the bells to replace the wooden belfries.^[18]

In 1856,Napoleon III donated four new bells to celebrate his sonLouis-Napoléon's baptism. The Guillaume and Besson foundry inAngers cast the bells, partially using metal from Russian bells (or cannons^[15]) captured during theCrimean War.Archbishop Sibour officiated the benediction ceremony, held in thePlace du Parvis Notre-Dame on 4 June. The bells' godparents included Sibour's cousin andauxiliaryLéon-François Sibour [fr], three members of thefabric counsel, and four women related to past archbishops of Paris. The namesAngelique-Francoise,Antoinette-Charlotte,Hyacinthe-Jeanne, andDenise David were derived from the names of the godfathers and archbishop relatives of the godmothers. The bells were hung in the north tower, replacing the 18th century clock bells, and were rung for the first time on 14 June, the day of the prince's baptism.^[27]

During the Crimean War, the French captured a Russianfog bell inSevastopol and returned it to Paris as a war trophy. The French called it theBell of Sevastopol and hung in the south tower next to Emmanuel in 1857. France returned the bell to the Russian Empire in 1913 when the two countries enjoyedcloser diplomatic relations. The Russians mounted the bell by the sea in the ancient ruins ofChersonesos where it has since been known as theBell of Chersonesos.

In 1864, three new clock bells were mounted in the upper level of the new spire. The smallest of these served as the chapter bell. In 1867, three more bells were installed directly over thecrossing just behind the vaulted ceiling in the forest. These were only audible inside the cathedral.

The mediocre quality of the four 1856 bells in the north tower was noted as early as 1866^[28] and after more than a century and a half of constant use, they only became worse. According to campanologistRégis Singer [fr], the bells were not made of high-quality metal, were not properly tuned with each other or to the bourdon, and showed premature signs of wear.^[15][29] In 2011, campanologist Hervé Gouriou described them as "one of the most dreadful sets of bells in France."^[18] In 2012 they were removed and replaced with speakers in preparation for replacements the following year. The bells were originally to be melted down, but due to public interest they were preserved and put on display behind the cathedral.

Location	No.[20]	Image	Name	Year cast	Mass	Diameter	Tone	Year removed
South tower	1		Emmanuel	1686	about 13,000 kg[22]	2.61 m	F♯2
	2		Bell of Chersonesos	1778	5,749 kg[30]		A♯2[31]	1913
North tower	3		Angelique-Francoise	1856	1,915 kg	1.46 m	C♯3	2012[32]
	4		Antoinette-Charlotte		1,335 kg	1.25 m	D♯3
	5		Hyacinthe-Jeanne		925 kg	1.11 m	F3
	6		Denise David		767 kg	1.05 m	F♯3
Spire	7		HF1	1864	450 kg	91.5 cm[33]	G3	2019
	8		HF2		250 kg	74.5 cm	B♭3[33]
	9		HF3 (chapter bell)		130 kg	63.5 cm	D4[33]
Crossing	10		HC1	1867	60 kg		A4
	11		HC2		25 kg		C5
	12		HC3		20 kg		D♭5

Angelique-Francoise:

illustrissime etrévérendissimeseigneur LEON FRANCOIS SIBOUR,evêque detripolis,auxiliaire de monseigneur l'archevêque de paris, et PAULINE MARIE NICOLETTE de TALLEYRAND, duchesse de PERIGORD.^[34] m'ont donné les noms de ANGELIQUE-FRANCOISE. illustrissime et révérendissime père en dieu, monseigneurMARIE DOMINIQUE AUGUSTE SIBOUR, archevêque de paris, m'a bénite, et je pèse 1915 kilogrammes

Antoinette-Charlotte:

CHARLES, comte de MONTALEMBERT membre du conseil de fabrique de cette eglisemetropolitaine et CHARLOTTE BERNARDINE AUGUSTE, marquist de JUIGNE née PERCIN de MONGAILLARD de la VALETTE.^[35] m'ont donné les noms de ANTOINETTE-CHARLOTTE. j'ai ete bénite par illustrissime et révérendissime père en dieu monseigneur M.D. AUGUSTE SIBOUR archevêque de paris, et je pèse 1335 kilogrammes

Hyacinthe-Jeanne

JEAN SAMUEL FERDINAND, comte de TASCHER [fr], membre du conseil de fabrique de cette eglise metropolitaine et HENRIETTE, vicomtesse de QUELEN née de GASTALD^[36] m'ont nommé HYACINTHE-JEANNE. j'ai ete bénite par illustrissime et révérendissime père en dieu M.D. AUGUSTE SIBOUR, archevêque de paris, et je pèse 925 kilog

Denise David:

AMEDEE DAVID, marquis de PASTORET, membre du conseil de fabrique de cette eglise métropolitaine, et MARIE CAROLINE AFFRE, née JAVON,^[37] m'ont donné les noms de DENISE DAVID. illustrissime et révérendissime père en dieu monseigneur M.D. AUGUSTE SIBOUR, archevêque de paris, ma bénite, et je pèse 767 kilog

In 2011, therector-archpriest of Notre-DamePatrick Jacquin [fr] initiated a project to restore the cathedral's bells as they were before the Revolution.^[18] About two million Euros were raised for the project in private donations. Régis Singer, a campanologist of France'sMinistry of Culture, researched the pre-Revolutionary bells to discover theirstrike tones and mounting locations in order to restore the sound as accurately as possible. The arrival of the new bells was timed to coincide with the celebration of the cathedral's 850th anniversary in 2013.^[29]

The bells were created in 2012 over the course of several months by two bell foundries using medieval techniques. Thepetit bourdon for the south tower was cast at theRoyal Eijsbouts bell foundry in the Netherlands, while the eight bells for the north tower were cast at the Cornille-Havard foundry inVilledieu-les-Poêles, Normandy. They were delivered to Notre-Dame on 31 January 2013 after a police escort down theChamps-Élysées.

The namesMarie,Gabriel,Anne Geneviève,Denis,Marcel,Benoît-Joseph,Maurice, andJean-Marie were chosen to honor various saints and church figures.Étienne memorializedSaint-Étienne de Paris, the 6th century basilica which preceded Notre-Dame.^[38]Archbishop Vingt-Trois officiated the benediction of the bells on 2 February in two masses. Certain prominent citizens, most of whom shared names with the bells, served as godparents. These includedMaria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg,Gabriel de Broglie,Denis Tillinac,Marcel Pérès, andJean-Marie Duthilleul. While not present for the ceremony,Pope Benedict XVI was the honorary godfather to Benoît-Joseph. The bell's compound name includes the pope'spapal and birth names. The ceremony was the largest such event recorded in the history of the diocese. The bells remained on display in the nave of Notre-Dame for the rest of the month, during which about one million visitors were able to touch the bells and view them up close. They were rung for the first time on 23 March, drawing a crowd which filled the parvis and nearby bridges.^[29] The bells are expected to last between 200 and 300 years.^[14]

The bells were of special concern during the15 April 2019 fire. As the flames spread along the roof of the nave from the spire towards the towers, a southerly wind was threatening to spread the fire into the north tower. Firefighters feared that if the wooden belfry caught fire, the falling bells might break through the lower floors like wrecking balls and destabilize the tower. It was expected that if the tower fell, the entire cathedral could come down with it. While the fire did spread to the north tower, a team of firefighters ascended up to the tower and extinguished the fire before it caused the bells to fall. In the end, the main bells were saved, but the six smaller bells over the crossing were destroyed. A short circuit of the spire bells' electric ringing mechanism has been cited as one of several possible causes of the fire.^[39]

After the fire, regular activities were suspended at the cathedral for an extensive restoration project. The eight north tower bells were removed for cleaning and for the belfry to be partially rebuilt. Gabriel and Marcel required repair work as a result of exposure to the heat. Emmanuel continued to be rung during the restoration, but only on special occasions. These included the funeral ofJacques Chirac on 29 September 2019, the first anniversary of the fire on 15 April 2020 (also to honor those a affected by theCOVID-19 pandemic according to rector-archpriestPatrick Chauvet [fr]^[40]), the death of Pope Benedict XVI on 31 December 2022, and for Easter and Christmas.^[41]

The bells were returned to the north tower in September 2024. On 7 November 2024, three new bells were baptized on the Parvis. The largest of these was theOlympic Bell which had been placed trackside at theStade de France during the2024 Summer Olympics andParalympics and was rung in celebration by victorious athletes. The other two bells were namedChiara andCarlos. All three bells were made by Cornille-Havard foundry and were installed inside the sanctuary.^[42]

The next day on 8 November, the north tower bells were rung again for the first time since the fire. This was seen as a symbolic ending to the five-year-long restoration project, which will be officially completed with a ceremony on 7 December.^[42]

Location	No.[20]	Image	Name	Year cast	Mass	Diameter	Tone	Audio
South tower	1		Emmanuel	1686	about 13,000 kg[22]	2.61 m	F♯2
	2		Marie	2012	6,023 kg	2.065 m	G♯2
North tower	3		Gabriel		4,162 kg	1.828 m	A♯2
	4		Anne-Geneviève		3,477 kg	1.725 m	B2
	5		Denis		2,502 kg	1.536 m	C♯3
	6		Marcel		1,925 kg	1.393 m	D♯3
	7		Étienne		1,494 kg	1.267 m	E♯3
	8		Benoît-Joseph		1,309 kg	1.207 m	F♯3
	9		Maurice		1,011 kg	1.097 m	G♯3
	10		Jean-Marie		782 kg	99.7 cm	A♯3
Sanctuary	11		Olympic Bell	2024	500 kg[41]		D♯[43]
	12		Chiara				F♯
	13		Carlos				G♯

Marie is inscribed with the following benediction message and theHail Mary prayer. It is also decorated with friezes of theAdoration of the Magi and theMarriage at Cana.

† l'an 2013 le 2 fevrier, sous le pontificat de sa saintete lepape benoit xvi, pai ete benit et nomme MARIE par son eminence le cardinal andre vingt-trois, archeveque de paris, assiste de monseigneur patrick jacquin, recteur-archipretre de la basilique metropolitain notre-dame de paris, a l'occasion du grand jubile du 850^e anniversaire de la cathedrale (1163–2013). je porte le nom du premier bourdon de notre-dame fondu en 1378, refondu la derniere fois en 1472 par thomas de claville et detruit en 1792.eijsboutsastensis me fecit anno mmxii

Inscriptions and decorations of the north tower bells were created by French artist Virginie Bassetti. Each bell is inscribed with its name, a line of the Angelus prayer, a symbolic number offillets, and an artistic theme.

The bells can be rung by swinging, usually called pealing or volleys (French:à la volée), or without swinging, usually called chiming (tinter) or strikes (coup). Volleys create a sound with perceived changes in volume and pitch, while chiming allows for more control and is used for the clock or for playing short melodies. Both methods are currently done by electric motors installed in the early 20th century. Prior to this, full-time bell ringers were employed.

In medieval times, an appointedchurchwarden would oversee two bell ringers, a clergyman for the spire bells (thepetit sonneur) and a layman for the main bells (thegrand sonneur). To swing the bells, many assistants were recruited, as many as 40 at a time on feast days. Emmanuel alone required eight men just to start the peal, and 16 to maintain it for any length of time. The bells were usually swung with the use of pedals attached to the headstocks. (These pedals are still partially visible today on Emmanuel's headstock; they were removed on one side for the installation of a windlass.) However, at certain times the chapter would forbid bell ringers from entering the belfries at night for fear of them causing a fire by using open-flame lights. In these cases, the bells would be rung from the lower levels of the towers with ropes.^[15][47]

Antoine Gilbert served asgrand sonneur during the Revolution and reluctantly aided in the removal of the bells. He nonetheless remained in the position through the restoration in 1802. His son Antoine-Pierre-Marie Gilbert succeeded him in 1820. The younger Gilbert wrote a detailed description of the cathedral^[48] and defended it from rioters during theJuly Revolution. He was succeeded in 1850 by Louis Herbet who helped save Notre-Dame from arsonists during theParis Commune. Herbet also maintained a bookbinding workshop in the north tower. He was succeeded asgrand sonneur by his son Auguste in 1892 and his grandson Émile in 1906, who was the last to hold the title.^[49]

Since the automation of ringing in the 1930s, the bells have been overseen by cathedral staff including general director Laurent Prades since 2000 and chief sacristan Stéphane Urbain since 2005. Urbain was the first to program the bells to play short melodies such as "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland" and "Regina caeli."^[50]

Notre-Dame used to ring the civil hours 24 hours a day, but starting in the 19th century this was reduced to only between 8am to 9pm to avoid disturbing nearby residents.

From medieval times, the hours were marked on the main bells, likely only by the number of hours struck at the top of the hour. This function was taken over in the 18th century by the clock bells on the north transept. The 19th-century clock bells in the spire marked the number of hours with a series of descending triplets and an ascending triplet for the final hour. The roof bells struck the first two bells for each quarter hour, then marked the number of hours on the third bell. The roof bells were largely decommissioned as a striking clock in the 1980s as they were perceived to be disruptive during services. They nevertheless were still used to announce the arrival of Christmas during the annualMidnight Mass.

Since 2005, the main bells have been programmed to play short melodies for the clock. The repertoire greatly increased in 2013 thanks to the greater number of bells. Quarter hours are marked with a musical motif adapted from two 14th-century tunes from theLlibre Vermell de Montserrat – "Laudemus Virginem" and "Splendens Ceptigera" – one, two, and three bars for the first, second, and third quarter hours. These are the same throughout the year. The full hours are marked with about 50 different melodies played throughout the year. At 9pm every day the same melody is played, the compline hymnTe lucis ante terminum. After the melody, Gabriel marks the number of hours.^[51]

The tradition of ringing for the recitation of theAngelus prayer three times a day began in 1472 whenLouis XI ordered the practice. The Angelus rings a few seconds after the clock at 8 am (9 am on weekends and holidays), 12 noon, and 7 pm. It is announced by a short series of chimes followed by about a four-minute volley. The particular pattern of ringing depends on the time of day and time of year, changing duringLent andEastertide.^[51]

The bells announce services with different patterns of volleys, calledsonneries. In the 18th century, Abbot Claude-Louis Marmotant de Savigny compiled a list ofsonneries based on traditions developed by that time. The list followed a general hierarchy of solemnity, from thegrand solennel (ringing order: 1, 2, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3) used for the most solemn occasions, toLes Benjamines (ringing order: 10, 9, 8) used for baptisms. A simplified version of this list was used from 1856 to 2012, and the full practice was revived from 2013 to 2019.

The bells are always rung in connection with aTe Deum service. During theAncien Régime, these were held after the coronation of a new king, the birth of a new heir apparent, military victories, or other causes of thanksgiving. This tradition has continued, the most recentTe Deum being held at Notre-Dame on 9 May 1945 afterVictory in Europe Day. The next such service is to be held on 15 April 2024 during the cathedral's reopening.

The roof bells are rung duringelevation, the moment during Mass when the clergyman holds up the Sacred Body and Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ Eucharist.

The bells ring to celebrate the election of a new pope, usually with thegrand solennel, and to mourn the death of a pope, usually by tolling the late pope's age on the bourdon.

The bells are usually not rung in times of war or invasion, except to be used as an alarm, or tocsin. Such was the caseduring World War I when the fighting came to within 30 kilometers of Paris. The bells rang again in celebration of thearmistice of 11 November 1918. This tradition has since continued, with the ringing of thegrand solennel every 11 November at 11:00 am.^{[citation needed]} In recent years thepetit solennel (ringing order: 2, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3) has alternately rung in order to preserve Emmanuel.

The bells also remained silent during the German occupationduring World War II. On 25 August 1944, as French and American troops were entering Paris, Notre-Dame's bells rang again, soon joined by bells across the city. At the time, many Parisians did not know how close Allied forces were, as the Germans had imposed a strict curfew and controlled the radio stations. The sound of Notre-Dame's bells was the first indication to many residents that the liberation of the city was imminent.^[52] In his memoirs, GeneralDietrich von Choltitz, the German military governor of Paris, recalled how he called his superior, GeneralHans Speidel, and simply held the telephone out the window.^[53] The FrenchMinistry of Culture soon afterward classified Emmanuel as a historic monument. This precludes the bell from being destroyed or recast. The liberation has subsequently been celebrated every year on 25 August with the ringing of thegrand solennel at 7:00 pm.^[51]

In the 21st century, the bells have rung in times of mourning after terrorist attacks. On 12 September 2001, Emmanuel was rung for almost an hour in solidarity with the United States after theSeptember 11 attacks. Such ringing was, and still is, extremely rare, as the antique bell is only rung on rare occasions in order to preserve it.^{[citation needed]} The bells were also rung for the January 2015Charlie Hebdo shooting and theNovember 2015 Paris attacks.

In the 1534 novelGargantua byFrançois Rabelais, the giant Gargantua steals the bells of Notre-Dame to hang around the neck of his giant mare. A theologian named Janotus de Bragmardo delivers an inept speech to convince the giant to return them.^[54]

The bells are most known in popular culture fromVictor Hugo's 1831 novelThe Hunchback of Notre-Dame and its many adaptations.^[18] The story, set in 1482, featuresQuasimodo, a fictional bell ringer of Notre-Dame, and descriptions of the cathedral's medieval bells. The bells mentioned in the novel are identical to those in a 1612 text byJacques du Breul [fr] used as a reference by Hugo.^[55][56] These are Marie, Jacqueline, Gabriel (which du Breul spells "Gabrielle," also seen in Hugo), Guillaume, Thibauld, Pasquier, two "sparrows" (French:moineaux—a generic term for smaller bells, possibly Jean with Claude or Nicholas), and the seven-bell carillon including a "wooden bell" (cloche de bois), possibly La Clopette.^[57][58] Information about Hugo as well as illustrations and excerpts from the novel are displayed in the south tower which was open to the public before the fire.

The1996 film adaptation by Disney opens and closes with a song called "The Bells of Notre Dame". Four fictional bells are named Little Sophia, Jeanne-Marie, Anne-Marie, and Louise-Marie (Quasimodo refers to the latter three as "triplets"); "Big Marie" is the nonfictional bourdon Marie which first appeared in the 13th century. In the2002 sequel, there is another fictional bell named La Fidèle which is made of gold and decorated with jewels (however, such a bell would not work in real life).

The bells have also been the subject of poetry, such asFrançois Villon's 1461Le Testament^[59] and Catherine Phil MacCarthy's "The Bells of Notre-Dame."^[60]

• Media related toBells in Notre-Dame de Paris at Wikimedia Commons
• Les cloches, Notre-Dame de Paris website (in French)
• Royal Eijsbouts bell foundry website (in Dutch)
• Cornille-Havard bell foundry website (in French)

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